Interactive Relations Among Maternal Depressive Symptomatology,Nutrition, and Parenting

Theoretical models linking maternal nutrition, depressive symptomatology, and parenting are underdeveloped. However, existing literature suggests that iron status and depressive symptomatology interact in relation to problematic parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive). Therefore, in the current study the authors investigate these interactive relations in a sample of breastfeeding mothers (n = 105) interviewed at three months postpartum. Participants completed questionnaires (from December 2008 to January 2011) regarding their depressive symptomatology and parenting styles. Iron status (i.e., hemoglobin, soluble transferrin receptors, and serum ferritin concentrations) was assessed from blood samples. Significant interactions were found between iron status and depressive symptomatology in relation to authoritarian parenting style (low warmth, high punishment and directiveness). For those women with hemoglobin below 14.00 g/dL, depressive symptomatology was positively related to authoritarian parenting style (p < 0.001). Thus, screening for poor iron status and depressive sympatomology in postpartum women may help to identify those at risk for problematic parenting. Dietary interventions may help to eliminate relations between depressive symptoms and problematic parenting.     

我国城市3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题的现状调查

目的 通过了解我国城市地区3~5岁儿童家庭养育中常见问题,为我国儿童保健专业人员开展有针对性的家庭养育指导提供依据。方法 于2017年在全国14省15个城市的2 286名3~5岁儿童家长中开展家庭养育问卷调查,内容涉及社会人口情况、3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题及其处理难度,采用χ²检验、Logistic回归分析社会人口学因素对于家庭养育问题重度处理困难的影响。结果 在过去三个月中92.9%的家长报告遇到1个以上的养育问题,3.7%的家长遇到3个及以上的重度处理困难的养育问题。家长报告的3~5岁儿童常见家庭养育问题的发生率在52.48%~13.91%之间,其中最常见的问题依次为挑食(52.48%)、不自己吃饭(49.66%)、睡眠问题(46.54%)、不听话(46.07%)等。Logistic回归分析发现,男童(OR:1.25,95%CI:1.02~1.53)是家长报告出现重度处理困难家庭养育问题的风险因素,而年龄较大(OR=0.84,95%CI:0.75~0.95)、母亲分娩年龄大(OR=0.96,95%CI:0.93~0.99)、核心家庭(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.61~0.97)是保护因素。结论 我国3~5岁学龄前儿童家长普遍面临家庭养育方面的困扰,医务人员有必要通过咨询指导为家长提供喂养、睡眠及行为等方面的养育支持,特别是针对低龄、男童、年轻母亲、非核心家庭等家长。     

我国城市3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题的现状调查

目的 通过了解我国城市地区3~5岁儿童家庭养育中常见问题,为我国儿童保健专业人员开展有针对性的家庭养育指导提供依据。方法 于2017年在全国14省15个城市的2 286名3~5岁儿童家长中开展家庭养育问卷调查,内容涉及社会人口情况、3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题及其处理难度,采用χ²检验、Logistic回归分析社会人口学因素对于家庭养育问题重度处理困难的影响。结果 在过去三个月中92.9%的家长报告遇到1个以上的养育问题,3.7%的家长遇到3个及以上的重度处理困难的养育问题。家长报告的3~5岁儿童常见家庭养育问题的发生率在52.48%~13.91%之间,其中最常见的问题依次为挑食(52.48%)、不自己吃饭(49.66%)、睡眠问题(46.54%)、不听话(46.07%)等。Logistic回归分析发现,男童(OR:1.25,95%CI:1.02~1.53)是家长报告出现重度处理困难家庭养育问题的风险因素,而年龄较大(OR=0.84,95%CI:0.75~0.95)、母亲分娩年龄大(OR=0.96,95%CI:0.93~0.99)、核心家庭(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.61~0.97)是保护因素。结论 我国3~5岁学龄前儿童家长普遍面临家庭养育方面的困扰,医务人员有必要通过咨询指导为家长提供喂养、睡眠及行为等方面的养育支持,特别是针对低龄、男童、年轻母亲、非核心家庭等家长。     

A Mediation Model of Interparental Collaboration,Parenting Practices,and Child Externalizing Behavior in a Clinical Sample

