Body mass index, weight loss and energy intake of old Danish nursing home residents and home-care clients

Low body mass index (BMI) and weight loss is common among old home-care clients and nursing home residents in many countries - often in spite of an apparent sufficient intake of energy. The aim of this study was to assess whether a similar problem exists in Denmark. Information regarding height, body weight, BMI, and energy intake was collected. Besides this, 24 residents were weighed regularly during 1 year. The study was carried out in five nursing homes and two home-care districts situated in the area of Copenhagen. A total of 180 residents and 200 clients 65+ years of age participated. Main outcome measures were prevalence of BMI < 20 kg/m2, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, acute weight loss and median energy intake. Thirty-three and thirty per cent of the residents and clients had a BMI < 20 kg/m2 and, 22 and 12% had a BMI < 18.5 kg/m2. Of the residents, who were weighed regularly, 38% had a weight loss above 5%. The median intake of energy was equal to or above the estimated median energy requirement. Hence, the prevalence of low BMI and weight loss among old Danish nursing home residents and home-care clients is high and similar to that found in other countries. There is a need for increased focus on nutritional state and risk factors in these settings.     

中等医院住院病人营养风险筛查的调查与分析

目的调查部分科室住院病人营养不良发生率、营养风险发生率和实际应用营养支持率,为住院病人合理应用营养支持治疗提供参考依据。方法选择某中等医院消化内科、呼吸内科、神经内科、普外科和胸外科新住院病人1000例。病人人院后首先评估是否符合营养风险筛查评定条件,符合者第2天清晨进行评定;对不符合条件病人检测血清清蛋白（sALB）,sALB〈30g／L。判定为营养不良。人体质量指数（BMI）〈18．5kg／m^2判定为营养不良。采用营养风险筛查判定是否需要营养支持。结果1000例新住院病人营养风险筛查的完全适用率为77．8％,营养不良发生率为8．6％;营养风险发生率为20．3％。存在营养风险病人中,营养支持率为37．4％,不存在营养风险病人中,营养支持率为13．3％。各科室之间营养不良与营养风险的发生率比较均存在显著性差异（χ^2=20．79、35．95,P〈0．01）。结论住院病人因疾病及其严重程度不同,营养不良的发生率和特点亦不同,营养风险筛查可评估住院病人的营养不良和营养风险。     

全程营养管理改善乳糜泻患者结局

  目的  探讨全程营养管理和膳食干预对乳糜泻患者结局的影响。  方法  纳入2000年1月至2014年12月在北京协和医院确诊为乳糜泻的患者17例, 总结其临床特征, 对所有患者均进行去麦胶膳食的营养管理, 并跟踪随访其中8例患者, 评价其营养干预依从性以及病情变化。  结果  17例乳糜泻患者平均年龄(39.65±19.14)岁, 男/女性别比为9/8, 患者均有程度不同的慢性腹泻, 6例(35.29%)患者便苏丹Ⅲ染色阳性, 7例(41.18%)检出便潜血阳性, 12例(70.59%)D-木糖试验低于正常参考值下限(1.2 g/5 h)。就诊时患者平均体重指数(body mass index, BMI)为(16.57±3.05)kg/m²。12例(70.59%)患者存在营养不良(BMI < 18.5 kg/m²), 6例(35.29%)为严重营养不良(BMI < 15 kg/m²)。14例(82.35%)患者存在低白蛋白血症。贫血是最为常见的肠外表现(11例, 64.71%)。分别有6例(35.29%)、3例(17.65%)及5例(29.41%)患者存在铁、叶酸及维生素B₁₂缺乏。所有患者均接受去麦胶膳食的营养管理。8例患者进行了随访, 平均随访时间(10.38±8.28)个月(3~25个月)。其中7例具备良好的营养治疗依从性(Likert量表评分为1~2分), 治疗过程中腹泻、腹胀症状均显著好转, 体重由治疗前(44.83±9.77)kg增至(47.17±9.30)kg(P=0.681), 血清白蛋白由就诊时(27.50±7.92)g/L上升至(34.20±3.27)g/L(P=0.102)。  结论  加强乳糜泻患者教育及营养管理, 严格进行去麦胶膳食治疗, 密切随访, 监测病情变化, 指导膳食调整, 是减轻疾病症状、提高生活质量和改善患者结局的重要手段。     

