硫酸氨基葡萄糖抑制白介素1β诱导的人骨关节炎软骨细胞合成一氧化氮研究

目的 研究硫酸氨基葡萄糖(GS)对白介素1β(IL-1β)诱导体外培养的人骨关节炎软骨细胞(HOC)合成一氧化氮(NO)的影响及其作用机制. 方法 取10例骨关节炎患者行全膝关节置换术的软骨标本获取软骨细胞进行培养.在HOC培养液中加入IL 1β(5μg/L)和不同浓度的GS(0.2 mmol/L,2.0 mmol/L,20.0 mmol/L)作用24 h,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)测定检测细胞上清中的NO的含量,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT PCR)法和蛋白印迹法分别检测HOC中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA和蛋白的表达. 结果 IL-1β刺激后HOC合成NO增加,iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达上调(t=-14.81,-45.38,均P＜0.01).2.0 mmol/L和20.0 mmol/L GS浓度依赖式抑制IL-1β诱导HOC合成NO(F=12.43,P＜0.05),抑制IL-1β诱导HOC中iNOS mRNA(F=142.28,P＜0.05)和蛋白的上调(F=78.08,P＜0.01).单独使用20.0 mmol/L的GS对HOC合成NO无影响(t=-0.17,P＞0.05). 结论 GS通过下调HOC细胞内iNOS mRNA和蛋白的表达从而抑制IL-1β诱导的NO合成.     

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase by andrographolide in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of andrographolide on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 3, and 13 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human articular chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage.

Methods

Passaged chondrocytes were pretreated with or without andrographolide for 2 h, followed by coincubation with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) 1 ng/ml for 24 h. Expression levels of MMP-1, 3, and 13, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and iNOS were evaluated using real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting. Nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed using the Griess reaction assay. Involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was assessed by Western blotting, transient transfection, and luciferase reporter assay.

Results

Andrographolide tested in these in vitro studies was found be an effective antiarthritic agent, as evidenced by potent inhibition of MMP-1, 3, and 13 and iNOS expression, as well as upregulation of TIMP-1 in IL-1β-stimulated human articular chondrocytes (p < 0.05). The mechanism of andrographolide’s inhibitory effects was mediated by attenuating the activation of NF-κB in human chondrocytes in the presence of IL-1β.

Conclusions

Andrographolide was a potent inhibitor of the production of inflammatory and catabolic mediators by chondrocytes, suggesting that this natural compound may merit consideration as a therapeutic agent for treating and preventing osteoarthritis.     

复元胶囊对大鼠膝骨关节炎软骨iNOS及血清PGE2、NO的影响

目的 观察复元胶囊(FYJN)对实验性大鼠膝骨关节炎软骨诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及血清一氧化氮(NO)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)的影响.方法 Hulth法建立骨关节炎模型,随机分成正常组、模型组、塞来昔布(CE)组、FYJN低、中、高剂量组,各组分别予相应药物灌胃12 w.HE染色并光镜观察股骨内侧髁软骨病理形态,免疫组化检测软骨中iNOS表达,硝酸基还原酶法及酶联免疫吸附法分别测定血清NO、PGE2含量.结果 FYJN低、中、高剂量组软骨iNOS及血清NO、PGE2均低于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).结论 FYJN呈剂量依赖关系降低骨关节炎软骨中iNOS表达及血清中NO、PGE2含量,对减轻关节炎症有一定的作用.     

Cytokine-induced nitric oxide inhibits mitochondrial energy production and induces myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin-treated rat hearts

The mechanism responsible for cardiac depression in septic shock remains unknown. The present study examined whether nitric oxide (NO) overproduced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can inhibit aerobic energy metabolism and impair the myocardial function in endotoxin-treated rat hearts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (BP) to 44% of control during the 48 h treatment. Hearts from control and LPS-treated rats were perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. After LPS injection, left ventricular (LV) developed pressure (LVDP) was significantly depressed, plasma NO2-/NO3- (NO(x)) concentration was markedly increased, and myocardial adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CrP), and the ratio of ATP/adenosine 5'-diphosphate were progressively decreased with time. Immunological examination showed a significant expression of iNOS protein in the LPS-treated myocytes. Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of iNOS, significantly attenuated these LPS-induced functional and metabolic changes. Myocardial cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) content was significantly increased after LPS injection. Methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, blunted this increase in cGMP and significantly restored the LPS-induced contractile dysfunction 6 h after LPS injection. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between LVDP and myocardial cGMP levels as well as a significant negative correlation between LVDP and plasma NO(x) levels. In contrast, 48 h after LPS injection, methylene blue no longer affected cardiac performance, and there was a significant positive correlation between LVDP and myocardial ATP content. Furthermore, the normalized activities (as a ratio of the citrate synthase activity) of mitochondrial NADH-CoQ reductase, succinate-CoQ reductase, and ATPase, were significantly inhibited, and the swelling or disruption of mitochondria cristae was seen in the 48 h LPS treatment. These LPS-induced functional and morphological disorders in the mitochondria were significantly improved by aminoguanidine. The findings suggest that sustained production of NO by iNOS leads to contractile dysfunction via cGMP in the early stage, but that it can directly impair the mitochondrial function, lower myocardial energy production, and contribute significantly to the myocardial dysfunction in the later stage of septic shock.     

