重症监护室患儿压力性损伤发生特征及影响因素分析

目的 了解儿童重症监护室（pediatric intensive care unit,PICU）患儿压力性损伤发生特征并分析其影响因素,为临床PICU患儿压力性损伤防治提供依据。方法 2016年12月—2017年4月横断面调查上海、广东、浙江5所三级甲等医院儿童重症医学科的302例患儿,收集相关人口学资料、病情、压力性损伤评估及发生特征等,并对相关因素进行分析。结果 PICU患儿压力性损伤发生率为16.23%,其中40.82%为医疗设备相关,损伤程度以1期为主（81.63%）;头面部（64.40%）为压力性损伤的高发部位,其次是骶尾部（10.17%）、足跟部（8.47%）、足踝部（8.47%）。不同病种间压力性损伤发生率不同,压力性损伤患儿多有病情严重、意识障碍、机械通气、接受手术治疗、医疗设备使用数量多、低Braden Q评分等特征。结论 PICU患儿是发生压力性损伤的高危人群,损伤部位多集中于头面部,医疗设备相关压力性损伤发生率较高,临床护理过程应早期识别压力性损伤的危险因素,及时干预,预防PICU患儿发生压力性损伤。     

急性脊髓炎患儿脊髓休克期发生皮肤压疮的高危因素及护理

[目的]探讨急性脊髓炎患儿脊髓休克期发生皮肤压疮的高危因素及护理对策。[方法]将17例急性脊髓炎脊髓休克期发生压疮的患儿作为压疮组,同期无压疮急性脊髓炎患儿25例作为对照组,观察急性脊髓炎患儿压疮的发生与年龄、体重、Braden危险评分、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白之间的关系。[结果]多因素分析表明压疮组患儿体重、Braden评分、血清总蛋白、血清清蛋白与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,体重、Braden评分低、血清总蛋白及血清清蛋白低是发生皮肤压疮的高危因素。[结论]患儿体重重、Braden评分低、血清总蛋白与血清清蛋白低是发生压疮的高危因素,针对这些因素制订相应的护理措施,可减少压疮的发生。     

Braden评分预测神经科患者压疮的准确性及影响准确性因素的分析

目的 探讨Braden评估表对神经科患者压疮发生危险预测的有效性，并分析在Braden评估表评估危险程度相同的情况下，其他相关因素对压疮发生的影响，以提高预防压疮的有效性。方法 对135例神经科压疮患者应用Braden评估表进行评分，并收集包括年龄、意识状态、血清白蛋白、活动方式、体位等13个相关因素以及压疮分期状况。分析该评估表对预测压疮的准确性，及影响准确性的因素。结果135例患者中，Braden评分为极高危或高危者94例占69．63％，中危者31例占22。96％，低危者10例占7．41％，无危者无。相关性分析提示：血清白蛋白值与Braden评分成正相关（r=0.25，P〈0.05），意识状态与Braden评分为显著负相关（r=-0．61，P〈0．01），压疮严重程度与Braden评分成负相关（r=-0.210，P〈0.05）。其他因素与Braden评分无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。结论 Braden评估表能有效地预测神经科患者发生压疮的危险性；对Braden评分具有相同危险者，血清白蛋白水平越低、意识障碍越重，其发生压疮的危险性越高。     

小儿术中获得性压力性损伤影响因素分析及风险预测模型构建北大核心

目的:分析小儿术中获得性压力性损伤影响因素并构建风险预测模型。方法:采用便利抽样法,选取我院2020年1月—2021年4月手术患儿466例,收集患儿一般资料、实验室指标、手术相关资料及术中压力性损伤发生情况等数据,通过单因素分析筛选术中获得性压力性损伤发生的影响因素,利用Logistic回归构建风险预测模型,采用Hosmer⁃Lemeshow检验和受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别判断模型拟合优度和预测效果。结果:466例手术患儿中共有56例发生术中压力性损伤,发生率为12.0%;Logistic回归最终纳入风险预测模型的危险因素为术前Braden⁃Q评分、手术体位和手术时间;Hosmer⁃Lemeshow检验显示,P=0.482,受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.811,约登指数为0.509,灵敏度为0.821,特异度为0.688,预测百分比为88.4%。结论:术前Braden⁃Q评分、手术体位和手术时间是小儿术中获得性压力性损伤发生的危险因素,构建的风险预测模型效果良好,可以为临床筛选高危患儿及采取针对性的预防保护措施提供参考。     