内科住院患者营养不足、营养风险和营养支持状况

目的调查内科住院患者营养不足、营养风险和营养支持应用状况。方法采用定点连续抽样,选择内科系统住院患者398例,采用欧洲肠外肠内营养学会推荐的营养风险筛查工具NRS2002做营养不足和营养风险筛查,NRS2002≥3分为有营养风险,体质量指数(BMI)<18.5 kg/m2并结合临床一般情况差判定为营养不足。同时调查患者住院期间的肠内肠外营养支持情况。结果 398例内科住院患者营养不足和营养风险发生率分别为14.1%和33.7%;营养不足发生率居前两位的是消化内科(19.6%)和肿瘤内科(16.9%);免疫科(8.6%)发生率低。营养风险发生率占前3位的是肿瘤内科(47.5%),消化内科(42.9%)和神经内科(41.7%),内分泌科(21.4%),免疫科(13.8%)发生率低。398例患者中,31例应用肠内营养(EN),92例应用肠外营养(PN),8例同时应用肠内肠外营养,PN∶EN=3∶1;有营养风险患者营养支持率为70.9%,无营养风险患者营养支持率为13.6%;有营养不足患者营养支持率为96.4%,无营养不足患者营养支持率为22.5%。结论消化内科、肿瘤内科、神经内科营养不足或营养风险发生率较高。建议重视肠内营养支持,提高肠内营养应用比例。     

Nutritional state and functional capacity among elderly Swedish people with acute hip fracture

The objective of this study was to describe characteristics in a group of elderly men and women with hip fracture, regarding presumed risk factors, such as nutritional state and functional capacity. A total of 142 men and women aged 75 years or more were consecutively included on admittance to the hospital. Anthropometry and body composition were measured 4-6 days after the fracture. Data on functional status, activities of daily living and living arrangements at the time of the fracture were collected. The women and men had a body mass index (BMI) of 22.3 +/- 3.7 kg/m2 and 21.7 +/- 2.1 kg/m2, respectively. Of the whole group, 71% had a BMI < 24 kg/m2 and 25% a BMI < 20.0 kg/m2. Forty-five percent of the patients needed daily home help, and a majority of them were mentally impaired (p < 0.0001). Women with a trochanteric hip fracture were shorter, had lower body weight, lower lean body mass and lower arm muscle circumference (AMC) than the cervical fracture group (p < 0.05). Fewer women with a trochanteric fracture and fewer women with mental impairment took walks outside before the fracture, (p = 0.023 and p = 0.002, respectively). Characteristics found in the group were low BMI, low muscle mass as indicated by low lean body mass and mental impairment. It seems important to evaluate such factors when developing post-operative care plans aimed at avoiding further deterioration. Extra frail sub-groups of patients, such as people who are mentally impaired, women with trochanteric fracture and women with high dependency concerning ADL functions were identified.     

Weight gain in cachectic COPD patients receiving noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

BACKGROUND: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), body mass index (BMI) is an important predictor of survival. Little is known about the prevalence of malnutrition or longitudinal changes of BMI in patients undergoing noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV). METHODS: In a cohort study of 141 patients with COPD and severe chronic respiratory failure (mean forced expiratory volume in the first second [FEV1] 0.80 +/- 0.27 L, mean P(aCO2) 55.6 +/- 8.8 mm Hg), we investigated nutritional status in relation to respiratory impairment. Changes in BMI were evaluated at 6 and 12 months after initiation of NPPV. RESULTS: Malnutrition, indicated by a BMI of < 20 kg/m2, was found in 20.6% of the patients. BMI was significantly correlated with the severity of respiratory impairment, especially with hyperinflation (residual volume divided by total lung capacity, r = -0.55, p < 0.001). In malnourished patients (BMI < 20 kg/m2) there was a significant increase in body weight after 6 months (6.2 +/- 12.5%, p < 0.05) and 12 months (12.8 +/- 16.0%, p < 0.01), whereas there were no significant changes in the overall study population. Furthermore, there was no correlation between changes in BMI and changes in blood-gas values, lung function, or inspiratory muscle function, either in the entire patient group or in the subgroup of malnourished patients. CONCLUSIONS: In COPD with chronic respiratory failure, malnutrition is common and strongly related to hyperinflation. After initiation of NPPV, a significant weight gain is observed in malnourished COPD patients.     

