锌和维生素A对酒精致大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用

[目的]观察锌和维生素A(VA)对长期摄入酒精致大鼠睾丸损害的保护作用及可能机制.[方法]40只健康雄性成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、酒精组、酒精+葡萄糖酸锌组、酒精+VA组,各组每日分别灌胃给予酒精0、7.5 g/kg、酒精7.5 g/kg+葡萄糖酸锌7.7mg/kg、酒精7.5 g/kg+VA50μg/kg,连续13周.对各组大鼠的精子计数、精子活动率、精子畸形率、血清睾酮(T)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)含量进行检测,光、电镜观察睾丸的形态改变.同时测定睾丸线粒体中丙二醛(MDA)的产生量,免疫组织化学法检测睾丸组织中iNOS的表达.[结果]与对照组相比,酒精组大鼠精子计数减少,精子活动率下降,精子畸形率升高(P＜0.05),血清T、LH、FSH水平明显降低(P＜0.05);睾丸生精上皮结构破坏,支持细胞和各级生精细胞均有退化变性;睾丸生精细胞iNOS表达明显增强(P＜0.05);睾九线粒体丙二醛含量明显升高(P＜0.05).与酒精组相比,葡萄糖酸锌组和VA组精子计数、精子活动率有所上升,生精细胞退化变性程度减轻,睾丸生精细胞iNOS表达减弱(P＜0.05),睾丸线粒体MDA减少,但血清T、LH、FSH水平仍低于对照组.[结论]长期摄入酒精不仅抑制精子发生和睾酮合成,还使下丘脑-垂体轴生殖内分泌功能受损.补充锌和VA可以限制酒精引起的睾丸过氧化损伤,保护睾丸的生精功能,但仍有生殖内分泌激素合成障碍.     

葛根素对酒精所致大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用

目的 研究葛根素对酒精所致大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用. 方法 30只Wistar大鼠,随机分为3组,对照组:蒸馏水5 ml/(kg·d)灌胃;酒精损伤组:50°酒精5 ml/(kg·d)灌胃;葛根素组:50°酒精5 ml/(kg·d)灌胃,腹腔内注射葛根素10 mg/(kg·d),对照组与酒精损伤组行等体积生理盐水每天腹腔内注射.26 d后处死大鼠,检测精子数量、精子畸形率、血清睾酮(T)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)水平,光镜观察睾丸组织的病理变化. 结果酒精损伤组与正常组相比,精子数量下降(P＜0.05),精子畸形率升高(P＜0.05),血清T、FSH和LH水平下降(P＜0.05),睾丸生精上皮结构破坏,支持细胞、各级生精细胞和睾丸间质细胞均有退化变性.葛根素组与酒精损伤组相比,精子数量上升(P＜0.05),精子畸形率下降(P＜0.05),血清T、FSH和LH水平上升(P＜0.05),睾丸形态结构基本正常. 结论葛根素对酒精所致大鼠睾丸的损伤具有保护作用.     

亚慢性染毒2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二(口恶)英对雄性大鼠生殖系统的影响

目的 了解2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二(口恶)英(TCDD)对雄性大鼠生殖系统的影响.方法 清洁级Wistar雄性大鼠32只,体重(100±10)g,随机分成4组,每组8只,连续经口灌胃染毒90d,剂量分别为2.5,25,250 ng/kg,对照组给予二甲基亚砜(DMSO),测定血清中睾酮(T)、促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)的激素水平以及睾丸、前列腺、精囊腺的脏器质量系数,附睾尾精子畸形率.结果 与对照组比较,各染毒组T水平下降,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);各染毒组FSH和LH水平上升,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05);中、高剂量组的睾丸、精囊腺及所有染毒组的前列腺脏器质量系数均低于对照组(P＜0.05);各染毒组精子畸形率随剂量的增加而上升,中、高剂量组与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.01).结论 TCDD亚慢性染毒,可影响精子和生殖系统的正常发育,并在一定程度上对生殖激素的稳态造成了干扰.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯抑制大鼠睾酮合成的影响机制

