胸部创伤损伤严重度评估及死亡原因分析

目的探讨胸部创伤的死亡原因及损伤严重度评估，以提高胸部创伤的诊断及治疗水平。方法回顾性分析我院687例胸部创伤的临床资料，并根据治疗结果（分为生存组、死亡组）、有无合并伤（分为单纯胸伤组、多发伤组）以及是否有胸膜腔与外界沟通（分为闭合伤组、开放伤组）分组进行修正创伤评分（RTS）、简明损伤定级（AIS）、损伤严重度评分（ISS）和计算生存概率（PS），比较不同组间的损伤严重程度，分析死亡的高危险因素。结果闭合伤组488例，其中死亡21例，死亡原因为原发性颅脑损伤10例，急性呼吸衰竭6例，多器官功能不全综合征（M（）DS）4例，低血容量性休克1例；开放伤组199例，其中死亡9例，死亡原因为低血容量性休克9例。创伤评分各指标在生存组、死亡组间差异有统计学意义（GCS：t=4．648，P=0．000，RTS：t=4．382，P=0．000，胸AIS：t=2．296，P=0．027，ISS：t=4．871，P=0．000；Ps：t=4．254，P=0．000）；单纯胸伤组与多发伤组胸AIS差异无统计学意义（t=0．723，P=34．567），但RTS（t=2．553，P=0．032），ISS（t=10．776，P=0．000），Ps（t=3．868，P=0．007）差异有统计学意义；在闭合伤生存组、开放伤生存组间，虽然RTS（t=3．161，P=0．007），ISS（t=4．118，P=0．005）差异有统计学意义，但Ps差异无统计学意义（t=0．857，P=97．453），而在闭合伤死亡组、开放伤死亡组间差异均有统计学意义（GCS：t=4．016，P=0．001；RTS：t=3．168，P=0．006；胸AIS：t=2．303，P=0．043；ISS：t=4．218，P=0．002；Ps：t=4．624，P=0．001）。创伤死亡率随创伤评分增高而增高，全组ISS值在20～25时，死亡率为10．7％，在ISS值相同时，开放伤组死亡率较闭合伤组高。结论胸部创伤应用创伤评分有助于判断损伤严重度，指导临床救治；闭合伤死亡原因较开放伤复杂；严重创伤     

胸外科：胸部创伤严重度评价与救治结局探讨

采用AIS-98最新修订本对1995年1月至2005年6月救治的3057例胸部创伤病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果：总治愈率93．8％（2866／3057），病死率6．2％（191／3057）。死亡组ISS、GCS、修正创伤评分（RTS）、国人创伤严重度特征评分[ASCOT_CHINA）_生存概率（Ps）、创伤与损伤严重度评分（TRISS）_Ps、ASCOT_Ps与生存组比较，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。     

严重多发伤175例诊治体会

严重多发伤是指单一损伤因素造成２个或２个以上解剖部位的损伤，且其创伤严重度评分（ISS）值≥１６者犤１，２犦。本院近１０年来共收治严重多发伤１７５例，现将其救治体会报道如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组中男１２８例，女４７例；年龄１４～６７岁。致伤原因：交通伤１２５例（７１．４％），斗殴伤１９例（１０．９％），坠落伤１７例（９．７％），挤压伤１４例（８％）。其中伤２处者６４例（３６．６％），３处者５１例（２９．１％），４处及其以上者６０例（３４．３％）。其中以胸部伤为主的４８例，腹部伤为主的９４例…     

不同时期胸部创伤的特点及救治经验

目的比较不同时期收治胸部创伤（胸伤）的特点，围绕其院内死亡原因总结救治经验。方法将１６３９例胸伤分为１９９０年前、后两组，比较不同时期病例数、致伤原因、严重胸伤构成比及住院死亡率，并对伤后早期与晚期常见致死原因失血性休克、成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）和多系统器官衰竭（ＭＳＯＦ）等进行分析。结果９０年代后收治胸伤病例增多，穿透性刃器伤、重症钝性胸伤、连枷胸、肺挫伤和ＡＲＤＳ病例明显增加，住院死亡率从４．３０％降至２．９６％；住院早期死亡原因以失血性休克为主，晚期死亡原因多为ＡＲＤＳ和ＭＳＯＦ。结论应针对９０年代胸伤特点，围绕严重胸伤常见的致死原因，进一步改进急救和后续处理，降低死亡率。     

创伤评分与胸部创伤定量

创伤评分与胸部创伤定量杨建石应康综述据统计，胸部创伤（胸伤）占外伤的１０．２％～６２％［１，２］，胸伤伴多发伤常是致死的主要原因。为度量胸伤和其它伤的程度及其对死亡的影响，欧美广泛采用创伤评分法。创伤评分与临床各科孤立采用的评分不同。我们所述的胸伤评...     