Characteristics of community palliative care patients requiring acute admission to hospital

Background: A substantial proportion of palliative care patients cared for in the community require acute hospital admission during their terminal illness. A greater understanding of the multifactorial reasons leading to acute admission to hospital may enable some potential hospital admissions to be avoided through provision of appropriate community palliative care support.

Aim: To identify the characteristics of community specialist palliative care team (CSPCT) patients requiring acute admission to hospital.

Methods: A retrospective audit of all patients known to the CSPCT who required acute admission to hospital over a five-month period between January and June 2016.

Results: A total of 97 hospital admissions occurred, involving 88 patients. The majority of patients had a malignant diagnosis (80%) with 31% still undergoing anti-neoplastic therapy. Of these admissions, 58% were to acute hospital facilities and 42% were to hospital-based palliative care units. The leading reasons for hospitalization were pain (27%), patient/relative distress (24%) and dyspnoea (16%).

Conclusion: This study described the characteristics of CSPCT patients who required acute admission to hospital. Further research is needed to understand the reasons patients seek acute hospital admission and to explore if interventions in the community can decrease the rate of acute hospital admissions.     

Body mass index and headaches: findings from a national sample of US adults

The objective was to study the cross-sectional association between body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of severe headaches or migraines in a national sample of US adults. We used data from 7601 men and women aged > or = 20 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. The age-adjusted prevalence of severe headaches or migraines during the previous 3 months was 34.0, 18.9, 20.7 and 25.9% among participants with a BMI < 18.5, 18.5 to < 25, 25 to < 30 and > or = 30 kg/m(2), respectively. After adjusting for a variety of covariates in a logistic regression model, those with a BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2)[odds ratio (OR) 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34, 3.02] or > or = 30 kg/m(2 )(OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.09, 1.72) had a significantly elevated OR for having a headache compared with participants with a BMI of 18.5-< 25 kg/m(2). BMI is associated with the prevalence of severe headaches or migraines in a non-linear manner.     

Body mass index

Objective To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients.Design A prospective multi-center study.Interventions None.Methods A cohort study (yielding the OUTCOMEREA database) was conducted over 2 years in 6 medical-surgical ICUs. In each participating ICU, the following were collected daily: demographic information, admission height and weight, comorbidities, severity scores (SAPS II, LOD, and SOFA), ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and ICU and hospital mortality rates.Results A total of 1,698 patients were examined and divided into 4 groups based on BMI: <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, and >30 kg/m². These groups differed significantly for age, gender, admission category (medical, scheduled surgery, unscheduled surgery), ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and comorbidities. Severity at admission and within the first 2 days was similar in the 4 groups, except for the SOFA score. Overall hospital mortality was 31.3% (532 out of 1,698 patients). By multivariate analysis, a BMI below 18.5 kg/m² was independently associated with increased mortality (odds ratio 1.63; 95% confidence intervals 1.11–2.39). None of the other BMI categories were associated with higher mortality and even a BMI>30 kg/m² was protective of mortality (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence intervals 0.40–0.88).Conclusions A low BMI was independently associated with higher mortality and a high BMI with lower mortality in this large cohort of critically ill patients. Since BMI is absent from currently available scoring systems, further studies are needed to determine whether adding BMI would improve the effectiveness of scores in predicting mortality.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-2095-2.The members of the OUTCOMEREA study group are listed in the appendix.Financial support: OUTCOMEREA is supported by non-exclusive educational grants from Aventis Pharma, France, Wyeth, and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).     

Underweight is independently associated with mortality in post-operative and non-operative patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Low and high body mass index (BMI) have been recently shown to be associated with increased and decreased mortality after ICU admission, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of BMI on mortality and length of stay in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III database of patients admitted to the ICUs of a tertiary academic medical center, from January 1997 to September 2002, was crossed with a Hospital Rule-based Systems database to obtain the height and weight of the patients on admission to the ICU. The cohort was divided in post-operative and non-operative groups. We created the following five subgroups based on the BMI: <18.5, 18.5 to 24.9, 25 to 29.9, 30.0 to 39.9, >/= 40.0 Kg/m2. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent impact of BMI on hospital mortality. The ICU length of stay ratio was defined as the ratio of the observed to the predicted LOS. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: BMI was available in 19,669 of the 21,790 patients in the APACHE III database; 11,215 (57%) of the patients were admitted post-operatively. BMI < 18.5 was associated with increased mortality in both post-operative (OR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.39 to 3.28) and non-operative (OR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.01) patients. Post-operative patients with a BMI between 30.0 to 39.9 had a lower mortality rate (OR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.94). Post-operative patients with BMI <18.5 or BMI >/= 40 had an ICU length of stay ratio significantly higher than patients with BMI between 18.5 to 24.9. The addition of BMI < 18.5 did not improve significantly the accuracy of our prognostic model in predicting hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Low BMI is associated with higher mortality in both post- and non-operative patients admitted to the ICU. LOS is increased in post-operative patients with low and high BMIs.     

