多非替利衍生物CPU 228(V03)对大鼠心室肌细胞钙瞬变的调节

目的在β-受体激动情况下,研究多非替利衍生物CPU 228对电刺激触发心肌细胞的胞浆Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]i)变化及钙瞬变动力学参数的影响.方法游离单个大鼠心室肌细胞,Fluo-3/AM负载,电刺激诱发心室肌细胞钙瞬变,定量测定心室肌细胞内Ca2+浓度变化,异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol, ISO)100nmol·L-1激动β-受体,观察CPU 228 1 μmol·L-1对钙瞬变动力学参数、[Ca2+]i及钙负荷水平的影响.结果CPU 228 1 μmol·L-1对大鼠心室肌细胞[Ca2+]i的影响不明显(P>0.05);ISO 100 nmol·L-1显著升高大鼠心室肌细胞[Ca2+]i和细胞内钙负荷水平,缩短钙瞬变时程,并且增加钙瞬变的消除速率.CPU 228 1 μmol·L-1显著抑制ISO的上述作用.结论在β-受体激动情况下,CPU 228可以降低心肌细胞[Ca2+]i,使ISO改变的钙瞬变动力学参数恢复到正常水平.     

根皮素的心血管保护作用研究

目的 研究根皮素对狗冠状动脉舒张特征的影响及其机制.方法 制备狗冠状动脉血管环,固定于盛有K-H液的恒温肌槽内,并观察等长时血管张力的变化.结果 10 μmol·L-1或30 μmol· L-1 L根皮素使KCl及无钙K-H液中CaCl2量效曲线明显右移,使血管环敏感性和最大收缩反应明显降低.30 μmol· L-1根皮素在50 mmol· L-1 KCl预收缩的离体冠脉血管环产生一个明显的急性舒张,加入Nω-L-硝基精氨酸1×10-4mol·L-1、普蔡洛尔1×10-5 mol· L-1、亚甲蓝1×10-5 mol·L-1、二硝酸异山梨醇酯(吲哚美辛)1×10-5 mol·L-1及去内皮细胞后,根皮素的急性舒张血管作用不受影响.结论 根皮素在离体冠脉血管环的舒张效应主要是通过抑制电压依赖性钙通道实现的.根皮素的这种舒张效应与NO、内皮、β肾上腺素受体和前列腺素类皆无关.     

15-酮基二十碳四烯酸对大鼠离体肺动脉环的作用

目的用组织浴槽血管环技术研究15-酮基二十碳四烯酸(15-KETE)收缩大鼠离体肺动脉的作用及其离子通道机制。方法16只健康的W istar大鼠,体重为(220±20)g,随机分为两组(n=8);正常组置于正常环境中饲养(F iO2=21%),缺氧组置于缺氧的培养箱中饲养(F iO2=10%),连续饲养9 d后处死,游离直径为0.5~1.0 mm肺内肺动脉(PA)剪成3 mm长的血管环,观察钾离子通道阻断剂、L-型钙离子通道阻断剂和无钙离子Krebs液对15-KETE诱导的正常和缺氧大鼠肺动脉环收缩的影响。结果①15-KETE以浓度(10-8~10-6mol.L-1)依赖的方式收缩大鼠离体肺动脉环;②2 mmol.L-14-氨基吡啶(4-am inopyrid ione,4-AP)可明显降低15-KETE收缩大鼠离体肺动脉环的作用,正常组和缺氧组的结果相似;③10 mmol.L-1四乙胺(tetraeth-ylammon ium,TEA)、10-6mol.L-1格列本脲(glyburide,GLYB)对15-KETE收缩大鼠离体肺动脉环的作用无明显影响;④10-6mol.L-1硝苯地平(n ifed ip ine)和无钙Krebs液对10-6mol.L-115-KETE引起的离体肺动脉环收缩具有显著抑制作用。结论15-KETE收缩离体肺动脉环的作用依赖于Kv通道、细胞外液钙离子和L-型钙离子通道。     

度洛西汀对大鼠胸主动脉环舒张功能的影响

目的研究度洛西汀(DLX)对血管舒张功能的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法采用离体血管环灌流装置,观察DLX对大鼠胸主动脉环的作用及不同工具药的影响。结果 DLX对KCl(30 mmol.L-1)和NE(1μmol.L-1)预收缩的血管环具有浓度依赖的舒张作用,对内皮完整和去内皮血管环舒张作用无差异,该舒张作用为非内皮依赖性。在KCl预收缩基础上,加入钾通道阻断剂格列苯脲Gli(10μmol.L-1)、四乙胺TEA(10 mmol.L-1)、氯化钡BaCl2(1 mmol.L-1)、四氨基吡啶4-AP(1 mmol.L-1)和5-HT2受体阻断剂赛庚啶(1μmol.L-1)均不能抑制DLX的舒血管效应;α1受体阻断剂哌唑嗪(1μmol.L-1)组对DLX舒血管作用有抑制作用。在无钙液中,DLX可以明显抑制NE和CaCl2收缩血管的作用。结论 DLX能够浓度依赖性的舒张血管,其机制可能与抑制经由血管平滑肌细胞膜VDC和ROC通道的钙离子内流,拮抗α1受体以及抑制胞质内钙离子释放有关。     

