乳癌改良根治术同期背阔肌移植乳房再造术的围术期护理

目的 探讨乳癌改良根治术同期背阔肌移植乳房再造术的囤术期护理方法。方法 对20例乳癌改良根治术同期背阔肌移植乳房再造术患者做好术前心理护理、术后移植皮辩的观察护理及康复训练。结果 20例手术均顺利完成，除2例发生并发症，经及时处理痊愈外，其他切口均Ⅰ期愈合，双乳房对称，外形和外观无明显变化，手感良好。结论 乳癌改良根治术同期背阔肌移植乳房再造术在切除癌肿的同时再造乳房，而做好围术期护理是手术成功的保障。     

乳腺切除术同时行乳房再造术11例报告

摘要：笔者应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移植进行乳房再造术11例。全部病例的肌皮瓣及其中保留乳头3例均存活，无积液感染等并发症。再造乳房外形美观。提示乳癌根治术后，可用一期带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移植进行乳房再造术。     

乳房再造术的临床研究

目的 回顾总结了乳癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、Becker可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植、扩大的背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植乳房再造术的经验,探讨手术的适应征、方法和效果.方法 16例行保留皮肤的乳癌根治术一期假体植入乳房再造;13例行Becker可扩张假体植入一期乳房再造;4例行单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植乳房再造手术,其中2例为一期再造,另2例为二期再造.应用Becker可扩张假体行二期乳房再造1例.扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植二期乳房再造1例.结果 手术效果满意,优良率超过90%.3例病人出现轻微并发症,其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死,一例出现保留的乳头乳晕部分坏死,1例出现血清肿.结论 单纯假体植入适用于瘦小病人,对侧乳房小且没有明显下垂.优点是不增加额外瘢痕,术后恢复快;可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳癌根治术的患者,此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张术乳房再造术的优点;TRAM和ELDF皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植,安全、手术效果好.     

乳癌根治一期乳房重建

报道1985年～1989年5月,为6例乳癌患者作根治术的同时,一期作带血管神经肌蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建乳房,全部取得成功。较详细介绍了手术设计及操作方法,讨论了在乳癌根治术同时行再造术的必要性,以及背阔肌肌皮瓣作为再造材料的优点。     

保留乳房外形的乳腺手术的临床应用研究

目的:探讨利用背阔肌皮瓣、腹直肌肌皮瓣(r ect us abdomi ni s myocut aneous f l ap,TRAM),假体或者联合使用开展保留乳房外形的乳腺手术的手术适应证,方式选择,手术并发症。方法:2007年5月至2009年2月行背阔肌皮瓣,腹直肌皮瓣,假体,以及联合使用的保留乳房外形的乳腺手术21例。观察指标包括手术方式的选择,手术时间,术后并发症以及美学效果。结果:背阔肌皮瓣改良保乳术12例,平均时间289mi n;腹直肌皮瓣改良保乳术4例,平均时间393 mi n。利用腹直肌和背阔肌皮瓣修复乳癌术后胸壁巨大缺损1例。Paget病利用腹直肌和背阔肌皮瓣行乳房再造术1例。乳癌术后行游离腹直肌皮瓣乳房再造术1例。保留皮肤乳头乳晕全切术后背阔肌乳房再造术1例。乳房全切后乳房即刻再造术1例。再造乳房有2例失败,其余乳房存活良好,手术并发症少。结论:利用自体组织或者假体行改良保乳术或者乳房再造术,操作时间不长,术后并发症少,美学效果好,基本不影响患者的后期治疗。     

背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造同期修复淋巴结清扫术后腋窝畸形

目的探讨背阔肌肌瓣乳房再造同期修复淋巴结清扫术后腋窝畸形的临床效果。方法自2009年至2014年,对23例单侧乳腺癌改良根治术后患者行乳房再造,在背阔肌乳房再造术中,切断背阔肌止点,将上方背阔肌肌瓣向腋窝旋转并固定,以修复腋窝凹陷畸形。结果 23例患者腋窝凹陷畸形均得到纠正,局部无臃肿,未发生皮瓣坏死。随访6~30个月,手术效果良好,患者满意。结论背阔肌肌瓣乳房再造同期修复腋窝畸形,创伤小、操作简便、效果良好,值得推广应用。     

