South African Salvia species: a review of biological activities and phytochemistry

The genus Salvia (sage) belongs to the Lamiaceae and encompasses 900 species worldwide of which ca. 26 indigenous species are found in southern Africa. Salvia is the largest genus in this family and constitutes almost one quarter of the Lamiaceae. In South Africa, the majority of Salvia species are distributed predominantly in the Cape region. Salvia species are used in many parts of the world to treat various conditions. Many sages, if not all, form an integral part of traditional healing in South Africa particularly in regions where they occur in abundance. Several species are used to treat microbial infections, cancer, malaria, inflammation, loss of memory and to disinfect homes after sickness. Despite the extensive traditional use and the general interest in phytoconstituents of Salvia it remains ironic that research on the South African counterparts has until recently been neglected. The review aims to collate recent research results on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of indigenous species. Bio-active compounds with antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities have been isolated and structurally elucidated from Salvia chamelaegnea, Salvia radula and Salvia verbenaca. The essential oil composition of Salvia showed the dominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing monoterpenes and oxygen- containing sesquiterpenes. Salvia runcinata is identified as an alternative source of natural alpha-bisabolol. Many pharmacological activities are summarised (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive) as a first attempt to provide scientific support for past and present local traditional uses.     

丹参化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza是一味临床常用的具有活血化瘀功效的中药。丹参有着广泛的药理作用,临床主要用于月经不调、心悸失眠及各种心血管疾病,尤其是心绞痛和心肌梗死等疾病的治疗。丹参化学成分是其发挥药理作用的重要物质基础,综述了丹参化学成分及其药理作用的国内外研究进展,分析丹参研究现状及研究方向,为其进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

丹参和白花丹参叶的化学成分药理研究及临床应用

目的:探讨丹参和白花丹参叶的化学成分药理研究及临床应用,为新药的研制奠定基础。方法:通过参阅大量相关文献,对丹参和白花丹参叶的化学成分、药理研究及临床应用进行分析总结。结果:丹参和白花丹参叶所具有的抗氧化作用均能较好的预防脑梗塞,与根相比叶对脑缺血的保护作用更强,在对心脑血管疾病的防预治疗中被广泛应用;白花丹参叶中的水提物对糖尿病代谢紊乱症状的改善能够起到长期稳定的效果;另外丹参叶在治疗扁平疣、冠心病心绞痛等方面也具有较好的效果。结论:丹参和白花丹参叶均具有稳定的药理作用,但目前在抗氧化和保护脑梗塞的药理研究中仍以白花丹参叶为主,对于丹参叶的药理研究和临床应用则很少。因此对丹参叶主要化学成分进行深入的药理研究是很有必要的。     

丹参的现代研究进展

丹参是一种具有广泛的药理活性和应用价值的常用中药材。从丹参的化学成分、药理作用、提取工艺、临床应用等几个方面综述了近年来我国对丹参的研究成果,以期对丹参的进一步开发利用提供依据。     

Bioactive triterpenoids from Salvia species

Salvia species are important medicinal and culinary plants, and they have been the subject of numerous chemical and biological studies. The bioactive triterpenoids of Salvia species, reported in the literature to date, are reviewed. About 200 triterpenoids, almost 80 of which are new, isolated, and characterized from about 100 Salvia species, are presented herein. In addition to the diverse biological activities of the pure triterpenoids, studies on biological activity of extracts of Salvia species are also described.     

丹参酚酸类成分研究进展

丹参药用历史悠久,资源丰富,为临床常用中药之一。现代研究表明酚酸类成分是丹参中的主要药效物质,具有保护心脑血管、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、抗纤维化等作用,已被广泛应用于心脑血管等多种疾病治疗。该文对丹参酚酸类化学成分和近十年国内外药理研究进行全面总结,分析其研究和开发前景,以期为丹参酚酸类成分的深入研究和开发利用提供科学依据。     

丹参酚酸类成分生物合成途径及调控机制研究进展

丹参酚酸类成分为丹参治疗心脑血管疾病的主要有效成分,具有显著而确切的生物活性和药理作用。随着临床及市场对丹参酚酸类物质需求量的剧增,提高丹参中酚酸类成分的量及提升利用效率对其可持续发展具有重要意义。基于丹参基因组学、转录组学及代谢组学等方面近年来的研究进展,对丹参酚酸类成分的生物合成途径、关键酶基因与调控机制,以及丹参酚酸类成分生物转化利用现状等进行归纳分析,以期为丹参酚酸类物质资源的高效生产与资源综合利用提供科学依据。     