老年大鼠大脑组织一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶的变化及神经细胞凋亡研究

目的研究一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在老年大鼠大脑中的变化及其与神经细胞凋亡的关系. 方法选用5月龄大鼠和30月龄大鼠,利用Griess反应和高压液相技术间接测量大脑NO水平和NOS活性;免疫组化和原位杂交技术分别检测神经元NOS(nNOS)蛋白质水平和nNOS、bcl-2基因水平;末端转移酶标记法原位检测大脑神经细胞凋亡状况. 结果老年大鼠大脑组织NO水平和nNOS活性分别是(2.61±0.10)μmol*L-1和(398.22±21.62)fmol*mg-1*min-1,显著高于青年大鼠的(1.54±0.15)μmol*L-1和(234.38±16.24)fmol*mg-1*min-1.老年大鼠大脑nNOS的基因水平和蛋白表达水平均升高,抗凋亡基因bcl-2水平降低.在老年大鼠大脑质皮检测到散在的凋亡细胞. 结论老年大鼠大脑组织NO水平升高是由于nNOS活性升高所致.nNOS活性的增高部分是由其基因和蛋白水平来决定的.老年大鼠大脑组织NO异常升高可能是导致神经组织损伤进而凋亡的原因之一.     

透明质酸钠对兔骨关节炎滑膜iNOS的表达及滑液一氧化氮含量的影响

目的观察透明质酸钠(SH)对兔骨关节炎模型滑膜诱导型NO合酶(iNOS)的表达及滑液中NO含量的影响。方法16只大耳白兔行单膝前交叉韧带切断术,术后5周将动物随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组关节腔注射1％SH 0．3 ml,每周1次,连续5周；对照组则注射等量生理盐水。术后10周处死动物,采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测滑膜iNOS的mRNA表达；采用硝酸还原酶法测定滑液NO的含量。结果实验组滑膜iNOS mRNA的表达水平(0．47±0．09)较对照组(0．65±0．12)显著降低(P＜0．01)。实验组滑液中NO的含量[(134±12)→μmol/L]与对照组[(152±16)μmol/L]比较明显下降(P＜0．05)。结论SH对兔骨关节炎关节滑液中NO的含量有降低作用,这可能与SH抑制滑膜iNOS的表达有关。     

Celecoxib does not affect the release of hyaluronic acid in end stage osteoarthritic joints

Objectives

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a major role in the management of osteoarthritis (OA). However, it remains unknown whether these drugs affect cartilage and synovial metabolism in osteoarthritic joints. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on synovial fluids and tissues in severely osteoarthritic knees.

Methods

Patients were randomized into three groups and medicated two weeks prior to total knee arthroplasty with celecoxib, diclofenac sodium, or no medication (control). We checked for the presence of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the synovial fluids of all three groups.

Results

MMP-3 significantly decreased in the celecoxib-treated patients (p = 0.0031). On the other hand, there were no significant differences among the three groups in their TNF-α and IL-1β levels. HA in the joint fluid was significantly increased in the diclofenac-treated group, while HA was not changed in the celecoxib-treated patients.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that celecoxib did not affect the level of HA in the joint fluid in the knee in severe OA, in contrast to the effect of the dual COX inhibitor.     