目的 探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)抑制睾酮合成作用的可能机制.方法 选择6周龄清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00g/kg DBP染毒组和溶剂对照组(玉米油),每组16只,经口灌胃染毒,每天1次,连续30 d.染毒结束后,各组随机处死8只大鼠,剩余动物恢复饲养15d后处死.称量大鼠体重以及睾丸、附睾和肾上腺湿重,计算脏器系数.采用放射免疫法检测血清中T、CORT、LH及17β-E2的水平.并进行病理组织学检查.结果 第21天开始,2.00g/kg染毒组大鼠体重低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).至第45天时,各组间体重比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组比较,染毒期0.50、1.00、2.00 g/kg染毒组睾丸系数和1.00、2.00 g/kg染毒组附睾系数以及恢复期1.00、2.00 g/kg染毒组睾丸系数、附睾系数较低,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).与对照组比较,染毒期0.50、1.00、2.00g/kg染毒组大鼠血清中LH水平和1.00、2.00g/kg染毒组大鼠血清中T、17B-E2水平较低,1.00、2.00 g/kg染毒组大鼠血清中CORT水平较高,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).恢复期不同剂量组大鼠血清中T、17β-E2、LH、CORT水平间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对照组睾丸组织曲细精管内精子发生完全,不同发育阶段的生精细胞排列规整.2.00 g/kg染毒组可见睾丸萎缩,曲细精管退变,生殖上皮变薄,胞浆淡染,管腔内生精细胞和精子数明显减少;恢复期亦未见明显好转.结论 DBP具有睾丸毒性作用,能明显抑制睾酮合成,卵泡刺激素和皮质酮可能参与其抑制作用.     

镉对大鼠血清性激素水平的影响

目的观察经口镉染毒对大鼠血清性激素水平的影响.方法大鼠通过饮水给予镉(0、50、100和200 mg/kg),采用放射免疫分析法测定血清睾酮(T)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH).结果200 mg/kg镉染毒组大鼠睾丸脏器系数(每g体重该脏器的mg数)在第1个月和第3个月分别为10.78和8.66,高于对照组(9 98和7.45),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);第6个月后差异无显著性(P＞0.05).镉染毒第1个月,镉染毒组大鼠血清T、FSH、及LH水平与对照组比较,差异均无显著性(P＞0.05);第3个月50、100和200 mg/kg镉染毒组睾酮水平分别为286.88、225.63和259.60 pmol/L,明显高于对照组(111.58 pmol/L),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);第6个月只有200 mg/kg镉染毒组的睾酮水平(327.34 pmo/L)高于对照组236.16 pmol/L,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),同时LH水平(2.53 ng/ml)与对照组(4.52 ng/ml)比较明显降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论经口镉染毒能引起大鼠血清性激素水平的变化.     

异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯对雄性成年小鼠睾丸及附睾的毒性作用及其机制探讨

目的 研究异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)对雄性小鼠睾丸及附睾的毒性作用及其机制.方法将8周龄成年健康清洁级昆明雄性小鼠120只随机分为低(50 mg/kg)、中(100 mg/kg)、高(200 mg/kg)剂量IPDI染毒组和溶剂对照组(玉米油),每组30只.采用腹腔注射方式进行染毒,剂量为12.5 ml/kg,连续染毒14d,每天1次.于第15日,称重,处死,测定睾丸和附睾重量,并计算脏器系数.测定附睾精子数和睾丸酶[酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、Ca-Mg-ATP酶、Na-K-ATP酶、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)]活力以及睾丸和血清的相关激素[黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)]浓度.结果 各染毒组小鼠体重、附睾重量及其脏器系数间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与溶剂对照组相比,高剂量组小鼠的睾丸重量及其脏器系数较低,中、高剂量组小鼠的精子数较少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).各染毒组小鼠的LDH、Na-K-ATP酶活力间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与溶剂对照组比较,高剂量组SDH、NOS活力和中、高剂量组ACP、AKP、Ca-Mg-ATPase活力均较低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).与溶剂对照组比较,低、中、高剂量组血清T和中、高剂量组睾丸T浓度均较低,低、中、高剂量组血清FSH和中、高剂量组血清LH浓度均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 IPDI可对成年雄性小鼠的睾丸产生生殖毒性.     