哇巴因对心肌细胞钙瞬变及收缩力的作用

目的检测哇巴因对正常大鼠和阿霉素所致心衰大鼠左心室肌细胞的收缩力、钙瞬变和舒张期钙影响。方法腹腔注射阿霉素制备大鼠心衰模型,以改良的Langendorff装置分离心肌细胞,负载Fluo-4钙荧光染料后采用IonOptix可视化细胞动缘探测系统检测哇巴因对大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能、舒张期钙及钙瞬变的变化。结果哇巴因可浓度依赖性增加正常大鼠心肌细胞收缩力和钙瞬变,3×10-7 mol·L-1哇巴因即明显增加收缩力和钙瞬变,但对心衰大鼠心肌细胞,1×10-5 mol·L-1哇巴因才明显增加心肌细胞收缩力和钙瞬变;哇巴因也可增加正常大鼠和心衰大鼠心肌细胞舒张期钙。结论哇巴因能够增加心肌细胞收缩力、钙瞬变和舒张期钙,阿霉素所致心衰大鼠心肌细胞较正常细胞不敏感。     

TCM-040抗心律失常作用及电生理机制

目的通过细胞-组织-器官-整体水平的筛选平台研究,初步明确TCM-040的抗心律失常作用及电生理机制。方法组织器官水平采用SD大鼠,雄性,230～270 g。大鼠麻醉后摘取心脏,进行Langendorff逆向灌流(灌注压80 mmHg),将Mapping电生理标测系统的两个64道探头分别贴附于左心房和左心室,评价受试物对心脏自律性和传导系统的作用;optical mapping评价须在离体心脏灌流液中依次加入兴奋-收缩偶联阻断剂、电压敏感染料和钙离子指示剂,评价受试物对心肌细胞钙离子内流速度和强弱的调节作用;细胞水平采用hERG-HEK293稳转细胞系和急性分离的心肌细胞,用700B单细胞膜片钳系统,全细胞技术记录hERG电流,评价受试药物在10～100μmol·L~(-1)水平对h ERG电流的影响;Langendorff逆向主动脉灌流酶解法分离单个的心室肌细胞,电流钳模式下记录豚鼠心室肌细胞的动作电位,电压钳模式下记录大鼠心室肌细胞的K~+电流和Ca~(2+)电流,开展受试药物对动作电位时程APD90、K~+通道和Ca~(2+)通道电流的研究;整体动物模型采用大鼠冠脉结扎和豚鼠哇巴因诱导的经典心律失常模型,评价受试物灌胃给药对模型动物心律失常评分及室速、室颤持续时间的作用。结果离体心脏Mapping结果提示,TCM-040可显著降低心室的传导速度和房室延搁,明显降低心率;optical mapping显示,HDJ可明显降低钙离子内流的电压幅值和速率,改善心肌细胞内钙超载现象;细胞水平膜片钳试验结果提示,TCM-040在10～100μmol·L~(-1)水平可以阻断hERG通道,浓度相关性的抑制hERG电流;100μmol·L~(-1)水平的TCM-040能够明显延长急性分离心肌细胞的动作电位时程,并且对K~+通道和Ca~(2+)通道有抑制作用;整体动物模型TCM-040明显降低大鼠冠脉结扎心律失常的评分和室速、室颤的持续时间;明显增加豚鼠模型出现室性早搏、室颤和心脏停博时的哇巴因用量。结论 TCM-040具有抗心律失常的作用,其作用机制与减慢心脏电传导,延长心肌细胞动作电位和抑制K~+、Ca~(2+)通道电流活性相关。     

6-[4-(4′-吡啶)氨基苯]-4,5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮对大鼠胸主动脉环收缩功能的影响

目的研究新型钙增敏强心剂6-[4-(4′-吡啶)氨基苯]-4,5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮(MCI-154)的扩血管作用机制。方法采用生物张力换能器及生理记录仪测定大鼠离体胸主动脉环和蜕膜胸主动脉环的收缩张力。结果MCI-154可浓度依赖性抑制1nmol.L-1~10μmol.L-1去甲肾上腺素(pD2′为4.21±0.23)和80mmol.L-1KCl(IC50为7μmol.L-1)引起的血管环收缩,提示其可通过抑制血管平滑肌细胞膜上受体操纵性和电压依赖性钙通道而减少胞外钙内流。在无Ca2+K-H液中,MCI-154预处理可浓度依赖性降低3μmol.L-1苯肾上腺素(IC50为5μmol.L-1)及20mmol.L-1咖啡因(IC50为16μmol.L-1)引起的血管环收缩张力,提示其可抑制血管平滑肌细胞胞内钙释放。在1μmol.L-1Ca2+溶液中,MCI-154可显著降低蜕膜血管环收缩张力(IC50为10μmol.L-1),提示其可降低血管平滑肌对Ca2+的敏感性。结论MCI-154可通过抑制血管平滑肌胞外钙内流、胞内钙释放和降低其对Ca2+敏感性来降低血管平滑肌收缩张力,体外具有扩血管效应。     