肿瘤住院患者压疮危险因素调查分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者发生压疮的危险因素。方法调查分析了51例肿瘤患者的相关资料,应用Braden压疮评估量表对患者住院期间压疮危险因素进行评分,分析各项指标与压疮分析的相关性。结果在12例发生压疮的肿瘤患者中,压疮发生的部位依次为骶尾部8例（66.7%）,髋部3例（25.0%）,足根部1例（8.3%）。分期情况为I期2例（16.7%）,2期5例（41.7%）,3期4例（33.3%）,可疑深部组织损伤期1例（16.7%）。发生压疮组患者强迫体位、失禁发生率高于未发生压疮组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,Braden评分低于未发生压疮组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。强迫体位、失禁及Braden评分进入了压疮发生的回归方程。结论肿瘤患者为压疮发生的高发人群,压疮的预防需要综合护理措施,需要针对危险因素做好积极预防,提高其生存质量。     

Braden评分高度风险重症患者的压疮危险因素分析

目的探讨具有压疮高度风险的重症患者压疮相关危险因素。方法应用Braden量表对89例重症患者实施压疮风险评估,对评分≤12分的患者进行分析,评价各项相关指标与压疮高风险的关系。结果89例患者Braden评分平均（9．42±2．01）分,其中Braden评分≤9分的极高危患者占47．19％。与压疮高度风险相关因素有患者无法活动（压力、摩擦力、剪切力并存）、皮肤潮湿、营养不良、以及体温的改变、循环不稳定,肾功能不全、代谢性酸中毒、电解质紊乱、高APACHEⅡ评分等。结论应针对导致重症患者压疮高度风险的危险因素作好积极的预防和护理措施,提高危重患者的护理质量。     

Braden量表在神经内科压疮预防中的应用

目的评价Braden量表在神经内科的应用意义。方法将Braden量表应用于2011年8月-10月住院患者,统计其压疮发生的低、中、高、极高危患者,并根据评分结果进行分层管理。结果该期间共评估2435例患者,无危险者1630例（66．94％）,低危者485例（19．92％）,中危者148例（6．08％）,高危者98例（4．02％）,极高危者74例（3．04％）。无院内可避免压疮发生,也未发生由皮肤护理引发的护患纠纷。结论Braden量表的使用提高了护士对发生压疮危险的早期判断能力,工作更有针对性,更利于压疮的分层管理。     

老年卧床病人骶尾部压力性损伤的多因素分析

[目的]探讨老年卧床病人骶尾部压力性损伤发生危险因素及其护理干预。[方法]对2016年9月—2017年5月入院的老年卧床病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对骶尾部压力性损伤发生的危险因素[体重、体质指数(BMI)、骶尾部压力、皮脂层厚度、Braden评分、OH评分等]进行单因素和多因素分析,综合评估老年卧床病人骶尾部压力性损伤发生的高危因素。[结果]单因素分析显示,Braden评分、OH评分、皮脂层厚度、血红蛋白、白蛋白和BMI影响骶尾部压力性损伤的发生(P0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,Braden评分和OH评分均能有效预测骶尾部压力性损伤的发生,皮脂层厚度和血红蛋白水平是骶尾部压力性损伤发生的高危因素。[结论]老年病人骶尾部压力性损伤的发生与其Braden评分、OH评分、皮脂层厚度和血红蛋白水平密切相关,多因素共同作用导致压力性损伤发生。动态观察上述高危因素,采取有效护理干预,可预防骶尾部压力性损伤发生。     

Braden量表在晚期肿瘤患者压疮防护中的应用

目的评价Braden量表在晚期肿瘤患者压疮预防中的适用性。方法用Braden量表和国内评分法两种量表评价91例晚期肿瘤患者，比较两种量表对压疮发生预测的准确性。结果91例患者中7例发生了压疮，6例为Ⅰ期，1例为Ⅱ期。Braden量表评分≤18分的患者14例，包括了全部6例压疮患者；国内评分法有21例≤25分，包括1例压疮患者。Braden量表预测压疮发生的灵敏度为42．9％（6／14），特异性为98．7％（76／77），国内评分法预测压疮发生的灵敏度为4％（1／25），特异性90．9％（60／66），二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Braden量表能更准确地预测压疮的发生。     

