133例非小细胞肺癌脑转移的综合治疗分析

目的：通过回顾性分析探讨影响非小细胞肺癌脑转移治疗效果的预后因素。方法：对133例非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者进行以全脑射治疗为主结合其他方法的治疗。脑转移症状缓解定义为脑部放射治疗结束后1个月，50％以上的症状和体征消失。将脑转移时原发灶控制与否，脑外转移灶，单发或多发脑转移，化疗周期等因素进行多因素分析。结果：所有患者经放射治疗后脑转移灶症状缓解率达88％，缓解期为1．5－55．0个月，中位缓解期为6个月；全脑放射治疗后CT或MRI显示脑转移灶局部控制率为83％；全组中位生存期为6个月，1、2年生存率分别为24．5％和7．8％，经多因素分析显示生存率与多发脑转移，原发灶未控呈负相关，而与化疗3周期以上呈正相关，结论：影响非小细胞肺癌脑转移的主要因素是脑转移时原发灶控制与否，多发或单发脑转移，化疗周期数，对于单发脑转移，脑转移时原发灶控制以及身体条件能够耐受3周期以上化疗的患者，应采取积极的治疗。     

COAPC方案联合脑部放射治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移

背景与目的：放射治疗具有治疗脑转移癌的主要手段。而到目前为止化疗与放疗联合治疗脑转移癌的研究较少,本研究旨在观察COAPC方案化疗与脑部放射同时治疗非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)脑转移患者疗效,不良反应及生存率。方法：45例NSCLC脑转移患者接受COAPC方案化疗,环磷酰胺0．3g/m^2第1天静推,长春新碱1．4mg/m^2第1天静推,阿霉素50mg/m^2第1天静推,顺铂20mg/m^2第1－5天静滴,司莫司汀80mg/m2第1天口服,每3－4周为1疗程,脑部放射治疗于化疗第1疗程的第6天开始,每次2Gy,每天1次,每周5天,脑转移灶1－3个者,全脑放疗40Gy后,缩野放疗至总量60Gy,脑转移灶＞3个者,全脑放疗至总量40Gy.结果：治疗后80％患者神经系统症状改善,对脑转移灶的客观有效率为64．4％,对肺原发灶的有效率为40％,治疗的主要不良反应为骨髓抑制(Ⅲ-Ⅳ度占35％）,中位生存期10个月,1年生存率44．1％,5年生存率6．7％,单纯脑转移患者的中位生存期14个月,高于多发远处转移患者的9个月（P＝0．012）。结论：化疗联合脑部放射治疗NSCLC脑转移患者有效率与生存率较高,且患者耐受性较好。     

非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤放射治疗方法的研究

目的：确定立体定向放射外科治疗非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤是否需合并全脑照射。方法：41例肺癌单发脑转移的患者前瞻性的分为单纯立体定向放射外科组和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科组，全脑照射结合立体定向放射外科治疗者，先行全脑放疗，全脑放疗结束后休息7-14d，再行立体定向放射外科治疗，观察指标包括总逢时间，局部无复发生存时间，颅脑无新病灶生存时间，局部控制率，KPS的改善及死亡原因等。结果：单纯立体定向放射外科和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科治疗后的中位生存时间分别为9.3个月和10.6个月，中位局部无复发生存时间分别为6.9个月和8.6个月，中位颅脑无新病灶生存时间分别为6.7个月和8.6个月，局部控制率分别为87.0%和88.9%。KPS的改善率分别为82.6%和88.9%。死于脑转移瘤复发或新转移灶者分别占50.0%和28.3%，单因素分析显示单纯立体定向放射外科和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科间，除颅脑无新病灶生存有显著性差异外，其他各项指标差异均无显著性，然而，单纯立体定向放射外科治疗后出现颅脑新病灶的6例患者，予以挽救性治疗，均得到较好地控制。结论：在非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤的治疗中，单纯立体定向放射外科与立体定向放射外科合并全脑照射的效果相似。     

