运动诱导细胞自噬在非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治中的作用

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是一种以慢性肝损伤为主要特征的代谢性疾病。流行病学调查显示,NAFLD的发病率呈现不断上升的趋势，已严重威胁人类的生命健康。研究表明，自噬失调是NAFLD的重要病理生理机制，运动作为一种重要的非药物治疗手段，可通过诱导细胞自噬起到防治NAFLD的作用，但其确切机制尚不清楚。本文梳理与总结自噬与NAFLD的关系、运动诱导细胞自噬对NAFLD的影响以及其潜在分子机制的相关理论研究和应用成果，以期为NAFLD的预防与治疗提供理论参考。     

瘦型非酒精性脂肪性肝病的中西医结合管理策略

瘦型非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是指发生在身体质量指数处于正常范围内人群的NAFLD,近年已愈发受到关注。但是由于其病理生理机制尚不明确，瘦型NAFLD的临床管理存在一定困难。本文从遗传因素、代谢紊乱及脂毒性反应3方面总结了瘦型NAFLD的潜在病理生理机制，并梳理了其临床特征、西医诊断和中医辨证要点。提出目前对于瘦型NAFLD患者的管理应使用中西医结合策略，即在西医对症治疗的基础上，引入中医学辨证论治的概念，寻求疾病解决之道。     

PNPLA3基因多态性与非酒精性脂肪性肝病关系的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)已成为西方发达国家慢性肝病的首要病因,在我国已成为仅次于慢性病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病.但是其发病机制尚不清楚,目前仍然没有有效的治疗方式,有研究指出NAFLD与遗传、环境、精神心理因素有关,而且接触相似危险因素的个体间NAFLD的发病率差异较大,疾病进程亦不尽相同,这一事实提示遗传因素及基因多态性与NAFLD发病及进程有关.全基因组关联研究发现PNPLA3(patatin - like phospholipase domain containing 3)基因多态性与NAFLD的遗传易感性及进展有着密切的联系.本综述主要从PNPLA3的结构特征、PNPLA3基因的生物学特征及PNPLA3基因多态性与NAFLD的相关性几个方面进行探讨,从而有利于NAFLD发病机制的阐明,对NAFLD的预防和治疗提供可能.     

脂肪胰及其与非酒精性脂肪性肝病关系的研究进展

脂肪胰是与肥胖和代谢综合征密切相关的胰腺脂肪沉积.目前尚无脂肪胰的诊断、评估和治疗等标准或共识.脂肪胰在流行病学、高危因素、对全身代谢相关疾病的影响方面,与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)联系密切.该文综述了脂肪胰和NAFLD的病理生理机制及两者之间关系的研究进展,为进一步明确脂肪胰的发病机制、诊断和评估标准提供线索.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关心血管疾病的研究进展

近年, 代谢综合征已成为困扰全球人类健康的一大类疾病, 其包括肥胖、糖尿病及非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)等。临床流调数据证实, NAFLD患者的心血管疾病发生风险显著增加。因此, 探索NAFLD相关心血管疾病发生的病理生理机制, 以寻找有效治疗靶点具有重要临床意义。该综述总结最新国内外关于NAFLD相关心血管疾病的研究, 探讨其可能的发生机制, 为今后相关疾病的诊治提供新思路。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与肠道菌群的关系

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种多病因导致的临床病理综合征,已成为最常见的慢性肝病之一,目前NAFLD完整的生理机制尚不完全清楚,近年来提出肠道菌群通过调控能量代谢、增加内源性乙醇、调节胆汁酸及胆碱代谢,破坏免疫平衡引发机体低度炎症等途径促进NAFLD的发生、发展,本文就肠道菌群与NAFLD的相关机制做一概述。     

肌少症的危险因素及其与非酒精性脂肪性肝病关系的研究进展

近年来肌少症危险因素的相关研究受到了越来越多的关注。肌少症与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的发病存在一些相同的病理生理机制,如肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、维生素D缺乏、衰老、缺乏体力活动、慢性炎性反应及一些特定的细胞因子(如肌肉生长抑制素、鸢尾素和瘦素)等均参与了这两种疾病的发病。该文主要就肌少症和NAFLD的共同危险因素作一综述,以期为这两种疾病的临床治疗提供新的思路。     

强肝胶囊治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝纤维化的疗效

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是遗传-环境-代谢应激相关性肝病,肝纤维化是NAFLD发展中的关键阶段,是向肝硬化发展的重要病理过程.肝纤维化发病机制尚未完全明了,目前也缺乏有效安全的抗肝纤维化的治疗方案.本研究应用强肝胶囊治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝纤维化患者半年,观察其在抗肝纤维化方面的疗效,并探讨其机制.     