Cubbin&Jackson量表预测有创机械通气患者压力性损伤风险的临床应用

目的 探讨Cubbin & Jackson量表在评估和预防危重病患者机械通气中压力性损伤（pressure injury，PI）的效果。方法 2018年5月至12月应用Cubbin & Jackson量表对山西医学科学院山西大医院重症医学科157例机械通气患者进行压力性损伤危险因素评分和相关因素分析，并进行对应的护理干预措施。结果 157例机械通气患者中，13例（8.28%）发生PI，均发生在Cubbin & Jackson量表评分≤29分的患者。结论 使用Cubbin & Jackson量表评估机械通气患者压力性损伤，能更精确地预测PI发生风险，减轻护理工作压力的同时增加PI风险预测准确性，从而提供针对性的护理措施，降低机械通气患者PI发生率。     

Using the Braden Q Scale to Predict Pressure Ulcer Risk in pediatric patients

The Braden Q Scale for Predicting Pediatric Pressure Ulcer Risk (Braden Q Scale) is a widely used, valid, and reliable pediatric-specific pressure ulcer risk assessment tool. Since its original publication, requests for clarification on how best to use the tool across the wide spectrum of pediatric patients commonly cared for in health care systems have been received. Common clarifications focus on using the Braden Q Scale as originally designed; specifically, not using untested derivations of the tool, and not using the Braden Q Scale to predict medical device-related pressure damage. The purpose of this article is to provide practical information on how best to use the Braden Q Scale and how to score a pediatric patient's risk for pressure ulcers. Accurate assessment of patient risk for pressure ulcers is the first step in guiding appropriate nursing interventions that prevent pressure ulcers. Patient assessment, scoring, and common clinical scenarios are presented.     

Characteristics and risk factors of facial pressure injuries in acute inpatients using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: A retrospective case control study

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics and risk factors of facial pressure injuries in patients using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.Setting and samplePatients who developed facial pressure injuries due to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation at a teaching hospital in Taiwan from January 2016 to December 2021 were selected, resulting in a total of 108 patients in our case group. A control group was formed by matching each case by age and gender to three acute inpatients who had used non-invasive ventilation but had not developed facial pressure injuries, resulting in 324 patients in the control group.Research methodologyThis study was a retrospective case-control study. The characteristics of the patients who developed pressure injuries at different stages in the case group were compared, and the risk factors of non-invasive ventilation-related facial pressure injuries were then determined.ResultsHigher duration of non-invasive ventilation usage, higher length of hospital stay, lower Braden scale score, and lower albumin levels in the former group. The results of multivariate analysis from binary logistic regression involving the duration of non-invasive ventilation usage demonstrated that the patients who used this device for 4–9 days and 16 days were at greater risk of facial pressure injuries than those who used it for 3 days; in terms of the Braden scale score, higher Braden scale scores were correlated with a higher risk of facial pressure injuries. In addition, albumin levels lower than the normal range were correlated with a higher risk of facial pressure injuries.ConclusionPatients with pressure injuries at higher stages had a higher duration of non-invasive ventilation usage, higher length of hospital stay, lower Braden scale scores, and lower albumin levels. Thus, a longer duration of non-invasive ventilation use, lower Braden scale scores, and lower albumin levels were also risk factors for non-invasive ventilation-related facial pressure injuries.Implications for clinical practiceOur results serve as a useful reference for hospitals, both in creating training programs for their medical teams to prevent and treat facial pressure injuries and in drafting guidelines for assessing risk in order to prevent facial pressure injuries caused by non-invasive ventilation. The duration of device usage, Braden scale scores, and albumin levels in particular should be seriously monitored to reduce the occurrence of facial pressure injuries in acute inpatients treated with non-invasive ventilation.     