修正胸部穿透伤生理评分的初步探讨

目的 探讨胸部穿透伤（PTT）创伤评分预测生死结局的效果,修正生理评分方法。方法 将295例PTT中127例急诊手术患者分为生存组和死亡组进行多种创伤评分,比较两组在各种创伤评分间的差别,分析各种评分指标预测生死和实际生死结果。比较两组入院时、麻醉时伤后时间和各种生理参数的差别,结合实际生死用Logistic回归分析计算各相关因素的权重,命名新指标为穿透伤进程评分（PICS）,比较并评价PICS和修正创伤评分（RTS）。结果 解剖评分的胸AIS和损伤严重度评估（ISS）在生存组和死亡组间差别具有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,而生理评分RTS在预测生死结局的敏感性时并不令人满意。按入院和手术麻醉时生理参数的变化,选择格拉斯哥指数（GCS）、伤后时间（T）、脉压（PP）、动脉收缩压（SPB）作为PICS的参数,经Logistic回归分析得到PICS权重和计算公式;PICS和RTS比较,其预测生死结局的准确性、敏感性提高,特异性不变,死亡误判率降低。结论 建议在急诊评价穿透伤时可试用PICS取代RTS作为生理评分,并进一步观察其临床应用的合理性。     

严重胸外伤合并多发伤的诊治体会

目的：探讨严重胸外伤合并多发伤的临床诊断要点和治疗措施。方法回顾性分析本院2011年6月至2013年9月收治的胸外伤合并多发伤患者89例,统计其一般资料、致伤原因、病情特点、治疗及转归情况。结果本组病例多为交通意外伤（45例,50.6%）,胸腔损伤类型以肋骨断裂（63例,70.8%）和肺损伤（51例,57.3%）居多,胸腔外以颅脑损伤（9例,10.1%）居多。本组病例共死亡9例,死亡率10.1%。年龄、合并伤数目、ISS评分、并发症及合并症类型均可影响患者死亡率;且ISS评分>35分、休克、ARDS、MOFD及颅脑损伤为导致死亡的独立危险因素。其中ISS评分>35分、休克、ARDS、MOFD及颅脑损伤的患者死亡率分别为31.6%（6/19）、50.0%（5/10）、26.7（4/15）、30.0%（3/10）及40.0%（6/15）。结论严重胸外伤合并多发伤病情危重,复杂多变,应结合临床、影像、腔镜和开胸手术迅速、灵活诊断;在此基础上实施VIPCO急救流程,并注重高危因素防治,以提高患者生存率和生存质量。     

家兔胸部火器伤实验模型建立及早期死亡原因探讨

目的建立家兔胸部火器伤实验模型，探讨致伤机理及早期死亡原因。方法４８只家兔随机均分为８组，分别用气步枪和小口径步枪致胸壁伤和胸腔伤，并分实验模型组与救治组对比研究。实验中对血压、心率、气道压、血气、胸部Ｘ线等指标进行监测和常规病理检查。结果胸壁伤：模型组中气步枪无死亡，小口径步枪死亡１只，救治组无死亡。胸腔穿透伤：模型组与救治组中气步枪死亡率分别为５０％和１６．７％，小口径步枪分别为８３．３％和５０％。结论（１）按实验参数致伤结果符合量效关系，重复性好，且与人类战时火器伤死亡率近似；（２）发现除心脏、大血管损伤外，肋间动脉出血也是动物早期死亡的重要原因；肺损伤出现早而严重；（３）现场初步救治可提高存活率     

骨盆骨折的临床流行病学分析

目的探讨骨盆骨折的流行病学特点，以提高骨盆骨折的防治水平和救治质量，减少死亡率和伤残率。方法总结2001年6月～2006年11月收治的223例骨盆骨折患者的临床资料，统计分析患者性别、年龄、致伤原因及合并伤等情况。结果223例患者中，男137例，女86例，男女比例为1．59：1。年龄为3—93岁，20—39岁占57．4％。主要致伤原因：交通伤156例（70．0％），高处坠落伤48例（21.15％），重物砸伤11例（4．9％）。直接入院患者85例，转院患者138例。Tile分型：A型109例，B型53例，C型61例。89．7％的患者合并其它部位损伤，其中四肢长管状骨骨折、下腹部及会阴器官损伤、肋骨骨折及肺挫伤、颅脑伤及颅骨骨折、脊柱损伤等为骨盆骨折的常见合并伤。收住于近20个科室，发生休克26例，骨盆手术31例，死亡3例。结论骨盆骨折以男性青壮年居多；绝大多数由高能量创伤所致，合并伤发生率极高，易发生休克。加强创伤救洽培训和安全教育，进一步提高医疗质量，可减少骨盆骨折的伤残率和死亡率。     