The present study examined maternal and paternal parenting practices as mediators of the link between interparental collaboration and children's externalizing behavior. Parent gender was tested as a moderator of the associations. A clinical sample consisting of 136 children with externalizing problems and their families participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to test the study hypotheses. Maternal and paternal parenting practices fully mediated the relation between interparental collaboration and externalizing behavior. When the mediated pathways were tested separately, paternal parenting practices functioned as a mediator, whereas maternal parenting practices did not, indicating that the relationship between interparental collaboration, parenting practices and externalizing behavior was moderated by parent gender. The findings suggest that treatments aimed at reducing child externalizing behavior may be strengthened by focusing on interparental collaboration in addition to parenting practices, while also underscoring the need to involve fathers in interventions.     

Dyadic Parenting and Children's Externalizing Symptoms

We explore dyadic parenting styles and their association with first‐grade children's externalizing behavior symptoms in a sample of 85 working‐class, dual‐earner families. Cluster analysis is used to create a typology of parenting types, reflecting the parental warmth, overreactivity, and laxness of both mothers and fathers in two‐parent families. Three distinct groups emerged: Supportive Parents, Mixed‐Support Parents, and Unsupportive Parents. Results indicate that dyadic parenting styles were related to teacher‐reported externalizing symptoms for boys but not for girls.     

Financial Stress,Parental Depressive Symptoms,Parenting Practices,and Children's Externalizing Problem Behaviors: Underlying Processes

This study examined the relationships among financial stress encountered by families, parents' social support, parental depressive symptoms, parenting practices, and children's externalizing problem behaviors to advance our understanding of the processes by which family financial stress is associated with children's problem behaviors. We also tested moderated mediation to investigate if these relationships differed depending on children's characteristics. The data were drawn from 290 predominantly rural families with young children who were identified as at risk for the development of serious conduct problems. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the relationship between family income and children's externalizing problem behaviors was mediated by parents' social support, parental depressive symptoms, and parenting practices. The results also showed that the children's levels of aggression severity, academic functioning, and developmental strengths moderated the mediating relationships between family income and parental depressive symptoms and between family income and positive parenting.     

Screen Media,Parenting Practices,and the Family Environment in Australia: A Longitudinal Study of Young Children's Media Use,Lifestyles, and Outcomes for Healthy Weight

Few studies of media use and adiposity explore the influence of parenting on children's lifestyle behaviors. Screen media access, bedroom television, lack of physical activity, and snacking on energy-dense foods have long been implicated in child overweight. This research used data from the first three waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to investigate, prospectively, the associations between parental practices in early to middle childhood and children's behaviors and weight in late childhood. A path model was used to investigate whether consistent parenting predicted setting of boundaries for access to and use of media, and was indirectly associated with children's lifestyle behaviors that increase the likelihood of healthy weight maintenance. The findings demonstrated that children's lifestyles pertinent to weight maintenance and media use cluster together and involve both old and newer screen media, but are also predicted by parenting practices and the family environment.     

江苏省学龄前儿童行为问题及其与家庭养育环境关系的研究

目的 了解目前江苏省学龄前儿童行为问题现状及其与家庭养育环境的关系,为早期干预儿童行为问题提供理论依据。方法 采取横断面调查,采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取江苏省南京、南通、镇江、宿迁、盐城5个城市的1 190名4~6岁学龄前儿童,应用“4～16岁Achenbach儿童行为量表”、“3～6岁幼儿家庭养育环境量表”进行调查。结果 学龄前儿童的行为问题检出率为7.81%,“躯体体诉、攻击”2个行为因子检出率存在性别差异;不良家庭养育环境的检出率为13.11%,“环境气氛”检出率存在性别差异;不同家庭养育环境下行为检出率的差异具有统计意义,影响学龄前儿童行为问题的家庭养育环境因子主要为忽视干涉惩罚和环境气氛。结论 家庭养育环境对学龄前儿童行为影响显著,建立良好的家庭养育环境对促进学龄前儿童行为健康发展尤为重要。     

