颅脑损伤后同期行颅骨修补及脑室-腹腔分流术的治疗体会

目的探讨同期行脑室-腹腔分流和颅骨缺损修补术在颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后交通性脑积水治疗中的效果及可行性。方法回顾性分析35例同期行脑室-腹腔分流和颅骨缺损修补术的颅脑外伤病例,对其临床资料、并发症、预后进行总结。结果本组手术在外伤后2～6个月内进行。全组病例颅骨塑性满意,术后无感染、分流管堵塞、过度分流等并发症。术后意识、精神症状、神经功能障碍均有不同程度的改善。无手术死亡病例。结论颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损、脑膨出、脑积水等并发症严重影响患者预后,及时同期行脑室-腹腔分流和颅骨缺损修补术并发症少,可明显改善患者意识及神经功能障碍,改善预后,值得推广。     

慢性意识障碍并发阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的危险因素及其对预后的影响

目的观察慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征(PSH)的发生率,探讨PSH发生的危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年12月收治的142例慢性意识障碍患者的临床资料。记录其性别、年龄、损伤机制、修改版昏迷恢复量表(CRS-R)评分、重症监护(ICU)时间、头颅影像损伤位置,是否行脑部手术,有无脑积水、癫痫、感染、高血压、糖尿病。结果慢性意识障碍患者PSH的发生率为28.87%(41/142)。PSH组患者的年龄比无PSH组小,CRS-R评分比无PSH组低,脑室周围损伤患者和脑积水患者的比例比无PSH组高,糖尿病患者的比例比无PSH组低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。意识恢复组PSH患者的比例比意识未恢复组低,CRS-R评分比意识未恢复组高,ICU住院时间比意识未恢复组短,脑积水患者的比例比意识未恢复组低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、CRS-R评分和脑室周围损伤是慢性意识障碍患者发生PSH的独立影响因素;PSH、CRS-R评分、ICU时间和脑积水是慢性意识障碍患者意识恢复的独立影响因素。结论 PSH是慢性意识障碍患者的常见并发症,年轻患者或脑室周围损伤患者容易发生。PSH将阻碍患者意识恢复。     

颅骨修补术后并发症危险因素分析

目的探讨颅骨修补术后并发症危险因素。方法回顾性分析255例颅骨修补患者的临床资料,分析术前相关因素对术后发生并发症的影响。结果行脑室-腹腔分流患者颅骨修补术后的感染率较未行脑室-腹腔分流患者高(25.00%vs6.81%,p=0.004),logistic回归分析显示脑室-腹腔分流与颅骨修补术后发生感染(odds ratio 9.506;95%confidence interval(CI)2.485-36.340;p=0.001)及皮瓣坏死相关(odds ratio 6.347;95%CI 0.037-13.556;p=0.003)。结论颅骨修补术前行脑室腹腔分流导致术后感染及皮瓣坏死发生率增加。     

早期颅骨修补及脑室腹腔分流在脑外伤治疗中的作用

目的探讨早期一次性颅骨修补及脑室腹腔分流在脑外伤治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2005年12月同期行颅骨修补及脑室腹腔分流的脑外伤病例34例,对其临床资料、并发症及预后进行总结。结果本组手术时机均在伤后3个月以内,术后并发分流管阻塞1例,颅内感染2例;术后意识及神经功能障碍不同程度改善30例(88%);恢复良好18例(53%),中残8例(24%),无手术死亡病例。结论颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损、脑膨出、脑积水严重影响患者预后,早期并同期行颅骨修补及脑室腹腔分流术并发症少,可明显缓解患者意识及神经功能障碍,提高患者预后,值得临床进一步推广。     

持续性植物状态患者颅骨修补手术时间窗的研究

目的研究持续性植物状态患者颅骨修补手术的不同时间窗治疗效果及术后并发症。方法收集中国人民解放军第七医学中心神经外科2013年1月—2017年12月行颅骨修补的持续性植物状态患者223例。测评不同手术时间窗患者手术前后修订的昏迷恢复量表(revised coma recovery scale,CRS-R)评分、颅内压力、血红蛋白及血白蛋白含量,分析手术前后的变化;并对不同时间窗患者的并发症进行比较。结果 2个月内颅骨修补(早期组)患者的意识水平评分CRS-R改善最多,为提高2. 3分。晚期修补组血白蛋白水平下降的最多,为(5. 98±3. 21) g/L;而中期修补组下降最少,为(4. 53±2. 66) g/L;表明3～6个月颅骨修补对持续性植物状态患者的血白蛋白水平影响最小。2个月内修补组的血红蛋白水平下降最多,为(4. 96±1. 54)g/L; 6个月以上修补组的血红蛋白水平下降最少,为(2. 51±5. 34) g/L。患者颅内压均在颅骨修补后有所提高,早期组提高了(22. 14±55. 51) mm H2O;中期组提高的最多,为(67. 13±45. 30) mm H2O;晚期组压力提高的最少。晚期修补组的手术并发症最多,早期修补组与中期修补组并发症的差异无统计学意义。结论病情稳定的持续性植物状态患者应在2个月左右尽早行颅骨修补治疗,可较早改善颅骨缺损处的皮层血流动力学,改善脑脊液循环压力的分布,有利于患者意识水平的恢复和功能康复。     