Early nutritional intervention in oropharyngeal cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy

Nutritional interventions are not routine in patients undergoing oropharyngeal radiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of early nutritional intervention. Forty-five outpatients undergoing radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer were prospectively managed by nutritionists (intervention group). In this group, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was inserted before radiotherapy in any patient in whom at least one of the following applied: weight loss >10%; BMI <20 kg/m(2); age >70 years. Data were compared with those recorded in an historical control group of 45 paired patients. A PEG was inserted in 33 (74%) of the 45 patients in the intervention group, as against 5 (11%) of the 45 in the control group ( P<0.001). The mean weight loss and the frequency of hospital admission for dehydration were lower in the intervention group than in the control group ( P<0.01). In conclusion, early nutritional intervention, including PEG insertion, is feasible and efficient in preventing dehydration in oropharyngeal cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. It may improve quality of life by decreasing the frequency of hospital admissions.     

Effects of switching from olanzapine to risperidone on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: analysis of a multicenter, rater-blinded, open-label study

BACKGROUND: A major contributor to mortality inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder is cardiovascular disease, an important risk factor for which is the cluster of clinical abnormalities that define the metabolic syndrome (eg, abdominal/visceral obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, impaired glucose tolerance). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to examine the effects of switching from the antipsychotic olanzapine to risperidone on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in high-risk overweight or obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHODS: This post hoc analysis was based on data from a previous 2-phase, 20-week, multicenter (19 US sites), rater-blinded, open-label study. High-risk overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI], >26 kg/m(2)) patients aged 18 to 65 years with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder whose treatment was switched from olanzapine to risperidone were enrolled. Patients who entered the phase 1 switch from olanzapine to risperidone (6 weeks) and the phase 2 extension (14 weeks) were included in the assessment. The primary end point was the difference from baseline in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome at week 20, determined using measurements of weight, BMI, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP). RESULTS: Baseline assessments for the metabolic syndrome were available from 121 of 123 patients recruited for phase 1 of the study (61 men, 60 women; mean [SD] age, 41.1 [10.2] years; mean [SD] BMI, 33.9 [6.9] kg/m(2)); 71 patients entered phase 2 (29 men, 42 women; mean [SD] age, 40.2 [10.3] years; mean [SD] BMI, 35.1 [7.3] kg/m(2)), of whom 39 (54.9%) ere diagnosed with schizophrenia, and 32 (45.1%) with schizoaffective disorder. The metabolic syndrome was identified in 63 (52.1%) patients at study entry. In the 71 patients with data available from baseline and week 20 (using the last observation carried forward method), the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was reduced from 38 (53.5%) patients at baseline to 26 (36.6%) at study end (McNemar chi(2) = 8.0, P < 0.005). Significant improvements at study end were seen in mean weight (P = 0.031), BMI (P = 0.002), waist circumference (P = 0.003), SBP (P = 0.006), and DBP (P = 0.010). There was no significant difference in the reduction in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome between patients who did or did not receive the behavioral therapy for weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: In this post hoc analysis of switching from the antipsychotic olanzapine to risperidone on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in high-risk overweight or obese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, the metabolic syndrome was highly prevalent at baseline. Switching from olanza- pine to risperidone was associated with a significant reduction in this prevalence.     