改良骨盆损伤严重度评分法评价骨盆骨折494例

骨盆创伤的救治在全身骨关节损伤中占有十分重要地位,客观准确地评价骨盆创伤严重度,对创伤的诊断、救治及判断预后有重要意义。国外已使用简明损伤定级（AIS）、损伤严重度评分（ISS）、ASCOT、APACHE等创伤评分方法来预测伤情和生存概率。ISS是目前最常用的评分方法,但也有不足之处。     

Clinical retrospective and comparative study on diaphragm injuries in 46 cases

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Scapular fractures and concomitant injuries

Objective: The association of scapular fractures with other life-threatening injuries including blunt thoracic aortic injury is widely recognized.Few studies have investigated this presumed association...     

Injury patterns associated with mortality following motorcycle crashes

All patients involved in motorcycle crashes admitted to various hospitals in the Yorkshire region of UK between January 1993 and December 1999 were retrospectively reviewed to identify the factors that are likely to predict a reduced survival. Of the 1239 patients requiring hospital admission, 74 died. The probability of reduced survival was estimated by a logistic regression model using independent variables such as head injury, thoracic trauma, abdominal injury, spinal injury and pelvic fracture and a compound variable of pelvic fracture combined with a long bone fracture. The odds ratio for head injury was 0.349, chest injury 0.39, abdominal injury 0.42, and the compound variable (pelvis plus a long bone fracture) 0.576. The mean injury severity score (ISS) in the fatal group was 35.96 compared to 12.2 in the group that survived (P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) between patients wearing a helmet and those that did not wear any protective headgear (P=0.0007). Head injury followed by chest and abdominal trauma were found to predict a reduced survival rate. Use of helmets should continue to be compulsory. Chest and abdominal injuries should be diagnosed and treated early to reduce mortality.     

肩胛骨骨折与其合并伤关系的探讨

目的 分析115例肩胛骨骨折病例的临床资料,探讨肩胛骨骨折粉碎程度和涉及部位与合并伤之间的关系.方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2008年3月115例肩胛骨骨折患者的病史及其影像学资料,分为单部分骨折组(83例)和多部分骨折组(32例),比较两组合并伤的发生率及特点.将单部分肩胛骨骨折组按Nordqvist与Petersson方法分成3组:肌肉覆盖部分(64例)、骨突起部分(11例)及肩胛盂部分(8例),并比较3组合并伤的发生率及特点.结果 绝大部分肩胛骨骨折是严重多发伤的一部分,致伤原因与高能量损伤有关.最常见的致伤原因是车祸伤(70.4%).损伤严重程度评分值(injury severity Scale,ISS)平均14.0,42例(36.5%)患者ISS>16.98例(85.2%)患者伴有不同程度和类型的合并伤,其中又以胸部合并伤的发生率最高(85/115,73.9%).多部分肩胛骨骨折组胸部简明损伤定级法评分值(abbreviated injury score,AIS)和总体ISS值均高于单部分肩胛骨骨折组.在单部分肩胛骨骨折组中,肌肉覆盖部骨折组较骨突起部和肩胛盂部骨折组的胸部AIS值和总体ISS值更高.结论 肩胛骨骨折尤其是骨折涉及多部分或肌肉覆盖部时更容易并发严重的胸部损伤.多部分肩胛骨骨折致伤原因多为高能量损伤,常伴发严重的胸部合并伤,可作为胸部严重损伤存在的一项骨性指标.     

Usefulness of the abbreviated injury score and the injury severity score in comparison to the Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND: Assessment of injury severity is important in the management of patients with brain trauma. We aimed to analyze the usefulness of the head abbreviated injury score (AIS), the injury severity score (ISS), and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) as measures of injury severity and predictors of outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Data were prospectively collected from 410 patients with TBI. AIS, ISS, and GCS were recorded at admission. Subjects' outcomes after TBI were measured using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) at 12 months postinjury. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Outcome information was obtained from 270 patients (66%). ISS was the best predictor of GOS-E (rs = -0.341, p < 0.001), followed by GCS score (rs = 0.227, p < 0.001), and head AIS (rs = -0.222, p < 0.001). When considered in combination, GCS score and ISS modestly improved the correlation with GOS-E (R = 0.335, p < 0.001). The combination of GCS score and head AIS had a similar effect (R = 0.275, p < 0.001). Correlations were stronger from patients 8). CONCLUSIONS: GCS score, AIS, and ISS are weakly correlated with 12-month outcome. However, anatomic measures modestly outperform GCS as predictors of GOS-E. The combination of GCS and AIS/ISS correlate with outcome better than do any of the three measures alone. Results support the addition of anatomic measures such as AIS and ISS in clinical studies of TBI. Additionally, most of the variance in outcome is not accounted for by currently available measures of injury severity.     

