单纯性肥胖老年人糖耐量与血清脂联素、炎性因子相关性研究

60名单纯性肥胖老年人(65~85岁),另选择体重正常中老年人20名作为对照组,采用2小时口服糖耐量试验,胰岛素和C肽,空腹APN、高敏C反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)。胰岛素抵抗用胰岛素抵抗指数来评价,β细胞功能用注射葡萄糖30分钟前后的胰岛素和血糖变化(I30-I0/G30-G0)来评价。结果单纯性肥胖组13.33%存在糖耐量受损,8.33%患有2型糖尿病。糖耐量受损人群在糖负荷后胰岛素和C肽水平有所下降,而2型糖尿病老年人胰岛素和C肽水平进一步下降,30分钟胰岛素变化与血糖变化的比是下降的。胰岛素抵抗在糖耐量受损人群中是显著存在的。IGT及T2DM组TPN水平显著低于对照组及NGT组,Hs-CRP、TNF-α水平相反。结论在本地区单纯性肥胖老年人中,糖耐量受损高度流行,APN在肥胖及糖尿病发病过程中具有保护作用,细胞炎性因子表达异常是肥胖和糖尿病的独立危险因素。     

糖耐量受损者胰岛素敏感性及胰岛β细胞功能的研究

目的 研究糖耐量受损(IGT)者的胰岛素抵抗(IR)及胰岛β细胞功能变化。方法 选取正常糖耐量(NGT)、IGT、2型糖尿病(T2DM)者共34例，以高胰岛素正血糖钳夹技术测定IR，行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验评估胰岛β细胞分泌功能。结果 与NGT组相比，IGT组、T2DM组的IR显著升高；IGT组胰岛素第一时相分泌明显下降，空腹胰岛素(FIns)水平及第二时相分泌水平升高；T2DM组IR与IGT组处于同一水平，FIns较NGT组显著减少。结论 由NGT向IGT的演变过程中，IR和胰岛素分泌缺陷共同起作用。     

糖调节受损人群胰岛素抵抗与胰岛β细胞功能的关系

将142例健康查体者分为正常糖耐量（NGT）组、单纯空腹血糖受损（IFG）组、单纯糖耐量受损（IGT）组、IFG＋IGT组和新诊断的2型糖尿病（T2DM）组共5组,评价各组胰岛素抵抗、基础状态下及糖负荷后的胰岛素分泌功能。结果糖调节受损人群存在基础和糖负荷后胰岛β细胞分泌功能受损及显著的胰岛素抵抗,且IFG和IGT人群有不同的病理生理特征。认为应针对IFG和IGT的不同特点给予相应的早期干预。     

2型糖尿病患者一级亲属胰岛素抵抗与胰岛B细胞功能缺陷的临床研究

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗与胰岛B细胞功能缺陷在2型糖尿病(T2DM)发生中的作用。方法收集2004年4月至2005年6月解放军总医院门诊及住院T2DM患者的既往无糖耐量异常史的一级亲属,其中糖耐量正常(NGT)组174例、空腹血糖受损(IFG)或糖耐量低减(IGT)组55例,以及12例新发T2DM与同期收集的59例新发T2DM合并为新发糖尿病(T2DM)组;以其无糖尿病家族史的配偶或无血缘关系亲友中糖耐量正常者114名作为正常对照(NC)组。酶联免疫法测定血清真胰岛素(trueinsulin,TI)、胰岛素原(proinsulin,PI)。用胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)评价胰岛素抵抗。用空腹胰岛素原与空腹胰岛素比值(PI/TI)及B细胞功能指数(Homa-B),评估胰岛B细胞功能状态,并做对比分析。结果一级亲属中NGT组与NC组相比,Homa-IR显著高于NC组,PI/TI及Homa-B显著低于NC组。而且从NC至NGT至IGT或IFG至DM组,胰岛素抵抗进行性加重。胰岛B细胞分泌缺陷进行性加重,PI/TI逐渐升高,但LnHoma-B下降直至T2DM组才具显著意义(NC组为4.40±0.60,T2DM组为3.38±0.96)。结论T2DM患者一级亲属作为糖尿病的高危人群,在发生糖代谢异常前就存在胰岛素抵抗和胰岛分泌功能缺陷,且胰岛素抵抗和胰岛分泌功能缺陷与T2DM的发病相关;胰岛素原比例增加以及胰岛素原与真胰岛素比值升高是反映胰岛分泌功能缺陷的早期标志。     

不同糖代谢状态下游离脂肪酸与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能的相关性研究

目的　游离脂肪酸 (FFAs)水平在不同糖代谢状态下对胰岛素抵抗和胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的影响。 方法　选自2 0 0 1- 0 5 2 0 0 3- 11在中国医科大学附属第一医院住院的糖耐量正常 (NGT) 2 8例 ,空腹血糖异常 (IFG)患者 2 0例 ,糖耐量低减 (IGT)患者 2 3例 ,IFG/IGT患者 2 6例 ,2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者 2 5例。测定各组FFAs水平 ,稳态模型评估胰岛素敏感性 ,HOMA IS及OGTT中糖负荷后 30分钟胰岛素增值与血糖增值的比值评估胰岛 (细胞分泌功能。结果　 (1)IGT组、IFG/IGT组及T2DM组患者FFAs水平明显高于NGT组 ;IFG/IGT组患者FFAs水平明显高于IFG组 ;T2DM组患者FFAs水平低于IGT组。 (2 )IGT组、IFG/IGT组及T2DM组患者HOMA IR均明显高于NGT组。(3)胰岛素分泌功能均以T2DM患者变化最显著。 (4)FFAs与HOMA -IR呈正相关 ;FFAs与胰岛素分泌指数呈负相关 ,FFAs与HOMA β细胞功能指数呈负相关。 结论　FFAs水平与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌缺陷密切相关     