17β-雌二醇对豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的抑制作用

目的观察17β-雌二醇对豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响及其与雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)的关系。方法酶机械法分离豚鼠单个心室肌细胞;膜片钳全细胞模式观察17β-雌二醇对单个心室肌细胞L型钙电流(ICa-L)的影响,并通过加入雌激素受体阻断剂tamoxifen(TAM)研究该作用与雌激素受体的关系。结果 17β-雌二醇(10-9～10-7mol.L-1)使ICa-L峰电流密度值从(-3.5±0.6)pA.pF-1分别减少至(-2.4±0.3)pA.pF-1、(-1.9±0.3)pA.pF-1和(-1.1±0.3)pA.pF-1(与对照组比较,均为P<0.01,n=5)。TAM(10-7 mol.L-1)预处理后,17β-雌二醇(10-7mol.L-1)使ICa-L峰电流密度值从(-3.5±0.6)pA.pF-1减少到(-1.0±0.2)pA.pF-1(与对照组比较,P<0.01,n=5),与未应用TAM(10-7 mol.L-1)预处理时比较,ICa-L峰电流密度值无变化(P>0.05,n=5)。结论 17β-雌二醇抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞ICa-L的作用呈浓度依赖性,雌激素受体阻断剂TAM不能阻断17β-雌二醇对豚鼠心室肌细胞ICa-L的抑制作用,提示17β-雌二醇对ICa-L的抑制作用可能与ER作用无关。     

白介素-2通过阿片κ受体抑制心肌细胞的收缩作用

本文采用酶解分离大鼠心室肌细胞 ,用视频跟踪系统测定单个心室肌细胞收缩 ,以研究白介素 2(IL 2 )对心肌细胞的作用及其机理 .结果发现 :①IL 2 (0 .5～ 2 0 0kU·L- 1)浓度依赖性地抑制成年鼠单个心室肌细胞的收缩 ;②纳洛酮 (10nmol·L- 1)和nor binaltorphimine(nor BNI,10nmol·L- 1)可阻断IL 2的收缩抑制作用 ;③百日咳毒素 (PTX ,5mg·L- 1)预处理后 ,取消了IL 2对心肌细胞收缩的抑制作用 ;④U7312 2预处理可阻断IL 2的收缩抑制作用 .结果表明 ,IL 2对酶解分离心室肌细胞收缩的抑制作用 ,是通过心肌细胞上κ阿片受体介导的 ,其下游途径包括PTX敏感的Gi蛋白和磷脂酶C     

L-型钙通道阻滞剂对心肌细胞钙稳态的影响

目的观察L-型钙通道阻滞对心肌细胞的影响。方法取SD大鼠颈部脱臼处死后浸入75%乙醇数秒,迅速开胸摘取心脏,置入盛有37℃预热的台氏液100ml的培养皿中。在超净工作台上用台式液清洗并修剪掉结缔组织,迅速行主动脉插管。将心脏悬挂于Langendroff灌流装置上,剪下心室并剪成约1mm3的组织块,放入37℃预热的含0.2mmol/L Ca2＋台氏液20ml的培养皿中,将心室在溶液中轻轻晃动以分散已解离的心室肌细胞。新分离的细胞在常温下放置1～2h后,用加样器取带少许细胞的原液放入试管中,加入指示剂,给予正常细胞外液灌流,测全细胞胞内钙瞬变作为前对照组;给予硝苯地平溶液灌流,测全细胞胞内钙瞬变作为实验组;给予正常细胞外液灌流,测全细胞胞内钙瞬变作为后对照组。结果不同浓度的硝苯地平对静息状态下心室肌细胞胞内钙信号的影响都不明显,仅10μmol/L硝苯地平可能使静息状态下心室肌细胞胞内钙水平轻微降低,更高浓度的硝苯地平的效果反而减弱。不同浓度的硝苯地平都能不同程度降低心室肌细胞胞内钙瞬变的峰值（P〈0.05）,5μmol/L硝苯地平的标准化值最低,降低心室肌细胞胞内钙瞬变峰值的效果比2μmol/L硝苯地平明显（P〈0.05）。但是10μmol/L硝苯地平、50μmol/L的硝苯地平的降低心室肌细胞胞内钙瞬变峰值的效果反而减弱。结论硝苯地平可以抑制大鼠心室肌细胞的电流。但是,硝苯地平对于静息状态下的心室肌细胞胞内钙信号的影响不明显,可能与硝苯地平只对去极化过程的ICa2＋、Ito和IK有抑制作用有关。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.