一氧化氮及其合酶在哮喘发病机制中的作用

探讨一氧化氮及其合酶在哮喘发病机制中的作用。方法 采用哮喘豚鼠模型，将豚鼠分为４组；１．哮喘组，用１０％卵白蛋白腹腔注射１ｍｌ致敏，２周后用１％卵白蛋白超声雾化吸入致其哮喘发作．２；肾上腺皮质激素预防组；诱喘同哮喘组，在每次诱喘前腹腔滴注地塞米松０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。３．硝基精氨酸甲酯预防组；诱喘同哮喘组，每次诱喘产腹腔注射ＬＮＮＡ０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。４．正常对照组；用生理盐水代替诱喘剂。每组分别测定其     

核因子κB诱捕抑制白细胞介素-1β诱导的软骨细胞生成一氧化氮的实验研究

目的探讨用核因子诱捕(decoy)方法抑制软骨细胞生成一氧化氮(NO)的可行性。方法培养大鼠软骨细胞，人工合成大鼠诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)基因上能够与核因子(NF)-κB序列识别和结合并带有荧光标记的特异性双链寡脱氧核苷酸(ODN)序列NF—κB decoy ODN，将不同浓度的NF—κB decoy ODN转染入培养的大鼠软骨细胞，通过荧光显微镜观察其转染效率及降解情况，检测其对白细胞介素(IL)-1β诱导的软骨细胞NO生成及iNOS mRNA转录的影响。结果NF—κB decoy ODN能转染入软骨细胞胞核并能维持一定时间，其中4μmol／L以上浓度的NF—κB decoy ODN能够有效抑制IL—1β诱导的软骨细胞iNOS mRNA的转录及NO生成。结论NF—κB decoy ODN能够转染入软骨细胞并抑制IL—1β诱导的软骨细胞iNOS mRNA的转录及NO生成，为抑制NO的生成提供了新的思路和方法。     

容量超负荷心功能不全大鼠心肌一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的　探讨一氧化氮合酶（ｎｉｔｒｉｃ ｏｘｄｉｅ ｓｙｎｔｈａｓｅ,ＮＯＳ）在心功能不全发生机制中的意义。方法　复制容量超负荷心功能不全大鼠模型,用比色法检测了心肌ＮＯＳ活性,用Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ 法间接检测了一氧化氮（ｎｉｔｒｉｃ ｏｘｉｄｅ,ＮＯ）血浓度的变化。结果　心功能不全心肌ＮＯＳ活性增高,血ＮＯ水平显著升高（ Ｐ ＜ ０．０５ 及Ｐ ＜ ０．００１ ）。结论　提示ＮＯＳ的改变参与了心功能不全的发生发展过程,这可能与ＮＯＳ活性增加生成超量的ＮＯ 通过抑制心肌收缩力、损伤心肌细胞等机制有关。     

Chronic ethanol ingestion increases aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in the rat

Background:  Chronic alcohol consumption perturbs cellular function in a variety of organ systems. Previous studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption reduces vascular disease, whereas heavier alcohol consumption may worsen it. The mechanisms for these vascular effects of chronic alcohol ingestion continue to be defined and constitute the focus of this study.
Methods:  Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed an isocaloric, Lieber-Decarli liquid diet containing either ethanol (36% calories) or Maltose–Dextrin (substituted for ethanol) for 6 weeks. Telemetric blood pressure measurements were taken before and after ethanol feeding. After the rats were killed, the aortas were analyzed for endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and NO production.
Results:  Chronic ethanol ingestion decreased mean arterial pressure and increased aortic NO production as demonstrated by direct ex vivo measurements using iron diethyldithio-carbamic acid as well as analysis of nitrosyl-hemoglobin (NO-Hb) levels. Consistent with these assays of vascular NO production, endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to acetycholine (Ach) were enhanced in ethanol-fed animals. Aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression was also increased by chronic ethanol ingestion.
Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate that a regimen of chronic alcohol ingestion in the rat produced generally salutary effects in the systemic vasculature following a 6-week treatment regimen. These findings extend previous in vitro studies to demonstrate that alcohol has potent effects on vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, NO production, and vascular function. Consistent with previous reports, these findings confirm that alcohol-induced alterations in the production of reactive nitrogen species play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-mediated tissue effects.     

氟对大鼠脑组织中一氧化氮合成酶活性的影响

目的为研究氟对神经系统的作用机理。方法利用化学发光分析技术测定大鼠脑组织中的一氧化氮合成酶的活性。结果氟暴露大鼠脑组织中ＮＯＳ活性明显高于对照组，直接在ＮＯＳ反应液中加入氟化钠，ＮＯＳ活性亦增加，而且这种增强作用能被一氧化氮合成酶的抑制剂Ｌ－硝基精氨酸所阻断。结论无论在体内还是体外，氟能使一氧化氮合成酶的活性增高。     