The in vitro pharmacological activities and a chemical investigation of three South African Salvia species

Salvia species (sage) are well known in folk medicine throughout the world. In South Africa sage is used against fever and digestive disorders. Three closely related South African species (Salvia stenophylla, Salvia repens and Salvia runcinata) were investigated for their anti-oxidant (DPPH assay); anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase assays); antimalarial (tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay); antimicrobial (disc diffusion and micro-dilution assays) properties and toxicity profile (tetrazolium-based assay). The solvent extracts exhibited anti-oxidant, antimalarial and antibacterial and poor anti-inflammatory properties. The essential oils exhibited anti-inflammatory and antimalarial properties, but displayed poor anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activity. The extract of Salviastenophylla and the essential oil of Salvia runcinata displayed the highest toxicity profile. Overall, Salvia runcinata displayed the most favorable activity of all three taxa tested with an IC(50) value of 6.09 (anti-oxidant); 29.05 (antimalarial) and 22.82 microg/ml (anti-inflammatory). Analytical procedures (GC-MS and HPLC-UV) were employed to generate chromatographic profiles for the essential oils and solvent extracts respectively. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of rosmarinic acid in all three taxa while carnosic acid was only present in Salvia repens and Salvia stenophylla. The GC-MS analysis showed that oils were qualitatively and quantitatively variable. beta-Caryophyllene was present in large amounts in all three taxa. Other components present include camphor, alpha-pinene and alpha-bisabolol. The results of the in vitro pharmacological activities provide a scientific basis to validate the use of these Salvia species in traditional medicine in South Africa.     

Chemical composition analysis, antioxidant, antiglycating activities and neuroprotective effects of S. choloroleuca, S. mirzayanii and S. santolinifolia from Iran

This study was designed to examine antioxidant activities, antiglycating abilities and neuroprotective effects of methanolic extracts of Salvia choloroleuca, Salvia santolinifolia and Salvia mirzayanii from Iran. The extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activities by several biochemical assays such as DPPH, FRAP, β-carotene bleaching and TEAC assays. HPLC analysis of these extracts led to the separation of a number of components such as catechine and rosmarinic acid. Based on our results, all these plants had antioxidant and antiglycating activities, among them S. choloroleuca seems to be the most effective one. Furthermore, these species not only showed no cytotoxic effects in neuron-like PC12 cells, but also protected them against oxidative stress-induced cell death, exerted by H(2)O(2). We further showed that these plants increase superoxide dismutase and catalase levels, reduce lipid peroxidation and up regulate hemeoxygenase-1 and glutamylcysteine synthetase proteins. This study raised the possibility of developing these plants as potential neuroprotective agents.     

原儿茶醛的药理研究进展

对原儿茶醛近30年来药理活性及其作用机制、毒性方面的研究文献进行总结,为含有原儿茶醛的相关中药合理应用和新药质量标准的制定提供参考。原儿茶醛是常用中药丹参水溶性成分丹酚酸B降解的主要产物之一,具有抗动脉粥样硬化、保护心肌、抗血栓形成、神经保护、抗脓血、抗病毒、抗纤维化等广泛的药理活性,其作用机制已逐渐深入;但亦有一定的心脏毒性。目前处方含有丹参的心脑血管新药开发是一大热点,工艺优化和质量标准应兼顾原儿茶醛药理活性和毒性,从而提高丹参制剂治疗缺血性心脏病的疗效,避免不必要的毒副作用发生。     

石见穿化学成分和药理作用研究进展

对唇形科鼠尾草属植物石见穿的化学成分和药理作用以及临床应用进行文献整理和分析,为石见穿进一步研究与开发提供参考.查阅近20年国内外有关石见穿化学成分、药理作用以及临床应用的报道,对其进行分析和综述.石见穿的化学成分较为复杂,研究主要集中在萜类和多糖类,其具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等作用,目前对石见穿的化学成分和药理作用的研究取得了一定的进展,尤其在抗肿瘤和妇科中的作用受到医药领域的关注,但是缺少其具体有效成分及其作用机制的研究.对石见穿进一步的研究将有利于开发新的药物和充分利用天然药物资源.     