间接测热法与传统能量估算法测定重症监护病房患者能量消耗的比较

目的 比较间接测热法测定能量消耗值(MEE)与传统方法得到估计能量消耗值(EEE)的差异,为危重患者的能量补充提供依据.方法 采用自身前后对照研究方法,对57例重症监护病房(ICU)患者使用间接测热法得到MEE,使用传统能量估算法如HB公式法、HB系数法和体重法得到EEE,其中低体重者[体质指数(BMI)<18.4 kg/m2]使用理想体重表计算,并以EEE与MEE的比值来评价估算能量的准确性.结果 HB公式法、HB系数法和实际体重法得到的EEE与间接测热法得到MEE比较差异均有统计学意义[(6335±1004)kJ、(9125±1795)kJ、(7188±1029)kJ比(7753±1439)kJ,P<0.05或P<0.01].HB系数法与实际体重法比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.01),且后者的结果更接近实际测定值.用HB公式法估计能量会造成多数患者营养不足[低体重者占100%(4/4);体重正常者(BMI 18.5～23.9 kg/m2)占73.59%(39/53)].低体重者使用理想体重估算能量均能在营养充足范围内[100%(4/4)];体重正常者使用HB系数法和实际体重法可造成大量的营养不足[分别占39.62%(21/53)和43.39%(23/53)]及营养过度(分别占24.53%(13/53)和13.22%(7/53)].结论 对于危重病患者,各种传统公式估算能量消耗都很不精确,容易造成大量的营养不足和营养过度,最好使用间接测热法测定目标能量;在没有间接能量测定仪的情况下,低体重者使用理想体重,而体重正常者使用实际体重的估算法似乎较为合理.

Abstract：

Objective To compare measurement of energy expenditure(MEE)by indirect calorimetry (IC)with traditional estimation of energy expenditure(EEE),to provide a basis for energy supplementary for critically ill patients.Methods Using self-controlled study,the energy expenditure of 57 intensive care nnit(ICU)patients was measured by IC.Meanwhile,EEE was also calculated using the following equations:Harris-Benedict(HB),HB×factor,or 104.6 kJ/kg.Body weight were calculated using actual body weight(ABW)or ideal body weight(IBW).If body mass index(BMI)<18.4 kg/m2 it was considered as underweight,and the IBW was selected from the IBW table.The potential adequacy of estimated energy was assayed by ratio of EEE/MEE.Results There was significant difference in MEE by IC and EEE by HB,HB×factor and 104.6 kJ/kg [(6335±1004)kJ,(9125±1795)kJ,(7188±1029)kJ vs.(7753±1439)kJ,P<0.05 or P<0.01].There was significant difference between EEE by HB × factor and 104.6 kJ/kg(P<0.01),and EEE by 104.6 kJ/kg×ABW,and the latter was closer to MEE.Underfeeding would occur in most ICU patients if HB equation was used [100%(4/4)in underweight patients and 73.59%(39/53)in normal weight(BMI 18.5-23.9 kg/m2)].EEE as calculated by 104.6 kJ/kg ×IBW was reasonable in the underweight patients 100%(4/4),but EEE in the patients with normal weight by using HB×factor or 104.6 kJ/kg × ABW resulted in significant underfeeding[39.62%(21/53)and 43.39%(23/53)]or overfeeding[24.53%(13/53)and 13.22%(7/53)].Conclusion EEE derived from the equations was extremely inaccurate and may result in significant underfeeding or overfeeding in individuals.On the basis of this study we would recommend IC for measuring energy expenditure in ICU patients.Otherwise,the equations of 104.6 kJ/kg × IBW in underweight and 104.6 kJ/kg × ABW in normal weight patients may be reasonable.     

Impact of the body mass index on occurrence and outcome of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Obesity is a traditional risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. However, recent studies have described a better outcome of obese patients in the clinical course of acute coronary syndromes. We investigated the impact of the body mass index (BMI) on occurrence and outcome of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Data of 10 534 consecutive patients with STEMI of the German MITRA PLUS registry were analyzed, comparing international classes of the BMI (obesity: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m², normal weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m²). STEMI occurred at a younger age in obese patients. The obese patients with first STEMI were 3 years younger than the normal weight patients with first STEMI (62.5 vs 65.7 years, p <0.0001). After STEMI has occurred, the obese patients had the lowest hospital (6.0%) and long-term mortality (4.8%) of all compared BMI-groups. In a multivariate analysis, obesity compared to normal weight was associated with a trend of a reduced mortality without significance during the hospital course (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.60–1.08) and with significance during follow-up (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.40–0.79). In conclusion, our data show that obesity is a risk factor of a manifestation of STEMI at a younger age compared to normal weight patients. After STEMI has occurred, obesity is associated with a trend of a lower mortality during the following clinical course. Therefore, the focus of prevention should be the reduction of obesity and metabolic syndrome in young people, to avoid the early occurrence of STEMI by primary prevention. The MITRA PLUS study was supported by the Landesversicherungsanstalt, Rheinland Pfalz, Germany; the Ministerium für Arbeit, Soziales und Gesundheit, Rheinland- Pfalz, Germany; MSD Sharp & Dohme, Haar, Germany; Bristol-Myers Squibb, München, Germany; Aventis Pharma, Bad Soden, Germany; AstraZeneca, Wedel, Germany; Pfizer, Karlsruhe, Germany; Abbott, Ludwigshafen, Germany.     