二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯对雄性小鼠的生殖毒性及其机制研究

目的 评价二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的雄性生殖毒性,观察染毒后雄性昆明种小鼠睾丸酶活力、生精功能、血清和睾丸中相关激素浓度等的改变.方法 以0、62.5、125.0和250.0 mg/kg剂量的MDI玉米油溶液对8周龄的健康昆明种小鼠连续腹腔注射染毒14 d,于第15日处死后测定睾丸和附睾脏器系数、附睾精子数、睾丸酶活力[酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、Ca-Mg-ATP酶、Na-K-ATP酶]以及睾丸和血清的相关激素[黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)]浓度.结果 各组小鼠体重差异均无统计学意义;250.0mg/kg剂量组睾丸重量、睾丸脏器系数、附睾重量、附睾脏器系数均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).125.0和250.0mg/kg剂量组精子数明显低于对照(均P＜0.01).各染毒组睾丸组织LDH活力、Na-K-ATP酶活力和睾丸T浓度与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义;250.0 rag/kg剂量组睾丸组织SDH活力、AKP活力、GSH含量均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);125.0和250.0 my/kg剂量组的睾丸组织Ca-Mg-ATP酶活力明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);62.5、125.0、250.0 mg/kg剂量组的血清FSH、LH浓度均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而血清T浓度和睾丸组织ACP活力均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 在本实验染毒时间和剂量范围内,MDI对各级生精细胞均有一定的毒性作用,作用的靶点是细胞内的线粒体;MDI干扰了睾丸组织的有氧代谢,抑制了细胞对能量的利用,损伤各级生精细胞,造成生精上皮的损害,并且通过脂质过氧化反应对睾丸组织造成一定程度的损伤,继而引起精子生成减少;MDI对睾酮的合成没有直接影响.     

男性铅作业工人生殖内分泌变化的研究

目的探讨铅对男性工人性激素水平的改变及其影响因素。方法选153名职业性接触铅男工为暴露组,同时选择年龄和经济条件相近,距离冶炼车间1.5km煤场中47名不接触铅男工为非铅暴露组,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅,ELISA方法测定血清中睾酮(T)、黄体生成素(FSH)、卵泡刺激素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)和抑制素B水平。结果暴露组男工血铅水平为370.2μg/L,高于非暴露组221.2μg/L(P0.01);暴露组男工血清中T的平均水平为8.20μg/L,低于非暴露组9.65μg/L(P0.05);抑制素B平均水平为240.5pg/ml高于非暴露组211.1pg/ml(P0.05);黄体生成素(FSH)、卵泡刺激素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)水平两组间差异无显著性(P0.05)。通过Logistic回归分析,发现影响血清T水平异常变化的因素主要是年龄和铅暴露,而抑制素B水平的改变主要与铅暴露有关。结论职业性铅暴露能诱导男工血清中T和抑制素B水平的改变,提示接触铅可损伤内分泌和睾丸支持细胞功能。     

LH-RH有效拮抗剂对雌、雄大鼠的抗生育作用

对雄性和雌性大鼠使用拮抗剂类似物引致抗生育进行研究。雄性大鼠每天用ORG30276的剂量是10μg/kg,100μg/kg或1000μg/kg,连续60天。对照组大鼠仅注射安慰剂。最大剂量的拮抗剂可引致垂体前叶、睾丸、精囊和腹侧前列腺重量明显的减少,并降低了血清和垂体中LH水平。中剂量的拮抗剂仅影响精囊重量。使用最大剂量拮抗剂后,大鼠睾丸组织学检查发现精子生成作用显著降低,停留在初级精母阶段。间质出现纤维如细胞样。停止使用最大剂量的类似物20天后,睾丸、精囊和腹侧前列腺重量明显恢复。但雄鼠与雌鼠同笼仍然不育。60天后雄鼠才恢复睾丸功能和生育力。仔鼠正常,无明显的遗传异常。雌性大鼠每天注射ORG     

