中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在系统性红斑狼疮相关间质性肺病中的作用

中性粒细胞参与病原体清除与早期炎症反应,是免疫系统的重要组成部分。但近年来越来越多的研究表明,中性粒细胞通过形成中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)介导炎症反应并促进纤维化的形成,在自身免疫性疾病和间质性肺病(ILD)的发病机制中的作用逐渐受到重视。本文首先介绍NETs的结构、功能和形成过程,并结合NETs在其他自身免疫病中的作用,总结NETs参与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)相关ILD针对NETs的发病机制,最后提出了自身免疫性疾病相关ILD针对NETs的潜在治疗靶点。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在冠心病发病机制中作用研究的进展

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)是新发现的中性粒细胞杀灭病原体的一个机制。有研究发现NETs还具有促凝和促血栓形成的作用。近期有研究表明,在急性冠脉综合征中,梗死相关血管病变部位的NETs负荷与梗塞的面积呈正相关,本文将就NETs及其在冠心病中的作用作一综述。     

NETs与心血管疾病的相关研究

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)是活化的中性粒细胞所释放的去聚化染色质DNA和多种抗菌蛋白所组成的纤维网状复合物。NETs可参与机体免疫应答限制病原菌，并导致组织及器官损伤，现有研究发现NETs可参与到动静脉的血栓形成。本文对NETs的结构、发生机制、重要成分及在动脉粥样硬化及血栓中的作用进行综述。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在抗寄生虫免疫中的作用研究进展

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网（neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs）是活化的炎性中性粒细胞在感染或炎症应答期主动释放的一种串珠样纤维网状物质,由染色质DNA和多种胞内蛋白成分组成,可通过缠绕致病菌限制其扩散,同时通过各种抗菌蛋白杀伤致病菌,被认为是中性粒细胞除吞噬和脱颗粒作用外的第三种杀菌机制。近年研究显示,NETs也参与抗寄生虫免疫过程。本文就NETs在抗寄生虫免疫中作用的研究进展作一综述,以期为寄生虫病发病机制研究以及相关治疗药物开发提供参考。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在胃肠道中的应用

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellulartraps,NETs)在感染过程中具有重要作用,它可以帮助中性粒细胞捕获和杀死病原体。然而,越来越多的证据表明,不受控制或过量的NETs与炎症的加剧和自身免疫的发展、癌症转移以及不适当的血栓形成有关。并进一步阐述NETs在胃肠系统中的作用,概述它们的保护机制和病理作用,讨论NETs形成的最新机制,微生物和NETs之间的相互作用以及中性粒细胞亚型与它们功能之间的关系。此外,NETs相关分子,包括游离DNA和超瓜氨酸化组蛋白等,可作为生物标志物和胃肠道疾病治疗干预的靶点。     

中性粒细胞胞外陷阱在肾脏疾病中的研究进展

中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(NETs)是一种由染色质和多种颗粒蛋白组成的细胞外网状结构。形成NETs是中性粒细胞的一种新型死亡方式, 亦是一种新型作用机制。研究表明, NETs能杀灭多种病原体。然而, NETs亦通过不同的作用参与多种疾病的发生发展, 肾脏是NETs主要累及的器官之一。本文就NETs 的形成及其在多种肾脏疾病中的研究进展进行综述, 为肾脏疾病的治疗提供新思路。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网与结直肠癌关系的研究进展

［摘要］　中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)是中性粒细胞释放的一种纤维网状结构,其形成过程称为NETosis。近年研究发现,NETs能够促进结直肠癌的增殖、转移和复发,与结直肠癌的预后密切相关。该文对NETs与结直肠癌的关系作一综述,进一步了解NETs在结直肠癌中的作用机制和临床价值。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网与心血管疾病

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网（NETs）是中性粒细胞活化或凋亡时释放的一种具有多种生物学活性的网状结构。随着NETs生成和作用机制的阐明,已发现其具有抗炎、促凝、抗凝及加重血管内皮功能障碍等作用。心血管疾病的发生与炎症反应、血液高凝状态等有关。早期检测NETs可能对某些心血管疾病的预防和治疗有重要意义。本文就NETs及其与心血管疾病关系的研究进展进行综述。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在动脉粥样硬化及血栓中作用相关研究的进展