非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤放射治疗方法的研究

目的确定立体定向放射外科治疗非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤是否需合并全脑照射.方法41例肺癌单发脑转移的患者前瞻性的分为单纯立体定向放射外科组和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科组.全脑照射结合立体定向放射外科治疗者,先行全脑放疗,全脑放疗结束后休息7～14 d,再行立体定向放射外科治疗.观察指标包括总生存时间、局部无复发生存时间、颅脑无新病灶生存时间、局部控制率、KPS的改善及死亡原因等.结果单纯立体定向放射外科和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科治疗后的中位生存时间分别为9.3个月和10.6个月,中位局部无复发生存时间分别为6.9个月和8.6个月,中位颅脑无新病灶生存时间分别为6.7个月和8.6个月,局部控制率分别为87.0%和88.9%,KPS的改善率分别为82.6%和88.9%,死于脑转移瘤复发或新转移灶者分别占50.0%和28.3%.单因素分析显示单纯立体定向放射外科和全脑照射合并立体定向放射外科间,除颅脑无新病灶生存有显著性差异外,其他各项指标差异均无显著性.然而,单纯立体定向放射外科治疗后出现颅脑新病灶的6例患者,予以挽救性治疗,均得到较好地控制.结论在非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移瘤的治疗中,单纯立体定向放射外科与立体定向放射外科合并全脑照射的效果相似.     

非小细胞肺癌同时合并脑转移治疗方案的临床研究

为探索非小细胞肺癌同时脑转移时的最佳治疗方法，将120倒非小细胞肺癌同时脑转移患者随机分入先化疗后放疗组(A组)、化放疗同时进行组(B组)和先放疗后化疗组(C组)。3组放疗方法和化疗方案相同，在治疗的同时给予20％甘露醇及地塞米松治疗。结果示，A、B、C 3个组中位生存期分别是9.5个月、14.5个月和10个月，1、2、3年累计生存率分别是，A组为42．98％、8．36％和0．00％；B组为67．43％、15．17％和3．12％；C组为40．75％、6．03％和0．00％(B与A，χ^2=5．11，P=0．024；B与C，χ^2=5．62，P=0．019)，A、B、C3组胸部病灶中位控制时间分别是11个月、16个月和10．5个月，1、2、3年胸部病灶累计局控率A组为45．17％、21．86％和0．00％；B组为65.69％、32．74％和7．32％；C组为41．22％、20．46％和0．00％(B与A，χ^2=4．14，P=0．042；B与C，χ^2=4．33，P=0．037)。A、B、C3组脑部病灶中位控制时间分别是12个月、15个月和13个月，1、2、3年脑部病灶累计局控率A组为50．00％、24．78％和0．00％；B组为61．71％、29．54％和6．14％；C组为51．12％、24．17％和0．00％，3组两两比较均差异无显著意义。化放疗同时治疗非小细胞肺癌同时合并脑转移，能显著提高胸部病灶的局部控制时间，从而提高生存率。     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移临床分析

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌脑转移预后因素及有效的治疗方法。方法：对我科收治以脑转移为首发症状非手术治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者68例进行分析。治疗方法：脑部放疗采用Co-γ线或6MV-X线两侧平行野对穿全脑放疗，每次DT180—200cGy，剂量达DT40Gy，单一转移病灶缩野加量放疗至DT56Gy-64Gy。放疗的同时用甘露醇脱水及地塞米松对症治疗。放化组全脑放疗结束后行顺铂＋盖诺方案化疗2周期-4周期。部份病例化疗结束后，肺部原发病灶加用Co-γ线或6MV-X线局部小野照射治疗，每次DT2Gy，剂量DT56Gy～66Gy。结果：全部病例均随访2年以上，随访率100％。全组1年生存率39．7％，2年生存率20．6％。放化疗组患者1、2年生存率分别为48．8％、25．6％，明显高于单纯放疗组（P〈0．05）。脑单发转移灶1、2年生存率分别为59．1％、30．4％，明显高于多发转移病灶组（P〈0．05）。只伴发颅内转移患者，1、2年生存率分别为59．5％，37．8％，均明显高于伴有颅外转移患者（P〈0．01）。结论：影响非小细胞肺癌脑转移预后因素主要与治疗方法、脑转移数、有无合并颅外转移有关。积极有效的放、化疗是缓解症状，提高生存质量，延长生存时间的关键。     