围产期低剂量氯化三丁基锡暴露对子代青春期雄性小鼠发育及性激素水平的影响

目的 探讨围产期低剂量氯化三丁基锡( TBTCl)暴露对子代雄性小鼠发育及血清、睾丸组织中雌激素(E2)和雄激素(T)水平的影响.方法 将20只妊娠6d的SPF级昆明小鼠采用经口灌胃方式进行染毒,剂量为0(对照,玉米油)、1、10、100 μg/kg TBTCl溶液,每组5只,染毒至哺乳期结束.仔鼠断乳后每周称量一次体重.出生49天(PN D49)时,每组随机抽取10只雄性仔鼠,测定睾丸、附睾、脑、肝、肾、胸腺重量,并计算脏器系数.测定血清和睾丸组织中E2和T水平.结果 与对照组相比,除100 μg/kg剂量组在PND21、28、35、42、49时体重显著降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)外,其他各组体重均无显著差异;除100μg/kg TBTCl染毒组睾丸系数升高(P＜0.01)外,肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、胸腺、附睾的脏器系数均无显著差异;除10及100 μg/kg TBTCl染毒组睾丸组织中E2水平降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)外,其他各组血清和睾丸组织中E2和T水平均无显著差异.结论 围产期低剂量TBTCl暴露不仅影响雄性小鼠的生长发育,而且降低了睾丸组织中E2水平,并可扰乱小鼠血清、睾丸组织内的雌、雄激素水平的平衡.     

Aerobic degradation of tylosin in cattle,chicken, and swine excreta

Tylosin, a fermentation-derived macrolide antibiotic, was tested to determine its aerobic degradation rate in cattle, chicken, and swine excreta. For chicken, excreta from a hen administered 14C-tylosin as part of a metabolism study were used. For cattle and swine, 14C-tylosin was added to control excreta. The formation of 14C volatile breakdown products and 14CO2 was not observed throughout the study. Material balance for the carbon-14 label ranged between 94% and 104%. Initial, day-0, concentrations of tylosin-A averaged 119.52+/-4.39, 35.01+/-1.34, and 62.82+/-2.11 microg/g (dry weight basis) for cattle, chicken, and swine excreta samples, respectively. After 30 days, samples averaged 4.16+/-0.69 and 4.11+/-0.69 microg/g tylosin-A in cattle and swine excreta, respectively. No residues of tylosin-A or its factors were apparent in the chicken excreta samples after 30 days of incubation. In each case, tylosin declined to less than 6.5% of the initial level after 30 days. Calculated first-order half-lives under the test conditions were 6.2 days, <7.6 days, and 7.6 days for cattle, chicken, and swine excreta, respectively. The results indicate that tylosin residues degrade rapidly in animal excreta. Therefore, tylosin residues should not persist in the environment.     

Prevalence of annoyance attributed to electrical equipment and smells in a Swedish population, and relationship with subjective health and daily functioning

BACKGROUND: Self-reported annoyance from electrical equipment has been in evidence since the mid-1980s, and the first reports of illness from everyday chemicals arose in the 1960s. However, the extent of the problem has not yet been fully established. AIMS: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of annoyance related to electrical and chemical factors in a Swedish general population, and to assess possible relationships with subjective health and daily functioning. METHODS: In total, 13,604 subjects, representative of the population of Scania, Sweden, answered a survey containing five questions regarding annoyance from five environmental factors: fluorescent tube lighting, visual display units, other electrical equipment, air that smells of chemicals, and other smells. The survey also obtained data on self-reported health (SRH-7), mental well-being [General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12], work situation and daily functioning. RESULTS: Almost one-third of the respondents reported annoyance from at least one environmental factor. Annoyance was more frequent among women, subjects of working age and immigrants. Subjects who reported environmental annoyance scored higher on GHQ-12 and lower on SRH-7, indicating impaired subjective physical and mental well-being. They were also more likely to report deteriorated daily functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Annoyance related to electrical and/or chemical factors was common in a Swedish population. Subjects reporting environmental annoyance rated their overall health significantly poorer than the general population. The association with subjective health and functional capacity increased with severity of annoyance, which suggests that there is some connection between environmental annoyance, well-being and functional capacity.     

Symptoms attributed to the environment--a systematic, interdisciplinary assessment

PROBLEM: To assess symptoms attributed to the environment from an interdisciplinary perspective and to evaluate the plausibility of the participants' individual theory of a causal relationship between exposure and health impairment. METHOD: We assessed the medical, psychiatric and environmental background in every participant in an environmental medicine project and discussed the explanatory value of our findings for each reported symptom. RESULTS: Every second participant had at least one symptom that could be plausibly explained by simultaneously occurring medical, psychological or environmental findings. In 40% of the participants the research team rated the association between an environmental exposure and the health complaints to be 'plausible'. Psychiatric disorders were frequent, but did not exclude environmentally caused symptoms. CONCLUSION: Only an interdisciplinary structure including medical, psychiatric and environmental expertise is likely to adequately diagnose and advise persons with environmentally related symptoms.     