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)是中性粒细胞激活后释放的遗传物质的网状结构。越来越多的证据表明,NETs与多种病理生理过程有关,最重要的是,NETs被认为在动脉粥样硬化(AS)和血栓形成中可能起到决定性作用。本文就NETs在AS及血栓形成过程中的作用研究的进展作一综述。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网与心肌缺血再灌注的研究进展

中性粒细胞在缺血再灌注诱导的组织损伤中有重要作用。中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网（neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs）是中性粒细胞对许多感染和非感染性刺激的响应,并与纤维蛋白一起阻止病原体的入侵。在血管损伤时,NETs形成了一个保守的环境,支持中性粒细胞、血小板和内皮细胞之间的相互作用。这一现...     

Neutrophil extracellular traps and MPO in models of susceptibility and resistance against Entamoeba histolytica

The main effector mechanisms of neutrophils are the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In this work, we evaluated the role of NETs and the activity of MPO in the interactions of rodent neutrophils with amoebae and in amoebic liver abscess (ALA)-resistant and ALA-susceptible models. We showed with in vitro assays that mice produced greater amounts of NETs and MPO than did hamsters, and the elastase activity was high in both models. However, the inhibition of NETs and MPO promoted an increase in amoeba viability in the mice. The mouse ALAs showed a more profound presence of NETs and MPO than did the hamster ALAs. We concluded that both effector mechanisms were essential for the amoebic damage and could prevent the formation of ALAs in the resistant model.     

T cell infiltrate and outcome following resection of intermediate-grade primary neuroendocrine tumours and liver metastases

Background:

Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been shown to predict survival in numerous malignancies. The importance of TILs in primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and NET liver metastases (NETLMs) has not been defined.

Methods:

We identified 87 patients with NETs and 39 with NETLMs who had undergone resection. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine TIL counts. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using the log-rank test.

Results:

The median follow-up time was 62 months in NET patients and 48 months in NETLM patients. Vascular invasion and histologic grade were the only independent predictors of outcome for NETs and NETLMs, respectively. Analysis of intermediate-grade NETs indicated that a dense T cell (CD3+) infiltrate was associated with a median RFS of 128 months compared with 61 months for those with low levels of intratumoral T cells (P = 0.05, univariate analysis). Examination of NETLMs revealed that a low level of infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg, FoxP3+) was a predictor of prolonged survival (P < 0.01, univariate analysis).

Conclusions:

A robust T cell infiltrate is associated with improved RFS following resection of intermediate-grade NETs, whereas the presence of more Treg correlated with shorter OS after treatment of NETLMs. Further study of the immune response to intermediate-grade NETs and NETLMs is warranted.     

Toll样受体与慢性肝脏疾病的研究进展

研究发现Toll样受体（TLR）在慢性肝脏疾病的发生发展中发挥着重要作用。本文将对Toll样受体家族在病毒性肝病、酒精性及非酒精性肝病、自身免疫性肝病、肝纤维化及肝硬化等肝脏疾病发病机制中的研究概况予以介绍。     

慢性肝病的营养评估与治疗*

慢性肝病患者很容易发生营养不良,并因此增加不良预后风险,但有关肝病营养不良的本质问题尚认识不够,且缺乏统一的诊断标准,个体化的营养干预和支持措施难以量化评估效果。针对这些问题,本文就营养不良评估方法、常见慢性肝病营养代谢特点和营养治疗进展做一介绍,希望能对慢性肝病的临床营养干预有所启示。     

外泌体在非肿瘤性肝脏疾病中的研究进展

肝脏是人体重要的代谢和免疫器官,外泌体是一种由细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡,携带蛋白质、脂质、DNA和RNA等多种分子,研究发现其在多种肝脏疾病中发挥重要作用。阐述了外泌体在非肿瘤性肝脏疾病发病机制中的作用,以及将它们作为疾病诊断生物标志物和治疗手段的相关研究进展,认为应该深入研究外泌体的生物发生、释放及其在疾病中的确切机制,为非肿瘤性肝脏疾病的防治提供依据。     