立体定向放射治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移的疗效观察

目的 探讨全脑放疗加分次立体定向放射治疗（FSRT）对非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）脑转移的疗效。方法 62例NSCLC脑转移患者接受全脑放疗（WBRT）36～40Gy后行FSRT治疗，放疗结束后行脑部CT或MRI评定疗效。结果 全组62例均按计划完成脑部放疗，治疗后全组总有效率为82．3％；52例治疗前有神经系统症状和体征的患者均有不同程度的改善；中位生存期11个月，1年生存率为43．6％。结论 全脑照射加FSRT治疗NSCLC脑转移有较高的局控率，毒副反应轻，值得推广应用。     

吉非替尼(Gefitinib)对非小细胞肺癌的脑部转移具有疗效

目的 比较分析吉非替尼对不同体能表现、既往不同化疗次数、有或无脑部转移病灶的非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗结果。方法 总共有76例患者参加试验。结果 患者的疾病控制率为63．2％(95％CI为52．1％～74．3％)．无疾病恶化牛存期的中位数为5．0个月(95％CI为3．5～6．6个月)，整体生存期的中位数为9．9个月(95％CI为4．9～14．8个月)。其中具有可测量病灶的57例患者的客观反应率为33．3％(95％CI为20．7％～46．0％)。76例患者中有21例患者同时具有可评估的颅内及颅外病灶，其中17例(81．0％)对吉非替尼有相同的颅内及颅外肿瘤反应．而出现脑部转移并不影响患者的生存期。药物引起的副作用大部分是中等反应．仅5例患者发生不可耐受的毒性，其中1例(5．8％)为间质性肺炎。结论 吉非替尼对非小细胞肺癌的脑部转移有疗效．值得进一步没计随机临床试验观察单剂吉非替尼治疗或加上其它形式的治疗在脑部转移的非小细胞肺癌患者中所扮演的角色。     

Ⅳ期肺癌147例三维适形放射治疗观察

目的 探讨三维适形放射治疗(3D—CRT)对Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及毒副作用。方法 采用3D—CRLT治疗Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌147例，分为5组：单纯肺转移46例；单纯脑转移26例；单纯肝转移11例；单纯其他脏器转移17例；多脏器转移47例。治疗部分或全部影像学上明确显示的病灶，共设298个靶区，DT30Gy-66Gy，中位分割剂量4Gy(2Gy-7Gy)，周剂量10Gy-16Gy。结果 总1年、2年、3年生存率分别为30．4％、7．1％、3．8％，中住生存时间8个月。单纯肺、脑、肝、其他、多脏器转移组的中位生存期分别为11月、10月、3月、7月、6月。放射性肺炎及放射性肝炎的发生率分剐为10．5％、4．0％。结论 除肺癌肝转移外，利用3D—CR-T治疗Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌有较好的疗效，放射反应低。肺癌肝转移患者不宜单纯采用3D-CRT治疗。     

237例肺癌外科治疗影响预后因素的分析

目的：分析TNM分期，病理类型，年龄和手术方式与预后的关系，探讨在各影响预后因素中外科治疗手段的正确选择。方法：应用SPSS8．0统计，对237例肺癌患者资料建立数据库并进行统计分析，用寿命表法进行生存率分析。两组间生存率差异显著性检测用Logrank方法。结果：Ⅱb期以上肺癌总的5年生存率为49．8％，Ⅲa期仅为13．1％（P＜0．001），Ⅲb和Ⅳ期肺癌均为0％，但伴颅内单发转移病灶手术后平均生存期19个月。鳞癌5年生存率48．3％，腺癌和腺鳞癌分别为30．5％和13．3％（P＜0．05和＜0．01）；小细胞肺癌为0；大细胞肺癌为60．2％，70岁以下肺癌患者肺楔形切除术5年生存率为0，肺叶切除术31．4％（P＜0．01）；全肺切除术18．2％（P＜0．01）；肺叶加支气管袖状切除术37．6％（P＜0．01），70岁以上肺癌患者肺楔形切除5年生存率33．4％,肺叶切除27．0％（P＜0．05）；全肺切除和肺叶加支气管袖状切除术3年经分别为20．2％和50．5％（P＜0．01）。结论：Ⅱb期以上肺癌外科治疗应为首选；Ⅲa期应采用术前新辅助治疗的综合治疗；手术可作为Ⅲb和Ⅳ期肺癌姑息性治疗的手段；脑部单个转移病灶的肺癌不应为手术禁忌证。腺癌和腺鳞癌应以手术为主的综合性治疗；小细胞肺癌应以化疗为主的综合性治疗；透明细胞类型的大细胞肺癌以手术为主的综合性治疗。70岁以下肺癌患者肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫应为外科治疗肺癌的标准术式。70岁以下高龄肺癌患者应尽量选择对机体创伤小的术式。     

