Malocclusion, orthodontics and bullying.

Bullying is endemic among schoolchildren, and the effects can be devastating and long lasting. The persistently bullied child appears to represent a certain psychological type, with poorly developed social skills and a submissive nature. Physical appearance does appear to play a role, which includes facial and dental appearance, although these tend not to be primary factors. Teasing related to dental appearance appears to be particularly hurtful. There is little evidence of a marked increase in self-esteem following orthodontic treatment in children, but in adults following treatment there is an improvement of body concept. The long-term psychological benefits of orthodontic treatment are difficult to measure but there is an increasing awareness of malocclusion with age.     

口腔正畸治疗要点Ⅰ.正畸治疗的诊断分析与矫治设计

口腔正畸治疗的诊断分析、矫治设计以及治疗的基本理论和技能是十分重要的。各种不同的矫治技术，不论是方丝弓矫治技术、直丝弓矫治技术，还是多曲方丝弓矫治技术，虽然各有特点，但都建立在相同的矫治基础上，如矫治中的支抗设计和矫治牙移动的控制等方面。而要取得矫治成功，必须能掌握和应用这些基本内容。即将陆续发表的口腔正畸系列讲座主要介绍这些方面的内容。讲座的作者都是具有丰富的教学、临床经验的医师，希望能给读者带来裨益。[编者按]     

Surgical orthodontics: maxillary procedures.

The greatly increased use of maxillary surgery in the last five years has widened the possibilities for correction of dentofacial deformities. The best result in occlusion and esthetics in each situation is the goal that the orthodontist and oral surgeon must keep in mind: working together. While unfortunate side effects can occur, the experience of teams using well-managed orthognathic surgical methods shows a very good success record. The indications and treatment procedures for anterior, posterior and total maxillary osteotomies were discussed. Some of the conditions which can be well-treated are maxillary protrusion and retrusion, anterior deep and open bites, lip imbalance due to dental protrusion or excess vertical dimension, and maxillary asymmetries. The limitations of orthodontic practice without the inclusion of appropriate surgical procedures exclude real help for many of the people who need it most. We must be realistic in evaluating our achievements so that constant improvement is possible.     

Education, research, and personnel needs in orthodontics.

Because of changing patterns of dental care delivery, the nature of orthodontic education, research, and personnel needs has changed markedly in recent times. Changes have occurred in the university environment, dental education, and undergraduate and graduate orthodontic education. Orthodontic research is shifting to more clinically oriented topics. Orthodontic personnel needs are being addressed by changing levels of specialist and general practitioner involvement.     

Orthodontics. Part 8: Extractions in orthodontics

Extractions in orthodontics remains a relatively controversial area. It is not possible to treat all malocclusions without taking out any teeth. The factors which affect the decision to extract include the patient's medical history, the attitude to treatment, oral hygiene, caries rates and the quality of teeth. Extractions of specific teeth are required in the various presentations of malocclusion. In some situations careful timing of extractions may result in spontaneous correction of the malocclusion.     

Materials and appliances in orthodontics: brackets, arch wires, and friction.

The focal point for any orthodontic patient is the form and comfort of his or her appliance. To the practitioner, both can influence the function of the arch wire-bracket combination. The most critical interaction that occurs within the so-called couple is friction. When friction is high, sliding is hampered, as the efficiency and reproducibility of the appliance may be impaired. In this review, the recent advances to control friction and to modify the arch wire-bracket combination are reviewed.     

Application of information technology in orthodontics. 6. Knowledge based systems in orthodontics

The increase of quality and efficiency in orthodontic treatment is characterized by the development of knowledge based consultations systems. These systems support the dentist to optimate treatment planing. Basis configuration and technical background of those systems are presented.