非感染性肝病在传染病医院中的分布特征

目的探讨非感染性肝病在传染病医院的分布特征,为制定相应的管理措施提供依据。方法调查不同年份非感染性肝病的住院人数、性别分布以及不同年份非感染性肝病构成比的变化趋势等。结果在传染病医院中非感染性肝病的病种主要包括各种自身免疫性肝病、酒精性肝病、药物性肝损伤、代谢性肝病和无感染性的肝脏良性及恶性占位性病变,前三者呈逐年升高的趋势。2002年至2012年解放军第三○二医院收治的非感染性肝病患者的例数呈逐年上升的趋势,2002年非感染性肝病患者的总数为667例,而2012年为4 868例,其构成比也由10.55%升至15.73%;非感染性肝病的性别构成以男性为主,但其构成比呈逐年下降趋势,而女性构成比为逐年升高趋势;不同年份非感染性肝病病房收治的非感染性肝病患者与其收治的肝病患者的构成比之间差异具有统计学意义。结论非感染性肝病患者也是传染病医院肝病患者的重要组成部分,加强对于这部分患者的管理,为其创造舒适安全的就医环境至关重要。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生及进展的危险因素

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的患病率逐年增加,目前成为我国成年人中最常见的慢性肝病之一。NAFLD可由非酒精性肝脂肪变性进展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝硬化、肝细胞癌及NAFLD相关性心血管事件、死亡等重大疾病。现对NAFLD发生的危险因素以及进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝癌、相关心血管事件和死亡等重大疾病的相关危险因素进行综述,以便进一步探讨NAFLD发生发展的机制,降低NAFLD的患病率,减缓NAFLD的进展程度,降低相关疾病的病死率。     

Cardiovascular Diseases: Consider Netosis

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like chromatin fibers that are released from dying neutrophils during infections. NETs are a sort of scaffold, ideal to retain microbes. The main function of NETs is the trapping and killing pathogens, as such as bacteria, fungi, viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) and protozoa. The death of neutrophils via NETs formation is called “NETosis.” Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that NETosis is involved in several diseases, other than infections. Very recently, it has been shown that NETs formation contributes to venous thromboembolism but also to atherosclerosis progression, creating a link between venous and arterial thrombosis. The presence of NETs in the luminal portion of human atherosclerotic vessels and coronary specimens obtained from patients after acute myocardial infarction has been detected. This review provides evidence of the most important updates about the role of NETs in myocardial infarction, in heart failure and in the process of atherosclerosis itself. The prognostic significance of NETs-related markers in cardiovascular diseases will be discussed, in order to assess targeted therapeutic strategies.     

螺杆菌感染与慢性肝病研究现状与进展

有关螺杆菌感染与肝病相关的研究逐渐增加,主要是研究螺杆菌对肝病的影响,而肝病对螺杆菌的作用研究甚少。介绍了肝病时螺杆菌的细菌学、流行率,螺杆菌引起肝病的发病机制和诊断。至目前为止现已得到共识与人类肝病相关的螺杆菌有3种,即H.pylori、H.heilmanni和H.cinaedi,其中主要是H.pylori的研究,对于后两者研究不多,而肝螺杆菌属于H.pylori的1个新型。研究显示今后应主要在发病机制和预防上做更深入的研究。     

Liver disease and diabetes: Association,pathophysiology, and management

Diabetes is associated with a spectrum of liver diseases including nonalcoholic liver disease, steatohepatitis, and liver cirrhosis with their increased complications and mortality. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its associated liver cirrhosis has been associated with diabetes through insulin resistance. Cryptogenic diabetes occurs as a consequence of liver cirrhosis with the pathophysiology being complex, but mostly attributed to the increased insulin resistance in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. As for the management of diabetes in patients with liver disease, lifestyle modification plays an important role. Oral diabetic medications are contraindicated in patients with advanced liver diseases with associated cirrhosis, ascites, or encephalopathy. As for stable liver disease, metformin and thiazolenediones have shown mixed results, with some showing them to be effective in improving liver transaminases in addition to histological improvement in steatosis and inflammation. α-glucosidase inhibitors may be helpful in decreasing hepatic encephalopathy. Upregulation of Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) has been suggested as a possible pathogenetic mechanism for HCV-related insulin resistance, and treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors could improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients with liver disease. Patients with impaired liver function with associated insulin resistance may need increased insulin requirements. On the other hand patients with altered liver metabolism might need decreased insulin requirements.