乳腺癌手术切口与再造术时机的选择

目的为消除根治手术对乳腺癌患者所带来的形体破坏和巨大的心理压力,改善患者的心理、生理状况及生活质量,探求一种既能达到根治目的,又能减轻对形体的破坏,尽快恢复乳房外形美观的手术方式.方法根据肿瘤所在部位和分期,选择横切口乳癌根治术,及肿瘤外3cm范围的局部切除加腋下纵切口淋巴清扫术,以及背阔肌皮瓣即时乳房再造术.结果 54例患者中,背阔肌皮瓣即时再造18例,1例因脂肪液化皮瓣坏死,17例乳房再造成功;横切口乳癌改良根治术36例,在放射治疗后6周至2年,陆续有9例患者采用背阔肌皮瓣法或下腹横行岛状腹直肌肌皮瓣法行Ⅱ期乳房再造.随访3个月至5年,除1例1年后出现对侧乳房及骨转移外,其余均无肿瘤生长.结论此两种术式不仅达到了乳癌根治的目的,还最大程度地减少了皮瓣坏死的并发症和乳房缺如带给患者的心理压力,而且手术安全可靠.     

乳腺癌改良根治一期乳房再造术后近期并发症的探讨

目的:探讨乳腺癌根治一期乳房再造术后近期发生的并发症及其原因.方法:收集本院2006年2月～2007年12月32例乳腺癌改良根治一期乳房再造病例.全组病例行乳房改良根治术乳房再造方法:一期行单蒂下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣移植和假体植入6例,单纯假体植入术12例,乳房扩张假体植入术11例.结果:中位随访时间14个月,1例乳房局部血肿,1例术后10个月发生腹部切口疝:边缘局部坏死7例,乳头乳晕发生部分坏死2例,其中1例皮瓣坏死范围大导致假体露出.并发症的总发生率34.4%(11/32).结论:乳腺癌行改良根治性手术一期乳房再造术后并发症发发生率较高.乳癌改良根治手术时,要注意皮瓣及乳头乳晕区切除的宽度和剥离皮瓣的厚度:移植皮瓣时要注意移植的肌肉组织血运是否完整和有无遗留的微小血管未结扎;乳房再造术仅植入扩张器者,因局部张力小,对皮瓣血运影响小,并发症发生率低.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后乳房再造术的临床研究

目的:介绍乳房再造术应用于早期乳腺癌患者既可保留乳房美观外形,又安全可行。方法:对早期乳腺癌患者行改良根治术后并假体植入、背阔肌肌皮瓣移植、横行腹直肌肌皮瓣移植、腹壁下动脉穿支肌皮瓣移植等不同方法进行Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期乳房再造。结果:2003～2008年共治疗21例,术后随访3年、4年、5年以上分别为18例、12例、4例,均无肿瘤复发及转移,术后外观效果满意。结论:乳房再造术对早期乳腺癌患者安全可行,效果好,并可根据患者不同情况及需求采用不同方法。     

乳腺癌术后乳房即刻再造152例报告

目的探讨乳癌根治术后即时应用单纯假体植入、可调式双囊假体植入和自体组织移植乳房再造术的适应证及疗效。方法101例在保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术基础上于胸大肌下方植入Mentor假体再造乳房，39例在胸大肌下方植入Becker可调式假体再造乳房，10例用单蒂下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣移植至乳房缺损区再造乳房。2例采用扩大的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植再造乳房。结果随访152例3—65个月，中位时间28个月，2例13个月后肿瘤局部复发，取出假体。术后乳房外观评价优良率达94％。结论单纯假体植入适用于乳房较小的患者，可调式假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房较大，或根治术时皮肤缺损较多的患者。     