Experience with Impedance Phlebography Compared with Venography

Venography is a particularly reliable method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis but is not suitable as a screening test. Impedance phlebography represents another attempt to discover a simple, non-invasive and reliable method of detecting deep venous thrombosis. It does not, however, meet these criteria.     

Compliance with guidelines and correlation with outcome in patients with advanced germ-cell tumours

PurposeTo evaluate prior compliance with guidelines in patients treated with salvage chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell tumours (GCT).Patients and methodsData concerning the initial management of patients requiring salvage chemotherapy for GCT at Institut Gustave Roussy between 2000 and 2010 were obtained and correlated with recommendations for treatment. Criteria of non-compliance were defined based on guidelines. Compliance with guidelines, predictive factors for non-compliance and the impact on outcome were analysed.ResultsAmong 82 patients treated in the salvage setting, guidelines to initial treatment were followed in only 41 cases (50%). The most common non-compliance criteria were non-adherence to the planned dose (16%), an inappropriate interval between first-line chemotherapy cycles (16%), the lack of post-chemotherapy surgery (16%) and a long interval to post-chemotherapy surgery (48%). Compliance with standard care was better in cancer centres than in other hospitals (private or public) (Odd Ratio (OR): 6.9, P = 0.001). A poor-risk status according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) was also predictive of compliance in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. No significant difference in outcome after salvage chemotherapy was observed. Patients relapsing after non-compliant first-line therapy tended to be more easily salvaged, which is consistent with the fact that their initial treatment was inadequate. Some of these relapses were therefore probably not due to true biologically refractory disease.ConclusionGuidelines for first-line treatment are adhered to in only half the patients requiring salvage chemotherapy. As the only predictive factor for non-compliance was the treating centre, centralisation of patients with GCT in well-trained hospitals should be recommended.     

Treatment with methylnaltrexone is associated with increased survival in patients with advanced cancer

BackgroundMethylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, is FDA-approved for treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Preclinical data suggest that MOR activation can play a role in cancer progression and can be a target for anticancer therapy.Patients and methodsPooled data from advanced end-stage cancer patients with OIC, despite laxatives, treated in two randomized (phase III and IV), placebo-controlled trials with MNTX were analyzed for overall survival (OS) in an unplanned post hoc analysis. MNTX or placebo was given subcutaneously during the double-blinded phase, which was followed by the open-label phase, allowing MNTX treatment irrespective of initial randomization.ResultsIn two randomized, controlled trials, 229 cancer patients were randomized to MNTX (117, 51%) or placebo (112, 49%). Distribution of patients' characteristics and major tumor types did not significantly differ between arms. Treatment with MNTX compared with placebo [76 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 43–109 versus 56 days, 95% CI 43–69; P = 0.033] and response (laxation) to treatment compared with no response (118 days, 95% CI 59–177 versus 55 days, 95% CI 40–70; P < 0.001) had a longer median OS, despite 56 (50%) of 112 patients ultimately crossing over from placebo to MNTX. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that response to therapy [hazard ratio (HR) 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.76; P = 0.002) and albumin ≥3.5 (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.69; P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for increased OS. Of interest, there was no difference in OS between MNTX and placebo in 134 patients with advanced illness other than cancer treated in these randomized studies (P = 0.88).ConclusionThis unplanned post hoc analysis of two randomized trials demonstrates that treatment with MNTX and, even more so, response to MNTX are associated with increased OS, which supports the preclinical hypothesis that MOR can play a role in cancer progression. Targeting MOR with MNTX warrants further investigation in cancer therapy.Clinical trials numberNCT00401362, NCT00672477.     