我国环境中镉、铅、砷污染及其对暴露人群健康影响的研究进展

该文对我国环境有色金属镉、铅、砷污染及其对暴露人群健康影响的流行病学研究进展进行了综述.研究认为有色金属镉、铅、砷对人体有毒害作用;有色金属矿山的开采和冶炼是环境镉、铅、砷污染的主要来源;污染物进入环境后,产生水污染、大气污染、土壤污染和生物污染,继而危害暴露人群的身体健康,产生一系列急性和慢性病症.但环境有色金属镉、铅、砷污染与暴露人群肿瘤等相关疾病的相关性以及对人体健康产生影响的累积暴露量需进一步进行调查和研究;通过危害认定、剂量-反应关系评定、暴露评价和危险度特性描述对该类环境污染健康影响作出危险度评价应是今后研究的重点.     

Reference values for lead,cadmium and mercury in the blood of adults from the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo,Brazil

Human biomonitoring is an important tool for the evaluation of environmental exposure to contaminants. The data that are obtained from these studies might be compared to appropriate reference values (RVs) in a specific population. The RVs were derived from the rounded values of the upper limit of the 95th confidence interval of the 95th percentile for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in blood from adults in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil to investigate the association between blood metals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Blood samples from 653 nonsmoking blood donors without occupational exposure to the studied metals were collected in 2006. Our evaluations distinguished a younger group (18–39 years) and an older group (40–65 years). RVs in the younger group were 60 μg Pb/L and 4 μg Hg/L for men and 47 μg Pb/L and 4 μg Hg/L for women. RVs in the older group were 80 μg Pb/L and 5 μg Hg/L for men and 63 μg Pb/L and 6 μg Hg/L for women. The RV for Cd was 0.6 μg/L for adults aged 18–65 years. Pb and Cd levels demonstrated a significant association with sex and age. Male blood contained 50% more Pb, and the older group exhibited 23% more Pb. Fish consumption and amalgam fillings were primarily related to Hg levels. RVs for lead were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany but higher than the US population. The RV for Cd in Brazil was well below the RVs of these countries. The RVs for Hg in Brazil were similar to the US but higher than Germany and the Czech Republic.     

2011~2012年高密市农村环境卫生状况调查

目的了解农村环境卫生状况,为政府部门对农村环境卫生决策提供依据。方法2011年8月和2012年8月,在高密市抽取10个乡镇（街道）的40个行政村,每村随机抽取5户居民,采用询问和实地查看的方式调查垃圾收集处理、污水排放情况,厨房、厕所卫生状况,鼠类、苍蝇、蚊类和蟑螂防治和密度调查,饮水卫生和洗手情况。结果调查40个行政村,村内道路完全硬化的占45．00％,集中式供水的占93．78％,有环境卫生管理制度的占67．50％,专兼职保洁员平均每村2人。40个行政村共有户厕i0180座,其中非卫生厕所占93．84％,卫生厕所占6．92％;调查的200户厕所均在院内,厕室内清洁的占32．50％,粪便用土掩埋后施肥和直接施肥分别占64．00％和29．50％。调查村的垃圾随意堆放、定点堆放和统。‘收集的分别占30．00％、45．00％和25．00％;垃圾处理为填埋、焚烧和自然分解的分别占90．00％、7．50％和2．50％。40个村的污水均未经处理直接排放。村中开展过集中灭鼠工作的占70．00％,开展过集中灭蝇工作的占35．00％,开展过集中灭蚊工作的占42．50％,开展过集中灭蟑螂工作的占10．00％。调查的200个家庭中,饮用自来水的占94．00％。调查200人,饭前便后都不洗手、便后洗手、饭前便后都洗和不一定什么时候洗手的分别占18．00％、1．50％、69．50％和11．00％。调查村的40份农田土壤中,检测到蛔虫卵的占52．50％;土壤中铅的含量为（6．39±4．79）mg／kg,镉的含量为（O．60±0．47）mg／kg。结论高密市农村环境卫生设施配套建设相对滞后,农田土壤受到重金属和肠道寄生虫虫卵的污染,居民卫生习惯有待提高。     