慢性肝病与抑郁症研究进展

慢性肝病(chronic liver disease,CLD)患者精神健康问题越来越受到关注。研究表明CLD患者易出现精神障碍,特别是抑郁症的发生率显著高于普通人群。本文总结了乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)及非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者抑郁症的发病情况及相关机制。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与代谢综合征

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)包括单纯性脂肪肝以及由其演变的脂肪性肝炎和肝硬化.代谢综合征(MS)是心血管病的多种代谢危险因素在个体内集中的状态,NAFLD常与MS相伴,其发病与MS的各组分密切相关.很多研究表明,肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、血脂紊乱、糖代谢异常、高血压是NAFLD发病的危险因素,而在NAFLD人群中MS的患病率明显增高.因此NAFLD与MS关系密切,具有共同的发病基础,二者的预后、治疗原则相似.     

Sarcopenia in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: is it a clinically significant entity?

Sarcopenia, described as the loss of muscle mass and/or strength, is gaining importance as it can be increasingly related to many chronic diseases. It is also associated with chronic liver disease, and recently it has been more frequently linked to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in particular. Both sarcopenia and NAFLD are subject to complex and intermingled pathophysiological processes, of which some are in common. Furthermore, it is presently unclear if sarcopenia directly contributes to NAFLD or vice versa. The mechanisms that are involved may include obesity, insulin resistance, vitamin D deficiency, aging, physical inactivity and certain cytokines. Current clinical evidence is subject to an important heterogeneity in methods and definitions, with additionally also a relative overrepresentation of evidence in Asian ethnicities. Nonetheless, all studies so far point towards the same association between sarcopenia and NAFLD, including an association with NAFLD‐severity and NAFLD‐related fibrosis. Since the field is in its infancy, clear definitions and further research are needed to aid to improve understanding of the association between NAFLD and sarcopenia. This can eventually lead to additional potential therapeutic interventions. This review attempts to give an overview of the current published literature that links sarcopenia to NAFLD, followed by a discussion of the presumably involved pathophysiological factors, and ends by discussing current unmet needs.     

omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究进展

随着人们生活方式和饮食结构的改变,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)发病率逐年上升,严重威胁人类健康。NAFLD疗法一直是基础和临床肝病研究的热门领域。近年来,诸多研究揭示omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω3-PUFA)可促进脂肪酸氧化并改善肠道稳态,从而改善脂代谢和肝脏炎症,因而越来越多的临床研究开始将ω3-PUFA运用于NAFLD的治疗中。然而,ω3-PUFA治疗NAFLD的机制尚不明确,相关临床研究也存在一定局限性。主要介绍了ω3-PUFA在NAFLD中发挥的作用以及相关的临床研究结果,并进一步讨论ω3-PUFA治疗NAFLD尚需解决的问题。     

Oxidative stress: New insights on the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common and emerging chronic liver disease worldwide. It includes a wide spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to fibrosis and more severe liver complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver mortality. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, and is now regarded as the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The increased mortality of patients with NAFLD is primarily a result of cardiovascular disease and, to a lesser extent, to liver related diseases. Increased oxidative stress has been reported in both patients with NAFLD and patient with cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, oxidative stress represents a shared pathophysiological disorder between the two conditions. Several therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress reduction in patients with NAFLD have been proposed, with conflicting results. In particular, vitamin E supplementation has been suggested for the treatment of non-diabetic, non-cirrhotic adults with active NASH, although this recommendation is based only on the results of a single randomized controlled trial. Other antioxidant treatments suggested are resveratrol, silybin, L-carnitine and pentoxiphylline. No trial so far, has evaluated the cardiovascular effects of antioxidant treatment in patients with NAFLD. New, large-scale studies including as end-point also the assessment of the atherosclerosis markers are needed.     

丁酸在非酒精性脂肪性肝病发生发展中的作用

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)特征为非酒精性因素所致的肝脂肪变性,其发病机制、疾病演变过程以及治疗和预防都逐渐受到广泛重视。目前关于肠道微生态与肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病等代谢性疾病关系的研究越来越多。近来也有许多研究发现肠道菌群代谢产物丁酸与NAFLD有着密切的关系,通过多种机制影响NAFLD的发生发展,如减轻炎症反应、抑制胰岛素抵抗以及减弱肝线粒体氧化应激等,研究丁酸与NAFLD疾病发病的关系有望为NAFLD的防治开辟新的途径。     

A Review of the Epidemiology,Pathophysiology, and Efficacy of Anti-diabetic Drugs Used in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

In recent years, epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that the coexistence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with increased mortality and morbidity related to hepatic- and extrahepatic causes. Indeed, compared with the general population, patients with T2DM are more likely to be diagnosed with more severe forms of NAFLD (i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver fibrosis). There is an ongoing debate whether NALFD is a consequence of diabetes or whether NAFLD is simply a component and manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, since liver fat (steatosis) and even more advanced stages of liver fibrosis can occur in the absence of diabetes. Nevertheless, insulin resistance is a key component of the mechanism of NAFLD development; furthermore, therapies that lower blood glucose concentrations also appear to be effective in the treatment of NAFLD. Here, we will discuss the pathophysiological and epidemiological associations between NAFLD and T2DM. We will also review currently available anti-diabetic agents with their regard to their efficacy of NAFLD/NASH treatment.