Self-reported weight, weight goals, and weight control strategies of a midwestern population

OBJECTIVE: To elicit from individuals in a population their current weight and height, weight goals, and weight control strategies to aid in design of effective interventions to prevent and treat obesity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: By random digit dial telephone survey, 1224 adult residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, were contacted between February 28 and May 5, 2000. They self-reported weights and weight goals and described physical characteristics associated with their desire to lose weight. RESULTS: Among the 1224 respondents, 65.6% of men and 47.9% of women reported that they were overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI, > or =30.0 kg/m2). Only 0.4% of men and 3.7% of women reported that they were underweight (BMI, <18.5 kg/m2). Of the respondents 72.6% of men and 85.1% of women reported that they were either trying to lose or not gain weight. The average weight loss goal for individuals trying to lose weight was 23.4 pounds for men and 28.0 pounds for women. Only one third of individuals trying to lose weight and one fifth of individuals trying not to gain weight reported using the recommended approach of combining energy restriction with at least 150 minutes of exercise per week. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population and the underutilization of combining both restricting energy intake and exercising at least 150 minutes per week for weight control is high. Like the majority of people in the United States, the majority of people in Olmsted County desire to control their weight. The community has responded with plans to help residents meet their goals, although efficacy and outcomes remain to be determined.     

体外受精-胚胎移植者体质量指数对妊娠结局的影响

背景:超重及肥胖对体外受精-胚胎移植的妊娠结局是否存在影响目前尚无统一定论.目的:验证体外受精-胚胎移植者体质量指数对其妊娠结局足否有影响.方法:选择体外受精-胚胎移植女性患者184例,按体质量指数分为3组:偏瘦组(体质量指数<18.5 kg/m2)、正常体质量组(18.5 kg/m2≤体质量指数<24 kg/m2)、超重及肥胖组(体质量指数≥24 kg/m2).对患者实施超促排卵方案,体外受精、胚胎移植及妊娠的确定等均按本中心工作常规进行.比较3组患者促性腺激素片j药天数和剂量、人绒毛膜促性腺激素注射日雌二醇水平、获卵数、受精率、优胚率、种植率、临床妊娠率、流产率的差别.结果与结论:在促性腺激素用量上,超重及肥胖组用量明显高于其他两组(P<0.05),且随着体质量指数的升高,促性腺激素用量随之增加.3组在促性腺激素刺激天数、人绒毛膜促性腺激素注射日雌二醇水平、获卵数、受精率、优胚率、种植率、临床妊娠率及流产率间差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05).说明在进行体外受精-胚胎移植促排卵过程中,超重及肥胖患者与正常体质量及偏瘦患者相比,需要更大的促性腺激素用量;但在妊娠结局方面,超重及肥胖对体外受精-胚胎移植的结局无显著影响.     

BMI对超声诊断异位妊娠的影响

目的探讨BMI对超声诊断异位妊娠的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年11月~2019年11月院内收治的异位妊娠患者，经筛选标准共纳入62例研究对象，均行超声诊断，根据BMI大小将研究对象分为两组:正常BMI组（18.5 kg/m2 < BMI < 25 kg/m2，n=43）和高BMI组(BMI≥25 kg/m2，n=19），比较不同分组患者的基线资料；比较不同BMI分组间行超声诊断异位妊娠影像学表现。结果两组患者基线资料的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；与正常BMI组相比，高BMI组超声诊断的阳性率更低，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；与正常BMI组相比，高BMI组超声诊断假孕囊、盆腔积液、宫外混合性团块阳性率更低，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05），而胚芽、胎心诊断阳性率在两组间的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论应用超声诊断异位妊娠患者时，应考虑BMI对超声诊断阳性率的影响，建议行其他方式诊断肥胖患者的异位妊娠。      

Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol in the treatment of acute asthma in the ED

