Image-based musculoskeletal modeling: applications, advances, and future opportunities

Computer models of the musculoskeletal system are broadly used to study the mechanisms of musculoskeletal disorders and to simulate surgical treatments. Musculoskeletal models have historically been created based on data derived in anatomical and biomechanical studies of cadaveric specimens. MRI offers an abundance of novel methods for acquisition of data from living subjects and is revolutionizing the field of musculoskeletal modeling. The need to create accurate, individualized models of the musculoskeletal system is driving advances in MRI techniques including static imaging, dynamic imaging, diffusion imaging, body imaging, pulse-sequence design, and coil design. These techniques apply to imaging musculoskeletal anatomy, muscle architecture, joint motions, muscle moment arms, and muscle tissue deformations. Further advancements in image-based musculoskeletal modeling will expand the accuracy and utility of models used to study musculoskeletal and neuromuscular impairments.     

Military surgery in the 21st century

The battlefield has changed. UK and US Forces in Iraq and Afghanistan are engaged in asymmetric, three bloc warfare. Three bloc warfare indicates that what is effectively war-fighting occurs in parallel with peace-keeping and humanitarian operations. Casualties are numerically lower than in previous conflicts but many survivors are horrifically mutilated as body armour prevents the fatal injury in this severely injured group. Rapid evacuation of severely injured from the point of injury, usually by helicopter, provides extreme challenges for surgical teams. Damage control surgery requires support in the form of environmental control, adequate diagnostics (including computerised tomography) and effective intensive care facilities if the patient is to survive. Teams need to be highly trained and to have experience of complex surgery and trauma. They must be adequately resourced if lives are to be saved.     

Auger processes in the 21st century

Purpose: The extreme radiotoxicity of Auger electrons and their exquisite capacity to irradiate specific molecular sites has prompted scientists to extensively investigate their radiobiological effects. Their efforts have been punctuated by quadrennial international symposia that have focused on biophysical aspects of Auger processes. The latest meeting, the 6th International Symposium on Physical, Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects of Auger Processes, was held 5–6 July 2007 at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. This article provides a review of the research in this field that was published during the years 2004–2007, the period that has elapsed since the previous meeting.

Conclusion: The field has advanced considerably. A glimpse of the potential of this unique form of ionizing radiation to contribute to future progress in a variety of fields of study is proffered.     

Health law in the 21st century

INTRODUCTION: Law and health operate within different models affecting health law. AGEING POPULATION: Ageing and changed dynamics focuses health law on chronic illness, resource allocation, mobility and driving. SHRINKING PLANET: Swine Flu mandates health law to manage epidemiology, international travel and disease virulence. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE: Population changes, doctors' numbers and remuneration, health insurance and demographics restrict healthcare access, impacting on health law. GENETICS: Genetic interpretation allows discrimination against undiagnosed people with genetic propensity to diseases, necessitating legal protection. COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONIC MEDICINE: E-medicine, telemedicine, record privacy and professional standards are relevant to health law. CONCLUSION: Issues concerning health law in the 21st century were reviewed.     

New and improved orthopedic hardware for the 21st century: part 1, upper extremity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of new orthopedic products for use in the upper extremity. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the physiologic purpose, orthopedic trends, imaging findings, and complications is important in assessing new orthopedic devices.     

新世纪道路交通事故的发生趋势

一、趋势道路交通运输有其双重性 :一方面它为国民经济和社会发展做出了重大贡献 ,另一方面又因交通事故造成了大量人员伤亡和巨大经济损失。道路交通事故已被公认为当今世界最大的公害之一。 1998年 6月 2 2日在日内瓦发表的“世界灾难报告”称 ,自汽车问世 1个世纪以来 ,全世界道路交通事故共造成 30 0 0万人死亡。报告预测到 2 0 2 0年 ,全世界道路交通事故造成的死亡人数将高于呼吸道感染、结核病和癌症造成的死亡人数[1] 。世界卫生组织的 1份报告显示 ,1998年 ,道路交通事故是致残和生命损失 (ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ -ａｄｊｕｓｔｅｄ…     

DNA疫苗—跨入21世纪的新型疫苗

简述了ＤＮＡ疫苗的发展和研究进展。ＤＮＡ疫苗全方位地调动了机体的免疫系统，可诱导广泛的体液和细胞介导的免疫应答，其应用前景引入注目。     

New and improved orthopedic hardware for the 21st century: part 2, lower extremity and axial skeleton

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of new orthopedic products for use in the lower extremity and axial skeleton. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the physiologic purpose, orthopedic trends, imaging findings, and complications is important in assessing new orthopedic devices.