重型颅脑损伤术后早期脑积水的临床治疗研究

目的评价早期同期行脑室-腹腔分流加颅骨修补术治疗重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水的疗效,并对其术后并发症进行分析。方法回顾性分析恩施州民族医院神经外科2011年7月~2013年10月手术治疗的重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者的临床资料,其中24例(A组)予早期同期脑室-腹腔分流加颅骨修补术,15例(B组)予先行脑室-腹腔分流术,1~2周后再行颅骨修补术;比较两组患者的手术效果及并发症,术后随访6个月至2年。结果 A组24例中术后有效22例,有效率91.6%,分流感染1例,感染率4.1%;B组15例术后有效12例,有效率80%,分流感染4例,感染率26%。两组共39例患者中均无分流过度、颅内出血、脑脊液漏、切口感染、修补材料外露、硬膜下积液或血肿等并发症;35例获随访6个月至2年,无分流管阻塞、滑脱、无死亡病例。结论早期同期行脑室-腹腔分流加颅骨修补术较分次手术的疗效显著,并可降低分流感染的发生率,是重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者有效的、经济实用的治疗手段。     

早期颅骨修补在脑外伤治疗中的疗效分析

目的探讨早期骨修补在脑外伤治疗中的临床疗效。方法选择2008-01—2012-01在我院神经外科住院治疗的72例需行脑室腹腔分流的颅骨修补患者为研究对象,按照颅骨修补手术时间分为早期脑室腹腔分流术同时颅骨修补(2个月内)和先行分流术(A组,36例),2个月后再行颅骨修补术(B组,36例)。结果 A组术后31例患者恢复良好(86.11%)中度残疾4例(11.11%)重度残疾1例(2.78%);B组术后27例患者恢复良好(75.00%)中度残疾6例(16.67%)重度残疾3例(8.33%),2组手术中无死亡病例。B组1例并发分流管堵塞,2例出现感染,A组术无分流管堵塞或感染情况出现。结论颅脑损伤术后早期颅骨修补疗效满意,并发症少,可明显改善患者意识和神经功能,提高患者生存质量,值得临床推广和应用。     

慢性意识障碍合并脑积水的临床特征与疗效分析

目的探讨慢性意识障碍(DOC)合并脑积水的临床特征与治疗效果。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学三博脑科医院2014年1月—2017年12月收治的43例慢性意识障碍合并脑积水患者的临床资料。分析指标主要包括:病因、临床表现、影像学表现、意识障碍程度、发生脑积水的时间及治疗效果。结果在同期收治的120例慢性意识障碍患者中,43例患者(35.8%)被诊断为脑积水接受了分流手术治疗。本组患者中,导致脑积水的原发病因主要为颅脑创伤(18例,41.8%)和蛛网膜下腔出血(11例,25.6%);意识障碍为植物状态者11例(25.6%),最小意识状态者17例(39.5%)。脑积水患者初始症状多表现为意识下降(74.4%)、消化不良(58.1%)和肌张力增高(39.5%)。不同意识障碍程度的患者出现脑积水的时间也存在差异,严重患者(CRS-R评分<6分)脑积水主要发生在1个月内(72.8%);中度患者(CRS-R评分6~9分)和轻度患者(CRS-R评分>9分)患者多发生在4~12周,分别占60.9%和48.8%,但是不同组别差异无统计学意义(P=0.1003)。分流手术后患者症状多有不同程度的改善,其中CRS-R评分总体改善患者达77.4%,消化功能改善达75%,肌张力改善达55%。结论慢性意识障碍患者合并脑积水起病隐匿,无特殊临床表现;在影像学表现方面需与脑萎缩导致的脑室扩张鉴别。分流手术能在很大程度上改善脑积水的临床预后。     