98例重型颅脑外伤合并多发伤的院前急救分析

目的探讨如何提高重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤整体救治水平。方法对我院2003年1月至2007年12月救治的98例重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤患者进行回顾性分析。结果在本组98例重型颅脑外伤合并多发伤患者中存活71例,死亡27例（27．6％）。死亡组的病人GCS评分及ISS评分均低于存活组的病人（P〈0．05）,合并器官损伤的数量多于存活组（P〈0．05）,受伤到院前急救时间及受伤到手术时间均长于存活组（P〈O．05）。结论重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤成功救治的关键是重视事发现场与院前的急救,缩短患者受伤到急诊科救治的时间、缩短急诊确诊时间、及时通过绿色通道进行手术治疗。     

Prognostic value of trauma scores in pediatric patients with multiple injuries

BACKGROUND: For the quantification of multiple injuries in children, a range of different trauma scores are available, the actual prognostic value of which has, however, not so far been investigated and compared in a group of patients. METHODS: In 261 polytraumatized children and adolescents, 11 trauma scores (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS], Injury Severity Score [ISS], Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS], Acute Trauma Index [ATI], Shock Index [SI], Trauma Score [TS], Revised Trauma Score [RTS], Modified Injury Severity Score [MISS], Trauma and Injury Severity Score [TRISS]-Scan, Hannover Polytrauma Score [HPTS], and Pediatric Trauma Score [PTS]) were calculated, and their prognostic relevance in terms of survival, duration of intensive care treatment, hospital stay, and long-term outcome analyzed. RESULTS: With a specificity of 80%, physiologic scores (TS, RTS, GCS, ATI) showed a greater accuracy (79-86% vs. 73-79%) with regard to survival prediction than did the anatomic scores (AIS, HPTS, ISS, PTS); combined forms of these two types of score (TRISS-Scan, MISS) did not provide any additional information (76-80%). Overall, the TRISS-Scan was the score that showed the highest correlation with duration of treatment and long-term outcome. Trauma scores specially conceived for use with children (PTS, MISS) failed to show any superiority vis-à-vis trauma scores in general. CONCLUSION: With regard to prognostic quality and ease of use in the practical setting, TS and the TRISS-Scan are recommended for polytrauma in children and adolescents. Special pediatric scores are not necessary.     

Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy in a Scandinavian trauma hospital--is it justified?

OBJECTIVE: Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy (ET) is of value in selected (penetrating) trauma patients. Current survival-estimates and recommended guidelines are based on data from the United States. However, reports from European trauma centres are lacking. We report the current experience from a Scandinavian trauma hospital. METHODS: Identification of all consecutive ETs performed during a 5-year period. Data on demographics, and injury severity score (ISS), mechanism and location were recorded. Physiological status on admission (revised trauma score, RTS) and probability of survival (Ps) were calculated. Signs of life (SOL) and need for closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CC-CPR) were recorded through the post-injury phase. RESULTS: Ten patients underwent ET with no survivors. The annual incidence of ET was 0.7 per 100,000 inhabitants during the study period, with an increasing trend during the last years (r=0.74, p=0.014). ETs were performed in 0.7% of all trauma admissions, and in 2.5% of all severely injured patients (ISS>or=16). Blunt mechanism dominated; only three had penetrating injuries. Most frequent location of major injury was "multiple" (n=4) and "thoracic" (n=4). The male to female ratio was 7:3. Median age was 51 years (range 21-77). Median ISS was 34.5 (range 26-75), indicating severely injured patients, with seriously deranged physiology (median RTS of 0.0, range 0-6.1) with poor chance of survival (median Ps of 4.4%, range 0-89.5%). Males had significantly lower RTS and Ps (p=0.007 and 0.03, respectively) than females. Eight patients had signs of life at some time post-injury, but only four in the emergency room. Six patients had both pre- and in-hospital CC-CPR. Four patients had additional surgery to ET. Two possible preventable deaths were identified (Ps) of 51 and 89%), one in a third trimester pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Emergency thoracotomy is a rarely performed procedure in a rather busy Scandinavian trauma hospital, and outcome is dismal. Reevaluation of our decision-making process concerning the use of emergency thoracotomy is needed. How survival data and clinical experience in Europe compare to current figures from North America deserves further attention.