家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质及行为问题的影响研究

【目的】 研究家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质和行为问题的影响,为临床有效指导提供参考。 【方法】 采用McDevitt SC教授编制《3~7岁儿童气质问卷》测查儿童气质,采用CBCL儿童行为量表调查儿童行为问题,采用自拟的家庭因素调查表了解其家庭养育环境因素,采用Logistic回归分析的方法筛选儿童气质及行为问题的影响因素。 【结果】 许多家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质类型和维度及行为问题的发生有重要影响。 【结论】 育儿者要重视营造良好的家庭养育环境,为学龄前儿童气质和行为发展创造有利条件。     

Parenting styles and children's social skills as perceived by Jordanian mothers of preschool children

This study examined the perceived parenting styles in a sample of Jordanian mothers and their perceptions of the social skills exhibited by their preschool children. The sample consisted of 802 (N=802) mothers who responded to a three-part questionnaire: demographic information, parenting styles, and social skills. The results of this study indicated that the majority of mothers perceived their parenting style as authoritative (73.5%). This was followed by permissive, authoritarian, and uninvolved parenting styles. Results also indicated that mothers who perceived themselves as authoritative also perceived their children's social skills more positively. Evaluations of social skills by mothers revealed that children were perceived as highly skilled in responding to parental requests and inviting other children to join in their play activities. Cooperating and sharing behaviours received the lowest ratings as perceived by mothers. Results are discussed in association with the international literature and directions for future research are provided.     

Challenging the Presumption of Diminished Capacity to Parent: Does Divorce Really Change Parenting Practices?*

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to determine whether divorced parents exhibit a diminished capacity to parent in the period following divorce. Using 2 waves of data from a national survey of Canadian children, the current study prospectively follows 5,004 children living in 2–biological parent households at initial interview and compares changes in parenting practices between households that subsequently divorce and those that remain intact. Results show that divorce is unrelated to changes in parenting behavior, suggesting that there are more similarities than differences in parenting among recently divorced and continuously married parents.     

学龄儿童行为问题与感觉统合的关系研究

目的：探讨学龄儿童行为问题与感觉统合的关系,方法：选取太原市3所小学419名6－11岁儿童为研究对象,采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）,感觉统合检核表及环境于正常组儿童,男女儿童共有的6个行为因子与感觉综合各项得分呈显著正相关关系,多元回归分析结果显示感觉统合中触觉过分防御,前庭失衡,学习能力不足是影响儿童行为总分的显著因素。结论：儿童行为问题与感觉统合之间关系密切,感觉统合能力发展愈差,愈易发生行为问题。预防与早期干预儿童感觉统合能力发展不足,可以减少儿童行为问题的发生。     

Bidirectional Associations between Handgrip Strength and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between handgrip strength and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample.DesignCohort study with a 4-year follow-up.Setting and ParticipantsA total of 13,208 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included in the analyses.MethodsDepressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale. Separate generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between handgrip strength and depressive symptoms. Restricted cubic spline models were performed to explore the shape of the dose-response relationship.ResultsDecreased handgrip strength was related to subsequent increased risk of depressive symptoms, such that participants in the lowest quartile of handgrip strength were found to have an approximately 36% increased in their risk of depressive symptoms compared with those in the highest quartile [odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 1.58]. There was a linear dose-response relationship between handgrip strength and risk of depressive symptoms (P_nonlinearity = .25), in that a 5-unit increment in handgrip strength may lead to an 11% decrease in the risk of depressive symptoms (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85, 0.92). Conversely, depressive symptoms were prospectively associated with subsequent decreased handgrip strength (β = −0.84, 95% CI –1.13, −0.55). An approximatively L-shaped dose-response pattern was found for the association between depressive symptoms level and handgrip strength (P_nonlinearity = .02).Conclusions and ImplicationsThe present study identified bidirectional associations between handgrip strength and depressive symptoms, and the associations were found to have a dose-response pattern. It provides important insights into integrated mental and physical health intervention strategies that simultaneously promote handgrip strength and depressive symptoms.     