2型糖尿病与胰岛β细胞功能缺陷

2型糖尿病(DM)的发病与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌缺陷有关,目前一般认为在胰岛素抵抗的基础上,由于遗传及环境因素作用出现的胰岛素分泌缺陷是导致2型DM发病的主要原因,对糖尿病的发生发展起关键性作用。一、2型DM不同阶段胰岛素分泌缺陷的状况对2型DM高危人群的研究发现,在出现糖耐量异常之前,有空腹及(或)葡萄糖刺激后的高胰岛素血症,提示已存在胰岛素敏感性下降。而胰岛素敏感性同样是胰岛素分泌的调节因子,此时已开始胰岛素分泌的代偿性改变,若胰岛素分泌不能适应血糖的变化,就会出现糖耐量减低(IGT)。在IGT阶段,空腹血糖正常而餐后…     

432例糖耐量减低患者二年的演变

对1986年诊断的432例糖耐量减低(IGT)者,于1988年进行复查,IGT每年约7.7％发展为糖尿病(DM)。原空腹及服糖后1、2小时血糖较高的IGT者易发展为DM,可能为长期胰岛素抵抗,胰岛对持续高血糖刺激分泌胰岛素的功能失代偿所致。原血糖较低及控制体重的IGT者易恢复正常,并显示胰岛素抵抗减轻及胰岛素分泌功能改善。IGT者转为DM及正常组后血压降低,可能与血浆胰岛素水平降低有关。     

老年肥胖者高三酰甘油血症与胰岛素抵抗

目的 测定老年单纯肥胖者、肥胖和糖耐量受损(IGT)患者、肥胖和2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者及健康人外周血三酰甘油(TG)水平变化,探讨高TG血症在胰岛素抵抗中的作用.方法 将82名受试对象分为单纯肥胖组、IGT肥胖组、T2DM肥胖组与健康对照组.测身高、体质量、血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、血TG、血胆固醇(TC);采用放射免疫法(RIA)测定空腹胰岛素水平(FPI),并计算稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR). 结果单纯肥胖组、IGT肥胖组、T2DM肥胖组血TG明显高于健康对照组[分别为(1.3±0.6)、(1.9±0.9)、(2.1±0.7)mmol/L与(1.0±0.2)mmol/L,均P<0.05],且肥胖程度相同的IGT肥胖组、T2DM肥胖组比单纯肥胖组TG水平明显升高[分别为(1.9±0.9)、(2.1±0.7)mmol/L与(1.3±0.6)mmol/L,均P<0.05],FPG、FPI、HOMA-IR、收缩压水平亦明显升高(均P<0.05).线性相关分析表明TG水平和体质指数(BMI)、FPG、HOMA-IR、TC、收缩压呈正相关(r值分别为0.363、0.392、0.387、0.287、0.268,均P<0.05).多元线性回归分析结果亦显示,FPG和HOMA-IR是影响TG水平的独立相关因素(b=0.244,b=0.082,均P<0.05). 结论 高TG血症可能在胰岛素抵抗发生中起重要作用.     

糖耐量低减的真胰岛素水平与β—细胞功能

目的 研究真胰岛素水平测定在评价糖耐量低减（IGT）β-细胞功能中的意义。方法 对99例患者[IGT30例,糖耐量正常（NGT）30例,2型糖尿病（DM）39例]行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）及真胰岛素（TI）、胰岛素（NS）、C肽（CP）释放试验。对三组血糖曲线下面积（AUCG）／胰岛素曲线下面积（AUCI）比值、负荷后净增胰岛素／净增血糖比值（ΔI60/ΔG60）、胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）的结果进行比较。结果 各组各点的TI均比INS值低,且以空腹值低得更明显。空腹INS为DM组＞IGT组＞NGT组,而空腹TI则为NGT＞IGT＞DM;负荷后的INS和TI均为IGT组＞NGT组＞DM组。用TI或INS计算均显示AUCG／AUCI比值IGT组＞NGT组;IAI显示NGT组＞IGT组＞DM组;ΔT60／ΔG60以TI计算显示IGT组＞NGT组＞DM组。结论 IGT患者有显著高胰岛素血症、胰岛素敏感性下降和胰岛素抵抗增强。TI比INS检测的结果更具准确性。     

肥胖症与糖耐量低减以及2型糖尿病患者的真胰岛素和前胰岛素水平的变化及其意义

肥胖症、糖耐量低减(IGT)和2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者存在高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗(IR)和胰岛素分泌缺陷，但目前并不十分清楚肥胖症、IGT和T2DM患者的血清前胰     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.