关于女性乳腺疾病患者对保乳及乳房重建认同度的调查

目的通过调查女性乳腺疾病患者对于保乳和乳房重建手术的认同度,初步探讨国内保乳率和乳房重建率低下的原因,以指导乳腺外科医生更有针对性地进行沟通和选择治疗方式。方法通过自制问卷对华西医院乳腺外科收治的139例乳腺癌患者和224例非乳腺癌患者的年龄、职业、学历、对于保乳手术及乳房重建手术的态度以及重建方式的选择进行调查。结果乳腺癌组回收有效问卷117份,非乳腺癌组回收199份。乳腺癌组选择保乳率为23.9%(28/117),选择乳房重建率为35.9%(42/117)。非乳腺癌组选择保乳率为53.3%(106/199),选择乳房重建率为63.8%(127/199)。在2组中,选择保乳率和乳房重建率均随患者年龄增大而下降(乳腺癌组P值分别为0.002和0.000,非乳腺癌组P值分别为0.000和0.000),随学历增高而升高或有升高趋势(乳腺癌组P值分别为0.029和0.296,非乳腺癌组P值分别为0.081和0.019)。乳腺癌和非乳腺癌患者中系个体经营者的选择保乳率及乳房重建率均相对较高(P=0.013,P=0.042;P=0.032,P=0.044)。患者的年龄、职业和学历与乳房重建方式的选择无关(P0.05)。结论年纪较轻、文化程度较高、工作条件较好的乳腺疾病患者保乳及乳房重建的愿望较强烈,应注重加强与该类患者之间进行关于保乳及乳房重建相关知识的沟通,有针对性地选择适合患者条件的治疗方式。     

Long-Term Results of Breast Conservation in Chinese Women with Breast Cancer

Abstract:  Between July 1989 and December 2002, 172 women with Stage I/II breast cancer were treated by breast conservation therapy (BCT). All underwent quadrantectomy and axillary node clearance. Minimum follow-up was 5 years and 79 (52%) were followed for >10 years. At 5 years, local relapse-free and overall survival rates were 98.3% and 98.3%. The 10-year rates were 95% and 94%, respectively. The 10-year local recurrence rate was higher in patients with involved margins (33.3% versus 2.7%, p = 0.0272). Furthermore 10-year death rates in margin positive patients were higher (18.2% versus 2.5%, p = 0.0486). Excellent or good cosmetic results were achieved in 54%. BCT is a reasonable option for early stage breast cancer in Chinese women but margin status is the most important determinant of local recurrence. Negative margins are required for optimal local control and minimization of distant metastasis.     

微小假体在乳房腺体再造中的应用

目的　提出一种新的应用微小假体充填乳房腺体缺损的方法。方法　将微小假体逐一置入腺体缺损区胸大肌下 ,或置于转移的背阔肌下 ,通过堆积组合塑形 ,直至获得所需外形的大小。结果　已行 7例 7侧手术 ,其中乳腺纤维腺瘤切除后腺体缺损 5例 5侧 ,乳房血管瘤切除后腺体缺损 1例 1侧 ,巨乳缩小术后腺体缺损 1例 1侧 ,均获满意效果。结论　应用微小假体进行乳房腺体再造切口小 ,术中容易判断乳房体积 ,便于双侧调节达到对称 ,但可能有较低的包膜挛缩发生率 ,可用于隆乳、乳房再造 ,尤适于乳房腺体部分缺损的修复     

Breast cancer associated with pregnancy

Two cases of breast cancer associated with pregnancy were reported and the immunological assessment was performed in the second case. Case 1: A 36 year-old woman in the first trimester of pregnancy and having a large axillary mass and breast lump was admitted. She was diagnosed as having Stage IIIb breast cancer. After interruption of pregnancy, she received an extended radical mastectomy and radiotherapy. However, she died nine months after surgery for brain and liver metastases. Case 2: A 30 year-old woman in her second trimester of pregnancy was admitted for a large breast mass. She was diagnosed as having Stage IIIa breast cancer. Interruption of pregnancy was again necessary to perform surgery followed by chemotherapy. After an extended radical mastectomy she was placed on a combination chemotherapy regimen with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and 5-FU. In both cases tumors began to develop rapidly at pregnancy. Immunological studies in Case 2 showed a depression of T-lymphocyte function and NK cell activity. Our study suggests that the depression of cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy may promote tumor growth.     