Associations between Coparenting Quality and Food Parenting Practices among Mothers and Fathers in the Guelph Family Health Study

Coparenting quality and food parenting practices have been shown to have a strong influence on child outcomes. However, little is known about whether coparenting quality may influence food parenting practices. This study aimed to investigate how coparenting quality is associated with both mothers’ and fathers’ food parenting practices. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 58 mothers and 40 fathers enrolled in the Guelph Family Health Study. The Coparenting Relationship Scale and the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire were used to measure coparenting and food parenting practices, respectively. Linear regressions using generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations between coparenting quality and food parenting practices in mothers and fathers. Among mothers, higher coparenting quality was associated with lower use of food for emotional regulation, restriction of food for health, and child control of food intake and with higher encouragement of a balanced and varied diet, provision of a healthy home environment, and modeling of healthy eating behaviors. Among fathers, higher coparenting quality was associated with lower pressure to eat and with higher encouragement of a balanced and varied diet and provision of a healthy home environment. Coparenting quality is associated with food parenting practices among both mothers and fathers. Interventions aiming to improve food parenting practices should include fathers and should consider targeting parents’ coparenting relationship.     

Parenting knowledge and its role in the prediction of dysfunctional parenting and disruptive child behaviour

Background   There is a paucity of research on the relationship between parental knowledge, parenting and parenting self-efficacy, and some inconsistencies have been reported in the literature.
Method   Parent knowledge of effective parenting strategies was assessed among 68 parents from a non-clinic sample, who also completed questionnaires relating to parenting confidence, quality of parenting and child behaviour.
Results   Parents with greater knowledge tended to be less dysfunctional, and reported significantly higher education and income levels. Parenting confidence explained a significant proportion of the variance in reported frequency of disruptive child behaviour while knowledge did not independently contribute to the prediction. However, the relationship between parenting confidence and dysfunctional parenting was moderated by the level of knowledge. There was a stronger negative relationship between confidence and dysfunctional parenting when knowledge level was low than when it was high. Post hoc analyses indicated that the relationship between parenting knowledge and disruptive child behaviour was moderated by the level of parenting dysfunction. Parenting knowledge and reported frequency of disruptive behaviour were positively related when the level of dysfunction was low, but were unrelated when it was high.
Conclusions   Parents with low levels of knowledge and confidence in their parenting may be at greater risk of dysfunctional parenting and might benefit from interventions designed to enhance both knowledge and confidence. Results are interpreted in relation to inconsistencies with previous research and implications for future methodologies.     

学龄前儿童广泛性焦虑与行为问题和母亲焦虑的关系

目的 了解广泛性焦虑在学龄前儿童中的分布情况,探讨学龄前儿童广泛性焦虑与行为问题和母亲焦虑的关系.方法 于2015年4至6月采用分层整群抽样的方法,以太原市城区具有代表性的三所幼儿园中969例3～6岁儿童为研究对象,运用自行编制的儿童基本情况调查表、Spence学前儿童焦虑量表、焦虑自评量表进行研究,并对结果进行回归分析.结果 全部样本中检出广泛性焦虑阳性者124例(12.8％),其中男孩占14.5％ (73/504),女孩占11.0％ (51/465),性别(x2=2.452,P=0.117)和班级(x2=3.763,P=0.152)差异无统计学意义.焦虑组母亲焦虑得分明显高于非焦虑组(t=5.209,P=0.001);焦虑组口吃、遗尿、尿频、交流差、抽动症状、多动、咬指甲/吸吮手指的阳性检出率均高于非焦虑组,且在后五种行为方面差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为12.932、37.394、14.882、15.116、4.945,均P＜0.05).多因素分析结果显示,尿频、交流差以及母亲焦虑得分与学龄前儿童广泛性焦虑关系最为密切(x2值分别为9.758、21.700、21.555,均P＜0.01).结论 广泛性焦虑在学龄前儿童中较常见,学龄前儿童广泛性焦虑与母亲焦虑密切有关,患有广泛性焦虑的学龄前儿童常常表现为行为问题,且尿频和交流差在广泛性焦虑的学龄前儿童中最常见.因此,对学龄前儿童行为问题的早期识别、对父母进行心理养育咨询可以对儿童焦虑进行早期预防和干预.     