肝移植患者急性压疮发生的危险因素分析

目的 分析肝移植手术后患者发生急性压疮的危险因素,寻找护理切入点.方法 收集2005年1月-2013年9月95例肝移植患者的基本资料,记录术前、术中、术后可能与压疮发生有关的指标,对肝移植患者压疮危险因素进行分析,并评价医护因素对肝移植患者急性压疮发生情况的影响.结果 30例患者于手术当天至术后3d出现皮肤异常,其中手术当天出现皮肤异常患者14例（46.67％）,术后1～3 d分别为9例（30.00％）,5例（16.67％）,2例（6.66％）.30例压疮患者中,发生于骶尾部19例（63.33％）、足跟部9例（30.00％）.不同Braden评分、血清总蛋白、手术时间、失血量、首次下床时间及遵医行为患者压疮发生率差异有统计学意义（x2 /Z值分别为6.338,7.787,4.005,12.960,4.163,6.257;P＜0.05）.医护人员对压疮缺乏认知引起者最多为12例（40.00％）,其次为观察评估频次较少引起者7例（23.33％）.结论 肝移植患者发生急性压疮与Braden评分、血清总蛋白、手术时间、失血量、首次下床时间及遵医行为密切相关,针对上述高危因素制定护理措施,可以降低术后压疮的发生危险.     

2种压疮评估量表在患儿中的应用研究

目的 评价并比较Braden Q和Braden 2种压疮评估量表在儿科重症患者中的应用效果,探索区分患儿发生压疮风险的临界值.方法 采用多中心前瞻性队列研究设计,研究地点为3家儿童医院的重症监护室,派遣2名临床护士充当数据收集员,分别负责量表评分和皮肤评估,两者分别独立进行.结果 本次研究收集样本145例,实际发生压疮9例,发生率为6.2%.Braden Q量表和Braden量表的预测临界值分别是17分和14分;而两者的ROC曲线(受试者工作特征曲线)下面积分别为0.481和0.398.结论 Braden Q量表更加适用于儿科患者,且需要进一步研究改进量表.     

Predicting the risk of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients are at high risk for pressure ulcers. OBJECTIVES: To determine the contributions of the Braden subscales in predicting pressure ulcers in critically ill patients and to investigate how often the Braden scale should be completed to assess the risk for pressure ulcers in critically ill patients. METHOD: The Braden scale was used to assess repeatedly 136 adult patients without pressure ulcers in a medical intensive care unit, a surgical intensive care unit, and a noninvasive respiratory care unit, and the patients' skin was inspected routinely for pressure ulcers. RESULTS: A total of 36 pressure ulcers, most commonly on the sacrum or coccyx and the heels (15 stage 1, 20 stage 2, 1 stage 3), developed in 17 patients (12%). In 14 (82%) of the 17, the ulcers developed within 72 hours of admission to the intensive care unit. The risk for pressure ulcers increased as the mean sensory perception (P = .01) and the mean total Braden (P = .046) scores decreased. The mean sensory perception scores obtained at 12 and 36 hours after admission also had a significant relationship to the risk for pressure ulcers (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients in intensive care units have an increased risk for pressure ulcers. Although waiting until 12 hours after a patient's admission to the intensive care unit to obtain the initial Braden rating may be reasonable (with the second rating obtained 36 hours after admission), additional research is needed before this practice can be recommended.     

Incidence of pressure ulcers in a neurologic intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk factors for pressure ulceration in an intensive care setting, to evaluate the Braden scale as a predictor of pressure ulcer risk in critically ill patients, and to determine whether pressure ulcers are likely to occur early in the hospital stay. DESIGN: Cohort study of patients with no preexisting ulcers with a 3-month enrollment period. SETTING: The neurologic intensive care unit and the neurologic intermediate unit at a primary care/referral hospital with a level I trauma center. PATIENTS: A total of 186 patients entered the study. INTERVENTION: Within 12 hrs of admittance, initial assessment, photographs, and Braden score were completed. Patients were re-examined every 4 days or at discharge from the unit, whichever came first. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Determining risk factors for pressure ulcers, performing detailed statistical analyses, and testing the usefulness of the Braden score as a predictor of pressure ulcer risk. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 186 patients developed at least one pressure ulcer (incidence = 12.4%) after an average stay of 6.4 days. The Braden scale, which measures six characteristics of skin condition and patient status, proved to be a primary predictor of ulcer development. No ulcers developed in the 69 patients whose Braden score was 16 or higher. The likelihood of developing a pressure sore was predicted mathematically from the Braden score. However, being underweight was a significant and distinct factor in pressure ulcer development. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure ulcers may develop within the first week of hospitalization in the intensive care unit. Patients at risk have Braden scores of < or = 16 and are more likely to be underweight. These results suggest that aggressive preventive care should be focused on those patients with Braden scores of < or = 13 and/or a low body mass index at admission.     