丹参的道地性迁移和功效变化趋势

通过对丹参药材进行本草文献的考证及总结,归纳丹参的道地和功效变化的趋势.丹参的主要地产为山东、河南、湖北、陕西及四川,其功效以活血化瘀为主.丹参的药理有效成分现代多取其活血化瘀之功,具有降血压、改善心肌缺血和扩张冠状动脉、保肝、促进骨折愈合、改善脊髓微循环、抗肿瘤等作用,主要用于心血管系统、消化系统、中枢神经系统、免疫系统等疾病.     

紫背鼠尾草总提物抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的：研究唇形科鼠尾草属植物紫背鼠尾草的抗炎镇痛等药理活性。方法：通过二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、鸡蛋清致大鼠足趾肿胀、醋酸致小鼠扭体和热刺激小鼠等4种药理模型对紫背鼠尾草乙醇总提取物进行抗炎镇痛的研究。结果：在抗炎药理模型中,实验结果显示紫背鼠尾草乙醇总提取物在200mg/kg时具有显著的抗炎作用;在镇痛药理模型中,实验结果表明,紫背鼠尾草乙醇总提取物在剂量200～400mg/kg时具有较明显的镇痛作用,在100mg/kg时作用不太明显,显示出镇痛作用随剂量的增加而增强。结论：紫背鼠尾草乙醇总提取物抗炎镇痛作用显著,说明了紫背鼠尾草具有抗炎镇痛的功效,为该植物进一步的开发利用提供药效学资料。     

In vitro antiproliferative effect of six Salvia species on human tumor cell lines

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antiproliferative activity of the methanol crude extracts of six Salvia species: Salvia dominica L. leaves, Salvia lanigera Desf. aerial parts, Salvia menthaefolia Ten. roots, Salvia palaestina Benth. aerial parts, Salvia sclarea L. roots and Salvia spinosa L. aerial parts. Extracts were screened for their possible antitumoral activity by MTT test on nine human cancer cell lines: glioblastoma (DBTRG-05MG, T98G, U-87MG), colorectal adenocarcinoma (WiDr and HT-29), prostate adenocarcinoma (MDA Pca2b), choriocarcinoma (JEG-3), endometrium adenocarcinoma (HEC-1A) and B lymphoblast (CIR). IC(50) values were determined for only five extracts and ranged from 90 to 400 microg/mL approximately. Salvia menthaefolia extract exhibited marked antiproliferative activity against all tumor cell lines showing lower IC(50) values, while S. spinosa, S. sclarea and S. dominica extracts showed a degree cytotoxic activity dependent on the cell line type. Finally S. palaestina extract revealed a moderate antiproliferative effect only against three cell lines. Salvia lanigera extract displayed toxic activity at all concentrations tested. The results strengthen the evidence that the genus Salvia could be considered a natural resource of potential antitumor agents.     

丹参素保护心血管系统的药理作用机制研究进展

心血管疾病已成为全球人类死亡的主要原因,丹参在中国有着数千年的应用历史,广泛用于治疗冠状动脉心脏疾病、心肌梗死、血液循环疾病等心血管疾病。越来越多的研究表明,丹参的主要水溶性成分丹参素具有多种药理作用,包括抗炎、抗肿瘤、神经保护、心肌保护、提高免疫力等。随着研究的深入,这些药理作用机制也逐渐清晰,分别从抗缺血-再灌注引起的心肌损伤、抗心肌梗死、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗高血脂、抗高血压、保护内皮细胞等方面对丹参素保护心血管系统的作用机制进行综述,为丹参素在临床中的应用及进一步研究提供理论依据。     

丹参中酚酸类化合物的化学和药理研究进展

丹参是我国应用最广泛的中药之一,临床上广泛应用于治疗心血管系统疾病。近年来国内外研究者对丹参的研究取得了显著进展,本文就丹参所含酚酸类化合物的结构及性质、提取分离方法、质量控制手段、药理活性分别进行概述。     