早期同期颅骨修补联合脑室-腹腔分流术对脑外伤预后的影响

目的：探讨颅脑创伤手术后颅骨缺损伴脑积水,早期、同期行颅骨修补联合脑室-腹腔分流术对患者预后的影响。方法：100例脑外伤手术后颅骨缺损伴脑积水患者,随机分为早期分流同期颅骨修补组（〈2个月）及早期分流后延期颅骨修补组,各50例,1：1配对。观察比较两组颅脑损伤手术后15个月的疗效和并发症。结果：早期分流同期颅骨修补术组格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）较早期分流后延期颅骨修补组有显著提高。前者的GOS评分为4.40±0.90、格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）为12.65±2.83;后者的GOS评分为3.80±0.80、GOS评分为11.22±3.11。早期分流同期颅骨修补组分流过度及术后硬膜下积液/血肿等并发症的发生率均明显低于早期分流后延期颅骨修补组。结论：早期、同期行脑室-腹腔分流联合颅骨修补术,对颅脑损伤手术后颅骨缺损伴脑积水患者预后的改善安全有效。     

同期颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗大骨瓣减压后慢性脑积水

目的总结同期行颅骨修补术及侧脑室前角置管脑室-腹腔分流术治疗颅脑外伤标准大骨瓣减压后，大面积颅骨缺损并发慢性脑积水的经验。方法回顾性分析23例颅骨缺损并慢性脑积水病人的临床资料、手术方法及预后。结果本组均在伤后2-4个月内手术，术后1个月GCS评分、3个月GOS评分明显提高，神经功能障碍得到不同程度改善，CT显示脑室不同程度缩小。结论同期颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术治疗慢性脑积水手术损伤小，可明显改善病人神经功能障碍，提高预后。     

同期颅骨修补和脑室-腹腔分流治疗颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水

目的探讨早期一次性颅骨修补术及脑室-腹腔分流术对颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水中的治疗效果。方法回顾分析2003年1月至2008年10月同期进行颅骨修补及脑室-腹腔分流治疗的颅脑损伤后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者34例的临床资料。本组手术时机均在伤后96d以内。结果术后意识及神经功能障碍不同程度改善30例（88．2％）；无明显变化4例。术后并发分流管梗阻1例，颅内感染2例。恢复良好18例（52．9％，18，34），中残8例（23．5％，8／34），重残或植物生存8例（23．5％，8，34），无手术死亡病例。结论颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损、脑膨出、脑积水严重影响患者的预后，早期或同期行颅骨修补及脑室－腹腔分流术并发症少，且可明显减少患者的意识及神经功能障碍。     

腰大池置管引流联合颅内压监测在交通性脑积水术前的应用

目的探讨腰大池置管引流联合持续性颅内压监测在交通性脑积水术前的应用价值。方法回顾性分析47例交通性脑积水病人的临床资料,术前均行腰大池置管引流和持续颅内压监测。根据脑脊液检验及颅内压监测结果,采用低压分流阀门2例,中压分流阀门39例,高压分流阀门3例,可调压分流阀门3例;进而行内镜辅助脑室一腹腔分流术。结果术后脑积水症状不同程度改善。随访1年,共发生并发症6例（12．8％）,其中脑积水症状复发5例,颅内感染1例。头颅CT复查显示：脑室较术前不同程度缩小44例,无明显变化3例,脑室周围间质水肿消失,分流管位置正常。结论对交通性脑积水病人术前应用腰大池置管引流联合颅内压监侧,合理选择分流阀门,并采用内镜辅助手术,可有效降低脑室一腹腔分流术后并发症的发生率。     

Electroencephalography quadratic phase self-coupling correlates with consciousness states and restoration in patients with disorders of consciousness

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the role for quadratic phase coupling within electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations in the diagnosis of consciousness and consciousness restoration for disorders of consciousness (DOC).MethodsFifty-one DOC patients were enrolled in this study. For each patient, a Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) score and 20-min resting-state EEG were recorded. Consciousness recovery was assessed with a CRS-R score at a three-month follow-up. Twenty healthy subjects were included as controls. General harmonic wavelet transform-based bicoherence was used to quantify the quadratic phase coupling characteristics of the EEG oscillations.ResultsQuadratic phase self-coupling (QPSC) at the delta (QPSC_delta), theta (QPSC_theta) and alpha (QPSC_alpha) bands were closely correlated with patient CRS-R scores. Particularly, the QPSC_theta value could significantly differentiate between vegetative state (VS) patients, minimally conscious state (MCS) patients and healthy control subjects. As compared to VS patients, patients with MCS had a lower QPSC_theta value on the left as well as a higher QPSC_alpha value in right frontal regions. The frontal QPSC_theta value showed significant differences between recovered and unrecovered patients.ConclusionQPSC characteristics could differentiate between consciousness states and show a predictive ability for the recovery of consciousness in DOC patients.SignificanceChanges in QPSC accompany consciousness injury and restoration in DOC patients. A QPSC assessment is helpful in the diagnosis and prognosis of DOC patients.     