Predictive risk scales for development of pressure ulcers in pediatric patients admitted to general ward and intensive care unit

BACKGROUNDMore than ten special scales are available to predict the risk of pressure ulcers in children. However, the performances of those scales have not yet been compared in China. AIMTo compare the Waterlow, Braden Q, and Glamorgan scales, and identify more suitable pressure ulcer evaluation scale for the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).METHODSTrained nurses used the Waterlow, Braden Q, and Glamorgan scales to assess pediatric patients at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital (China) within 24 h of admission from May 2017 to December 2020 in two stages. Skin examination was carried out to identify pressure ulcers every 3 d for 3 wk. RESULTSThe incidence of pressure ulcers was 3/28 (10.7%) in the PICU and 5/314 (1.6%) in the general pediatric ward. For children in the general ward, the Waterlow, Braden Q, and Glamorgan scales had comparable area under the operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.870, 0.924, and 0.923, respectively, and optimal cut-off values of 14, 14, and 29 points. For PICU, the Waterlow, Braden Q, and Glamorgan scales had slightly lower AUC of 0.833, 0.733, and 0.800, respectively, and optimal cut-off values of 13, 16, and 27 points. Braden Q demonstrated a satisfactory specificity, and during the second stage of the study for PICU patients, the AUC of the Braden Q scale was 0.810, with an optimal cut-off value of 18.35 points.CONCLUSIONThe Waterlow, Braden Q, and Glamorgan scales have comparable performance, while the Braden Q scale demonstrates a better specificity and can be successfully used by pediatric nurses to identify patients at high risk of pressure ulcers in PICU.     

ICU压疮发病特征及氧合作用和血流灌注指标与压疮发生的相关性研究

【目的】分析 ICU压疮发病特征及氧合作用和血流灌注指标与压疮发生的相关性。【方法】113例ICU患者分为压疮组（26例）与非压疮组（87例）。比较两组患者入院时的一般情况、氧合作用与血流灌注指标,并对有意义的指标进行进一步的 Logistic回归分析。【结果】压疮的多发部位为骶尾部、臀部及肩胛部,大多数压疮患者的分期为Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期;压疮组平均年龄及入院诊断为呼吸系统疾病与外伤患者的比例明显高于非压疮组（P＜0．05）;压疮组与非压疮组动脉血酸碱度（pH）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）及Braden评分比较有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;多因素分析结果显示高龄（β＝1．637,OR＝5．140）、呼吸系统疾病（β＝1．592,OR＝4．914）、外伤（β＝1．748,OR＝5．743）是 ICU患者发生压疮的危险因素,而高 MAP（β＝-1．528,OR＝0．217）、高Braden评分（β＝-1．705,OR＝0．182）是保护因素。【结论】高龄、呼吸系统疾病、外伤是 ICU患者发生压疮的危险因素,而高 MAP、高 Braden评分是保护因素。     

Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the risk of pressure injury in adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery

ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a nomogram for predicting the risk of pressure injury (PI) in adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery and validate its effectiveness among these patients.MethodsThis study retrospectively included 11,247 adult patients, who underwent abdominal surgery and postoperative supervision in ICU, in a tertiary care hospital in western China between January 2017 and December 2020. All datasets were extracted from the patient’s medical records and randomly divided into the training cohort (8,997) and the validation cohort (2,250) by 8:2. The univariable logistic regression was used to select potentially relevant features. Then, multivariable logistic regression was also conducted and utilized to establish the nomogram. The nomogram was compared with the Braden scale for predicting PI in the validation cohort through the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test, and decision curve analysis (DCA).Results873 (7.8%) patients suffered PIs. Logistic regression analysis showed that time of operation, weight, type of operation, albumin, and Braden scale score were independent risk factors for PI. A nomogram integrating five selected characteristics was constructed. The AUC of the ROC curve for the nomogram was 0.831, with a specificity of 85.2% and sensitivity of 63.7%. The AUC of the ROC curve for the Braden scale was 0.567, with a specificity of only 33.0%. The P-values of the H-L test were 0.45 (nomogram) and 0.22 (Braden scale), both indicating good calibration. The DCA also displayed that the nomogram had better predictive validity.ConclusionCompared with the Braden scale, the nomogram showed a better predictive performance. This nomogram is informative and has the potential to better guide caregivers for risk stratification and prevention of PI, although it requires further validation.