丹参镇痛药理作用的研究进展＊

疼痛是现今困扰人类健康最严重的问题之一，药物治疗是目前临床治疗疼痛的主要方式之一。临床常用的镇痛药物在治疗疼痛时常伴有许多副作用，镇痛效果仍不太理想。丹参是常见的活血化瘀类中药，《中国药典》记载其具有“通经止痛”的功效。通过文献挖掘发现，丹参具有悠久的治疗疼痛的历史。现代药理学对丹参的镇痛作用、靶点及作用机制也进行了深入研究，发现丹参具有良好的镇痛药理活性，且其镇痛具有多靶点、多机制、副作用小的特点。本文通过系统检索和挖掘丹参镇痛研究文献，综述丹参镇痛的作用靶点、作用机制和相关成分，发现丹参镇痛的外周和中枢机制分别为调节外周神经元和脊髓中与疼痛相关的因子、受体及信号通路，丹参镇痛的成分主要有丹参酮ⅡA、隐丹参酮、丹酚酸B、丹酚酸C和丹酚酸A，两种丹参酮化合物都含有邻醌型结构母核，三种酚酸类成分则都含有多个酚羟基。论文为丹参镇痛作用的临床应用、镇痛方案的提出以及相关镇痛药物的研发提供了参考依据。     

中国鼠尾草属酚酸类活性成分的分布规律研究

唇形科鼠尾草属(Salvia)植物,在全球约有1000种,中国约有84种,资源丰富且分布广泛,尤以中国西南地区为多。本属是药用植物的一个重要类群。为了深入探讨本属植物在亲缘学、化学成分及传统疗效方面的联系,我们应用HPLC-DAD法检测了分布于本属的酚酸类成分。研究表明,本属植物所含酚酸类成分相当丰富,尤其是在宽球苏组和丹参组的植物中。这两个类群中的药用植物在传统疗效方面具有活血通经、通络的功效,在民间作为丹参使用的植物皆来自这两组。然而我们的实验数据表明,适合作丹参入药的植物仅仅限制在丹参组中。同时,鼠尾草亚属的植物在传统疗效方面具有清热、凉血的倾向,这类植物是寻找抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌等药物的重要研究对象。     

Essential oils of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia from Lebanon: Chemical composition,antimicrobial activity and inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells

Aim of the study

Salvia bracteata Banks et Sol. and Salvia rubifolia Boiss. are known in folk medicine of Lebanon for the treatment of microbial infections, cancer, urinary and pulmonary problems. In the present study the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aerial parts of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia collected in Lebanon were evaluated. The oils were also tested for their potential antiproliferative effects against M14 human melanoma cells.

Material and methods

The oils were studied by GC and GC–MS and their antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) was tested against ten bacteria species using the broth dilution method. The inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells (measurement of cell vitality, cell membrane integrity and genomic DNA fragmentation) was studied using MTT assay, calculation of LDH release and COMET assay.

Results

The oils showed a good antibacterial activity (MIC = 50 μg/ml) against Gram+ bacteria. They besides exhibited an inhibitory effect on the human cancer cells examined inducing also apoptotic cell death, but the oil of Salvia rubifolia was significantly (p < 0.001) more active as compared to the oil of Salvia bracteata.

Conclusion

The results on the pharmacological activities of these Salvia species provide an in vitro scientific support for the use of these plants in traditional herbal preparations.     

药效学筛选表征丹参二萜醌组分整体性质的代表性成分的研究

目的: 筛选药理作用与丹参二萜醌组分整体药理作用无显著性差异的主成分的组合,从而确定能够表征丹参二萜醌组分整体性质的代表性成分的配伍形式. 方法: 根据体外药效实验结果,结合腹腔注射盐酸异丙肾上腺素(ISO)诱导的大鼠急性心肌缺血模型,从心电图(J点的变化)、酶学指标(SOD,MDA,CK,LDH)以及病理学(心肌组织形态学变化)3个方面比较丹参二萜醌组分、主成分A组合以及主成分B组合的药理作用,从中筛选出能够代表丹参二萜醌组分整体性质的配伍形式. 结果: 丹参二萜醌高剂量组和主成分B高剂量组在各方面的药理作用相似,均无显著性差异. 结论: 丹参二萜醌组分高剂量组和主成分B高剂量组对ISO诱导的心肌缺血具有一定的治疗作用,且疗效相当,因此,初步认为主成分B组中4个成分能够作为丹参二萜醌组分的代表性成分.