The influence of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on endogenous estrogen in patients with disorders of consciousness

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a promising therapeutic intervention for neurological disorders. However, the precise mechanisms of rTMS in neural excitability remains poorly understood. Estradiol is known to have strong influence on cortical excitability. This study aimed to determine whether high-frequency (HF) rTMS influences endogenous estradiol in male patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC).MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted with a total of 57 male patients with DOC. Eventually, 50 patients completed the study. Twenty-five patients underwent real rTMS, and 25 patients underwent sham rTMS, which were delivered over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The primary outcome measure was the change in serum estradiol from baseline to after 10 sessions of HF-rTMS. The improvement in the total score of the JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) was also assessed.ResultsChanges in estradiol levels and CRS-R scores from pre-to post-treatment were significantly different between the active rTMS and sham stimulation conditions. A significant enhancement of CRS-R scores in the patients receiving rTMS stimulation was observed compared to the sham group. Serum estradiol levels in patients following HF-rTMS were significantly higher than their baseline levels, whereas no significant changes were found in the sham group from pre-to post-stimulation. The rise in estradiol levels was greater in responders than in non-responders. The changes in estradiol levels were significantly positively correlated with the improvement in CRS-R scores.ConclusionThese preliminary findings indicate that serum estradiol levels are affected by HF-rTMS and positively related to clinical responses in male patients with DOC. The elevation of estradiol levels may lay a physiological foundation for successful rTMS treatment for DOC patients by increasing cortical excitability.     

Cranioplasty for patients with severe depressed skull bone defect after cerebrospinal fluid shunting.

Cranioplasty is indicated for patients with a skull bone defect. Patients may achieve subjective and objective improvements after cranioplasty. Some patients with severe brain swelling treated with decompressive craniectomy may develop hydrocephalus associated with severe brain bulging or even herniation via the skull bone defect. Consequently, these patients require a ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt to relieve hydrocephalus. However, after shunting for hydrocephalus, they may develop severe sinking at the skull defect. Subsequently, when doing a cranioplasty for such a depressed defect, it may result in the dysfunction of the underlying brain, or even hematoma formation due to the large dead space. In this study, we advocate a temporary procedure to occlude the V-P shunt tube to allow the expansion of a depressed scalp flap to facilitate the subsequent cranioplasty. We report four patients with severe depression of the skull defect resulting from previous traumatic brain swelling followed by decompressive craniectomy and V-P shunting for communicating hydrocephalus. A simple subcutaneous clipping of the shunt tube was performed to allow the expansion of the depressed scalp to obliterate the dead space before the cranioplasty. All four patients obtained a satisfactory result without complications and achieved good functional recovery. A temporary occlusion of the shunt tube with an aneurysm clip before cranioplasty for patients with a severely depressed scalp flap is a simple and useful procedure. This procedure can safely and effectively eliminate the dead space between the skull plate and the dura to facilitate the cranioplasty, and thus prevent the potential complication of intracranial hematoma.     

侧脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水术后并发症临床观察

目的探讨侧脑室-腹腔分流术用于治疗外伤性脑积水引起的术后并发症及其防治措施。 方法选择武警浙江总队杭州医院自2014年5月至2015年4月期间收治的外伤性脑积水患者78例,均予以实施侧脑室-腹腔分流术,临床观察术后并发症情况。 结果所有患者中,术后出现分流管阻塞3例,术后感染5例,颅内血肿3例,消化道症状2例,分流过度或不足2例,术后并发症总发生率为19.23%。 结论侧脑室-腹腔分流术用于治疗外伤性脑积水所引起的术后并发症多种多样,其中分流管阻塞、术后感染和颅内血肿等发生率较高,手术医师应当制定相对完善的手术方案,以防治各种术后并发症的发生。     

颅骨成形术对去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水病人脑室-腹腔分流术后分流量的影响

目的 探讨颅骨成形术对去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水病人脑室-腹腔分流术后分流量的影响。方法 2018年1月至2021年5月前瞻性收集去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水病人18例,先行脑室-腹腔分流术,再行颅骨成形术。分流术使用成人可调压抗虹吸分流套装,分流阀放置于耳后。颅骨成形术前、术后7 d,将0.1 ml 5%葡萄糖注射液注入贮液囊,20 min后经储液囊取脑脊液0.1 ml,应用血糖仪检测残余葡萄糖浓度。结果 颅骨成形术后7 d储液囊葡萄糖残余浓度[（9.2±4.8）mmol/L]较术前[（6.1±3.6）mmol/L]明显上升（P<0.01）。术后CT复查显示11例脑室扩大,5例变化不明显;分流管压力阀档位下调3例,保持原档位13例。结论 去骨瓣减压术后并发脑积水病人,脑室-腹腔分流术后行颅骨成形术,脑脊液分流量减少,部分病人需要将分流阀压力下调。