Longitudinal Associations between Food Parenting Practices and Dietary Intake in Children: The Feel4Diabetes Study

Food parenting practices (FPPs) have an important role in shaping children’s dietary behaviors. This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations over a two-year follow-up between FPP and dietary intake and compliance with current recommendations in 6- to 11-year-old European children. A total of 2967 parent-child dyads from the Feel4Diabetes study, a randomized controlled trial of a school and community-based intervention, (50.4% girls and 93.5% mothers) were included. FPPs assessed were: (1) home food availability; (2) parental role modeling of fruit intake; (3) permissiveness; (4) using food as a reward. Children’s dietary intake was assessed through a parent-reported food frequency questionnaire. In regression analyses, the strongest cross-sectional associations were observed between home availability of 100% fruit juice and corresponding intake (β = 0.492 in girls and β = 0.506 in boys, p < 0.001), and between parental role modeling of fruit intake and children’s fruit intake (β = 0.431 in girls and β = 0.448 in boys, p < 0.001). In multilevel logistic regression models, results indicated that improvements in positive FPPs over time were mainly associated with higher odds of compliance with healthy food recommendations, whereas a decrease in negative FPP over time was associated with higher odds of complying with energy-dense/nutrient-poor food recommendations. Improving FPPs could be an effective way to improve children’s dietary intake.     

Effects of the ACT Raising Safe Kids Parenting Program on Children's Externalizing Problems

Eighty‐seven parents and primary caregivers of children aged 10 years or younger participated in a study examining the effects of the ACT Raising Safe Kids program on children's behavior. It was hypothesized that children of caregivers who complete ACT‐RSK would demonstrate reduced behavior problems compared to children of caregivers in a treatment‐as‐usual comparison group. Results indicated that the behavior of children of treated caregivers improved significantly more than comparisons on a measure of conduct problems. Although further research is needed, these results suggest that ACT‐RSK may contribute to the prevention of behavior problems in early childhood.     

沈阳市4~6岁儿童行为问题及其影响因素分析

目的 了解沈阳市4~6岁学龄前儿童行为问题现状并分析其影响因素,为儿童心理行为问题的预防提供依据。方法 选取沈阳市9区18所幼儿园36个班级4~6岁儿童作为研究对象,发放基本情况调查表、困难问卷(QCD)。根据QCD问卷调查结果,将儿童分为功能受损组(QCD得分＜30分)和非功能受损组(QCD得分≥30分),针对个人和家庭因素进行单因素分析,对有差异的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 共发放问卷900份,回收877份,合格问卷834份。总体功能受损率为13.3%,其中男童功能受损率为15.1%(67/443),女童功能受损率为11.3%(44/391),男女功能受损率之比为1.34∶1。4、5、6岁功能受损率分别为17.9%、12.6%、10.7%。多因素分析显示,哀求式沟通(OR=5.878, 95%CI:1.626~21.253)、做作业时间30~60 min (OR=2.372, 95%CI:1.146~4.908)为行为问题的危险因素,年龄为5岁(OR=0.261, 95%CI: 0.137~0.497)、6岁(OR=0.522, 95%CI:0.295~0.923)、溺爱型教育(OR=0.231, 95%CI:0.068~0.783)为儿童行为问题的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论 沈阳市4~6岁儿童行为问题较为严重,影响因素复杂,可提前规避相应危险因素,早期预防儿童心理行为疾病的发生。     

Family Mediators of the Relation Between Acculturation and Adolescent Mental Health*

Abstract: This study of 175 Mexican‐origin families examined a mediational model linking the linguistic acculturation of mothers and adolescents with a wide array of family mediators and adolescent mental health outcomes. Family linguistic acculturation, a latent construct based on maternal and adolescent acculturation, was positively related to increased family and interparental conflict but was not related to maternal parenting practices. Family conflict mediated the link between acculturation and two adolescent outcomes, conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Family acculturation showed a complex pattern of positive, indirect (mediated) and negative, direct effects on adolescent depressive symptoms. Findings are discussed in relation to traditional cultural values of Mexican heritage families and prevailing theories about why more acculturated Mexican‐origin youth are at increased risk for problem behaviors.