Perceptions of general environmental problems, willingness to expend federal funds on these problems, and concerns regarding the Los Alamos National Laboratory: Hispanics are more concerned than Whites

Perceptions about general environmental problems, governmental spending for these problems, and major concerns about the US Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) were examined by interviewing 356 people attending a gun show in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The hypothesis that there are differences in these three areas as a function of ethnicity was examined. We predicted that if differences existed, they would exist for all three evaluations (general environmental problems, government spending, and environmental concerns about LANL). However, this was not the case; there were fewer ethnic differences concerning LANL. Hispanics rated most general environmental problems higher than Whites and rated their willingness to expend federal funds higher than Whites, although all groups gave a lower score on willingness than on concern. Further, the congruence between these two types of ratings was higher for Hispanics than for others. In general, the concerns expressed by subjects about LANL showed few ethnic differences, and everyone was most concerned about contamination. These data indicate that Hispanics attending a gun show are equally or more concerned than others about environmental problems generally but are not more concerned about LANL. The data can be useful for developing future research and stewardship plans and for understanding general environmental problems and their relationship to concerns about LANL. More generally, they indicate that the attitudes and perceptions of Hispanics deserve increased study in a general population.     

2017年赣州市农村环境卫生监测结果分析

目的 了解赣州市农村环境卫生状况,为防治农村环境污染提供科学依据。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,选取赣州市5个县(市),25个乡镇,100个行政村进行环境监测,每个行政村采集一份土壤样本(共100份)进行检测,每个村选取5户家庭(共500户)进行入户调查。通过查阅资料、访谈、现场观察、入户调查,实验室检测等方法获得相关数据。结果 病媒生物灭杀情况较差,91%的监测村未开展任何“灭四害”的工作;89.0%户的居民房屋周围有病媒生物孳生地,63.20%户的厨房内发现鼠迹,87.20%的厨房内发现苍蝇;共调查49所学校,30所学校配有卫生室,有专(兼)职传染病疫情报告人员的学校48所,所有学校均未配备卫生专业技术人员和未建学生健康档案;采样土壤pH平均为5.87±1.27,铅含量为（27.50±18.32）mg/kg,镉含量（10.14±0.142）mg/kg,铬含量（57.55±32.08）mg/kg,8%的采样点达到了污染警戒线。结论 赣州市农村病媒生物的灭杀工作以及学校卫生工作亟待加强,部分地区重金属污染值得警惕。     

Prevalence of childhood allergic diseases in Adana, Southern Turkey

A study to determine the prevalence of childhood asthma and other allergic diseases was done in Adana, during the period between January 1993 and January 1994. The study has been carried out on 2334 children (48.5% boys). Asthma and the other allergic diseases were recognized in 23.6% of the children. The prevalence of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, wheezing, and atopic dermatitis were found to be 12.9, 8.8, 8.4, and 5.0%, respectively. The symptoms of respiratory allergic diseases (asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, wheezing) seemed to be significantly associated with the environmental factors. In conclusion, asthma and other allergic diseases constituted a major health problem for school children in Adana.     

The determination of metals (antimony, bismuth, lead, cadmium, mercury, palladium, platinum, tellurium, thallium, tin and tungsten) in urine samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

 Objective: An analytical method has been established to determine the concentration of antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tellurium (Te), tin (Sn), thallium (Tl) and tungsten (W) in urine. The aim was to develop a method which is equally suitable for the determination of environmentally as well as occupationally caused metal excretion. Methods: Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of metals. Calibration was done using aqueous solutions and standard addition respectively. Results: Urine samples of 14 persons occupationally non-exposed to metals were analysed. With the exception of Pt and Bi all the metals were found in these urine samples. The detection limits for these metals lie between 5 and 50 ng/l. Conclusions: For some metals, which are important from an occupational as well as an environmental viewpoint, ICP-MS is more sensitive than atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). ICP-MS, moreover, is welcome as a reference method for AAS with the additional advantage of multi-element measurement. Received: 5 February 1996/Accepted: 23 August 1996