Costs associated with complications are lower with capecitabine than with 5‐fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND:

Capecitabine, an oral alternative to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), has equal clinical efficacy and a favorable safety profile; however, its use may be limited because of unit cost concerns. In this study, the authors measured the cost of chemotherapy‐related complications during treatment with capecitabine‐ and 5‐FU–based regimens.

METHODS:

Patients with CRC who received at least 1 administration of capecitabine or 5‐FU during 2004 and 2005 were identified from the Thomson MarketScan research databases. Monthly frequency and cost for 23 complications were recorded. Logistic regression was used to predict complication probability. General linear models were used to predict monthly complication cost and total monthly expenditure.

RESULTS:

In total, 4973 patients with CRC met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Although the most frequently observed complications were the same between capecitabine and 5‐FU (nausea and vomiting, infection, anemia, neutropenia, diarrhea), each was observed with greater frequency in 5‐FU–based regimens. The mean predicted monthly complication cost was significantly higher (by 136%) with 5‐FU monotherapy than with capecitabine monotherapy (difference, $601; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], $469‐$737). In addition, the mean predicted monthly complication cost for 5‐FU+oxaliplatin was higher than the cost with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (difference, $1165; 95% CI, $892‐$1595). When acquisition, administration, and complication costs were taken into consideration, there were no significant differences in the total cost between capecitabine regimens and 5‐FU regimens.

CONCLUSIONS:

Capecitabine compared well with 5‐FU–based therapy in patients with CRC and was associated with lower complication rates and associated costs. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.     

Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs

JOHNSTON S.R.D. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19 , 561–563 Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs     

奥沙利铂联合羟基喜树碱治疗晚期胃癌临床分析

背景与目的体外及体内的临床研究显示,奥沙利铂(L-OHP)对多种肿瘤有显著抑制作用并与绝大多数抗癌药物具有相加或协同细胞毒作用.本文旨在观察L-OHP联合羟基喜树碱(HCPT)治疗晚期胃癌的近期疗效和患者耐受性,并与传统的化疗方案进行对比.方法采用非随机的分组方法将43例晚期胃癌患者分为L-OHP+HCPT方案组(治疗组)与Vp-16+CF+5-FU(ELF)方案组(对照组),其中男性28例,女性15例,中位年龄59岁,KPS评分≥60,观察两组的近期疗效和患者耐受性.结果治疗组24例有效率58.3%(14/24),对照组19例有效率42.1%(8/19).治疗组有效率高于对照组,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05).两组不良反应主要是骨髓抑制、恶心、呕吐、口腔炎、周围神经炎、静脉炎、脱发等,均在Ⅰ、Ⅱ度范围内.结论L-OHP联合HCPT方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效较好,不良反应可以耐受.     

Varicella-Zoster Virus Prophylaxis with Low-Dose Acyclovir in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Bortezomib

BackgroundVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is a common complication in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with bortezomib, with an incidence rate of 10%-60%. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of acyclovir prophylaxis in this patient population.Patients and MethodsWe studied 98 consecutive patients with relapsed MM treated with bortezomib. Bortezomib 1.3 mg/m² was given on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle. At first, patients did not receive any VZV prophylaxis, but because of the high incidence of VZV reactivation, VZV prophylaxis with acyclovir was implemented subsequently.ResultsA total of 11 patients treated with bortezomib did not have any VZV prophylaxis, and 4 of these 11 patients (36%) developed VZV reactivation in the form of herpes zoster. No VZV reactivations were observed in the 32 patients who received acyclovir 400 mg 3 times daily or the 55 patients who received acyclovir in a dose reduced to 400 mg once daily during bortezomib treatment.ConclusionVaricellazoster virus reactivation is a common and serious adverse effect of bortezomib treatment. Acyclovir 400 mg once daily is sufficient to protect from VZV reactivation in patients with MM treated with bortezomib.