     

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease in NAFLD

NAFLD is very common in the general population and its prevalence is increasing worldwide in parallel with the increasing incidences of obesity and metabolic diseases, mainly type 2 diabetes. In some cases, however, the diagnosis of NAFLD remains uncertain because other causes of liver disease are not easy to exclude in patients who are diagnosed with NAFLD after a biochemical or ultrasonographic analysis. Several studies have documented a strong association between NAFLD and traditional and nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Accordingly, patients with NAFLD have an increased prevalence and incidence of both CVD and CKD. It is reasonable to believe that NAFLD, CVD and CKD share common risk factors (such as visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dysglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension) and therefore that NAFLD might simply be a marker rather than a causal risk factor of CVD and CKD. In this context, the identification of NAFLD might be an additional clinical feature to improve the stratification of patients for their risk of CVD and CKD. Growing evidence suggests that in patients with NAFLD, especially if NASH is present, several molecules released from the steatotic and inflamed liver might have pathogenic roles in the development of atherosclerosis and kidney damage. If these findings are confirmed by further studies, NAFLD could become a target for the prevention and treatment of CVD and CKD. NAFLD, whatever its role (marker or causal risk factor), is therefore a clinical condition that deserves greater attention from gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, cardiologists and nephrologists, as well as internists and general practitioners.     

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Heart: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are both manifestations of end-organ damage of the metabolic syndrome. Through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, CVD and NAFLD are associated with each other. Systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hepatic insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and altered lipid metabolism are some of the mechanisms by which NAFLD increases the risk of CVD. Patients with NAFLD develop increased atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia, which clinically result in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Defining the mechanisms linking these 2 diseases offers the opportunity to further develop targeted therapies. The aim of this comprehensive review is to examine the association between CVD and NAFLD and discuss the overlapping management approaches.     

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - A multisystem disease?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common comorbidities associated with overweight and metabolic syndrome(Met S). Importantly, NAFLD is one of its most dangerous complications because it can lead to severe liver pathologies, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatic cellular carcinoma. Given the increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity, NAFLD has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease and therefore is a major global health problem. Currently, NAFLD is predominantly regarded as a hepatic manifestation of Met S. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the effects of NAFLD extend beyond the liver and are negatively associated with a range of chronic diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease(CVD), diabetes mellitus type 2(T2DM) and chronic kidney disease(CKD). It is becoming increasingly clear that these diseases are the result of the same underlying pathophysiological processes associated with Met S, such as insulin resistance, chronic systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia. As a result, they have been shown to be independent reciprocal risk factors. In addition, recent data have shown that NAFLD actively contributes to aggravation of the pathophysiology of CVD, T2 DM, and CKD, as well as several other pathologies. Thus, NAFLD is a direct cause of many chronic diseases associated with MetS, and better detection and treatment of fatty liver disease is therefore urgently needed. As non-invasive screening methods for liver disease become increasingly available, detection and treatment of NAFLD in patients with MetS should therefore be considered by both(sub-) specialists and primary care physicians.     

What does irritable bowel syndrome share with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)are two very common diseases in the general population.To date,there are no studies that highlight a direct link between NAFLD and IBS,but some recent reports have found an interesting correlation between obesity and IBS.A systematic PubMed database search was conducted highlighting that common mechanisms are involved in many of the local and systemic manifestations of NAFLD,leading to an increased cardiovascular risk,and IBS,leading to microbial dysbiosis,impaired intestinal barrier and altered intestinal motility.It is not known when considering local and systemic inflammation/immune system activation,which one has greater importance in NAFLD and IBS pathogenesis.Also,the nervous system is implicated.In fact,inflammation participates in the development of mood disorders,such as anxiety and depression,characteristics of obesity and consequently of NAFLD and,on the other hand,in intestinal hypersensitivity and dysmotility.     

Liver fat as risk factor of hepatic and cardiometabolic diseases

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver that can progress to liver inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]), liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Although most efforts for drug development are focusing on the treatment of the latest stages of NAFLD, where significant fibrosis and NASH are present, findings from studies suggest that the amount of liver fat may be an important independent risk factor and/or predictor of development and progression of NAFLD and metabolic diseases. In this review, we first describe the current tools available for quantification of liver fat in humans and then present the clinical and pathophysiological evidence that link liver fat with NAFLD progression as well as with cardiometabolic diseases. Finally, we discuss current pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to reduce liver fat and present open questions that have to be addressed in future studies.