阿托伐他汀对冠心病患者血清一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶含量的影响

目的　观察阿托伐他汀对冠心病患者血清一氧化氮 (NO)及一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)含量水平的影响。方法　对用阿托伐他汀治疗的 79例冠心病患者依据是否合并高胆固醇血症分为两组 ,对其治疗前后血清 NO及 NOS含量水平进行对比分析。结果　不论是否合并高胆固醇血症的冠心病 ,阿托伐他汀均可升高其血清 NO及 NOS水平。结论　阿托伐他汀可通过调脂治疗抑制脂质的过氧化反应 ,保护血管内皮功能 ,但其保护内皮功能的作用不受患者是否存在高脂血症的影响 ,改善内皮功能 ,对冠心病的防治具有重要意义。     

一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶在低氧性肺动脉高压中的研究进展

一氧化氮可调节肺血管张力,维持肺血管正常结构和肺循环的低阻力状态,在低氧性肺动脉高压的发生机制中起重要作用.由于一氧化氮具有独特的理化性质和生物学活性,因此目前研究主要集中在对其合成的关键酶一氧化氮合酶.下面就一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶在低氧性肺动脉高压发病中的作用机制及临床应用的研究作一简单综述.     

大鼠组织一氧化氮含量变化及其调节在衰老过程中的作用

目的　揭示大鼠组织一氧化氮 ( NO)含量和一氧化氮合酶 ( NOS)活性变化与衰老的相关关系 ,并通过调节 NO合成 ,探讨 NO在衰老过程中的作用。　方法　对不同月龄大鼠采用铜离子活化镉还原法测定组织 NO含量 ,应用血红蛋白氧化法测定组织 NOS的活性 ,采用硫代巴比妥酸染色法测定组织丙二醛 ( MDA)含量。　结果　与青年组相比 ,老年组 ( 2 0～ 2 2月龄 )心脑肾组织 NO降低有显著性 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,而中年组仅肾组织 NO含量降低有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5) ;老年组较中年组仅心脏组织 NO含量降低有显著性 ( P<0 .0 1 )。中年组心脑组织 NOS活性较青年组降低 ( P<0 .0 5) ;而老年组组织 NOS活性较中年组增高 ,仅脑组织 NOS增高有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5)。与老年对照组比较 ,β-雌二醇组心肝肾脑组织 NO含量明显增高 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,而心脑肾组织 MDA下降有显著性 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;L-硝基精氨酸甲酯组肝组织 NO降低有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5) ,而 MDA下降仅在脑组织有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5)。　结论　大鼠组织 NO含量与衰老之间存在一定的相关关系。     

Melatonin inhibits endothelial nitric oxide production in vitro

Endothelial cell function is a major player on the regulation of both vascular tonus and permeability. Activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by bradykinin is one physiological pathway for the well-known vascular relaxation mediated by endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO). In this study we investigated if melatonin, which is known to modulate endothelial cell function and NO production in other tissues, is able to impair bradykinin-induced NO production in vitro. Rat microvascular endothelial cells were incubated with fluorescent dyes to detect either NO or Ca2+. In addition, cGMP levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. We found that while bradykinin (1-100 nm) increased both cytosolic Ca2+ and NO production, melatonin (1 nm) abolished this NO production but not cytosolic Ca2+ elevation. N-acetylserotonin (0.1 and 1 nm) had the same effect, while the selective agonist for MT3 receptors (5-MCA-NAT, 1 nm) had no effect. Moreover, nonselective and MT2-selective antagonists did not alter the effect of melatonin, suggesting that it is not mediated by MT melatonin receptors. A possible direct inhibition of calmodulin was also discarded as melatonin did not mimic the effect of calmidazolium on cytosolic Ca2+. Melatonin also abolished cGMP production induced by 1 microm bradykinin, indicating that the NO downstream effect is impaired. Thus, here we show that melatonin reduces NO production induced by bradykinin by a mechanism upstream to the interaction of Ca2+ -calmodulin with NOS. Moreover, this effect might be the basis of the diurnal variation in endothelial cell function.     

胃食管反流病患者食管NOS表达及血清NO含量变化的临床意义

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)在胃食管反流病(GERD)发病机制中的作用.方法应用PC polygraf HR高分辨多通道测压系统检测GERD患者的食管下段括约肌压力(LESP)、食管下段括约肌长度(LESL)及食管远端蠕动幅度等动力参数;应用Digitrapper MK Ⅲ动态食管PH监测仪检测其24小时食管内PH各项参数;应用NADPH-d组化染色观察食管一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达;应用硝酸还原酶法测定血清NO含量.结果GERD患者的LESP及LESL显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);前者的食管下段蠕动幅度明显低于后者(P＜0.01);前者的食管内24小时PH值明显高于后者;患者食管粘膜NOS呈强阳性反应;其血清NO含量也显著高于对照组.结论内源性NO可能参与GERD的致病机理.