BACKGROUND: Acute asthma is often treated with racemic albuterol, a 1:1 mixture of (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol. Levalbuterol is the single-isomer agent comprised (R)-albuterol, an active bronchodilator, without any effects of (S)-albuterol. OBJECTIVE: To compare emergency department (ED) admission rates of patients presenting with acute asthma who were treated with either racemic albuterol or levalbuterol. SETTING: Suburban community teaching hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case review. METHODS: Emergency department patients presenting with acute asthma at 2 different sites were reviewed over 9- and 3-month consecutive periods. Outcome measures included ED hospital admission rate, length of stay, arrival acuity, and treatment costs. Patients were excluded if younger than 1 year or if no treatment of acute asthma was rendered. RESULTS: Of the initial 736 consecutive cases, significantly fewer admissions (4.7% vs 15.1%, respectively; P = .0016) were observed in the levalbuterol vs racemic albuterol group. Of the subsequent 186 consecutive cases, significantly fewer admissions were also observed (13.8% vs 28.9%, respectively; P = .021) in the levalbuterol vs racemic albuterol group. Treatment costs were lower with levalbuterol mainly because of a decrease in hospital admissions. CONCLUSION: Levalbuterol treatment in the ED for patients with acute asthma resulted in higher patient discharge rates and may be a cost-effective alternative to racemic albuterol.     

育龄妇女年龄、孕前BMI和孕早期空腹血糖水平分布在妊娠期糖尿病预测中的价值

目的　探讨育龄妇女年龄、孕前体质指数(BMI)和孕早期空腹血糖(FBG)在预测妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)中的价值。方法　随机抽取2018年1月~2019年12月于宜宾市妇产儿童医院规律孕期保健的孕妇1 263例,根据身高体重计算BMI,于孕13周以前采用己糖激酶法测定孕早期FBG,孕24~28周采用75g 口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)诊断GDM,了解孕早期FBG和GDM发病情况,用受试者工作曲线(ROC)探讨年龄、BMI和孕早期FBG在GDM预测中的价值。结果　孕早期空腹血糖平均为4.55±0.59mmol/L,不同年龄段、BMI和胎次孕妇的孕早期FBG值和FBG区段差异均有统计学意义(t/F/χ2=3.18~58.360,P<0.05)。妊娠24~28周共诊断出GDM患者192例,发病率15.20%,≥30岁组高于<30岁组(22.45% vs 11.43%),≥24 kg/m2组高于18.5~23.9 kg/m2及<18.5 kg/m2组(22.64% vs 12.95% vs 9.23%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=18.899,P<0.05)。孕早期不同FBG区段(<4.20,4.20~4.59,4.60~4.99,5.00~5.39和≥5.40 mmol/L)的孕妇GDM发病率分别为9.14%,11.59%,19.17%,30.69%和35.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GDM组和非GDM组孕早期FBG,年龄和BMI差异有统计学意义（t=11.645,8.657,5.861,均P<0.01）。孕早期FBG,年龄和BMI预测GDM的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.809,0.739和0.651,FBG,年龄和BMI的最佳切点值分别为4.59 mmol/L,26.5岁和22.05 kg/m2,此时灵敏度分别为79.2%,94.8%和68.2%,特异度分别为71.4%,50.5%和64.6%。结论　妊娠期糖尿病发病率较高,孕早期FBG,年龄和BMI与GDM发病有关,孕早期高FBG,高BMI和高龄会增加GDM风险。     

Benefits of an accident and emergency short stay ward in the staged hospital care of elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study the potential of a short stay ward attached to an accident and emergency (A&E) department to improve care and reduce admissions to hospital by enabling elderly patients to be monitored closely for up to 24 h before being formally admitted to hospital or discharged home. Patients admitted to the short stay ward were those who appeared to need only a brief period of assessment or treatment. METHODS: The medical records of all patients aged 65 years and above admitted to the short stay ward over a nine month period (April to December 1993, inclusive) were reviewed. RESULTS: 13% of all the patients over 65 attending A&E were admitted to the A&E ward. Of patients over 65 who were admitted to hospital, 20% were first admitted to the A&E ward. There were 502 admissions to the short stay ward of patients aged 65 years and above, who constituted 38% of the total admissions to that ward. Admitting these selected patients to the short stay ward allowed 71% to be discharged home, usually within 24 h, rather than being formally admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a short stay ward can shorten the hospital stay for selected elderly patients and reduce the demand for inpatient hospital beds. This ward also improves the quality of care to elderly patients attending the A&E department.