Breast augmentation with fat transfer

Objective

The author presents 5 years’ experience with fat transfer to the breast (Shiffman and Di Giuseppe, Liposuction, principles and practice, 2006), in order to increase volume and shape.Patients and methodsA total of 250 cases were reviewed and followed up. Harvesting of fat was accomplished with a VASER? (Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) ultrasound device in all cases. Fat washing and preparation was initially performed with the Pure-Graft® system (Cytori Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), whereas the GID 700 system (The GID Group, Inc., Louisville, CO, USA) has been used during the past 2 years. Other systems of fat collection tried were the Aquavage (MD Resource Corporation, Livermore, CA, USA) and the Origins fat canister (Valeant Pharmaceuticals).

Results

The quality and stability of results have been improved by meticulous observation of technical details, as well as finesse in the refinement of fat handling. The selected technique for fat harvesting and preparation includes the 3.7 mm 3-grooves probe from the VASER? system, with the power set at 40?% of total. Cannula size for fat extraction is 3.0 mm. Power of suction reduced to 30?% of total for the VentX (Valeant Pharmaceuticals) aspiration system of VASER 2.0.

Conclusion

After many attempts, a systematic approach to body contouring, fat harvesting and preparation for successful breast augmentation is presented. The rate of survival is around 80?% of the total implanted tissue, which could be increased to 90?% with stem cell adjunct.

     

Breast cancer associated with pregnancy

Invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy and even one year after delivery is known as breast cancer associated with pregnancy. There are many controversies surrounding this entity concerning diagnosis and therapeutics as well as to the behavior regarding the fetus. There is broad information in the existing literature. We can find authors who do not change the diagnostic-therapeutic approach to the neoplasia and those who even advise pregnancy interruption and consider greater aggressiveness in treatment, in comparison to the same cancer in a non-pregnant woman. The prognosis of breast cancer associated with pregnancy has also been a controversial issue. Historically, it has been considered to have the worst evolution. Nevertheless, evidence recently has shown that the known prognosis factors in breast cancer (stage, nodular status, receptors, etc.) are those associated with the prognosis and not the pregnancy itself. The objective of this article is to analyze, based on the existing evidence in the literature, which is the best diagnostic-therapeutic route for breast cancer associated with pregnancy, which procedures must be followed with the mother and the fetus and which is the ideal therapeutic sequence, analyzing at the same time the possibilities of axillary preservation by means of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in these patients.     

Evaluation of Breast Lymphatic Pathways with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging in Patients with Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND: In patients with early breast cancer, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been emerging as a new standard of care. The use of SLNB with a blue dye is convenient and safe, but it requires a high level of technical skill. Recently, an instrument that can provide fluorescence imaging of lymphatic flow has been introduced. In the present study, we analyzed breast lymphatic pathways and discussed its potential as a modality to complement the use of SLNB with a blue dye. METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with breast cancer were examined. To obtain fluorescence imaging, an invisible near-infrared fluorescence imaging system was used. After indocyanine green was subdermally injected in the subareolar site and at two sites around the tumor, the subcutaneous lymphatic drainage pathway (LDP) was observed. RESULTS: In 27 (72.9%) of the patients, the number of LDP from the periareolar area was one or two. In 21(63.6%) of 33 patients with subdermal injection around the tumor, no LDP was observed from the peritumoral area. Lymphatic connection between the peritumoral area and the periareolar area was observed very frequently (91.7%). In 26 (70.3%) of the patients, multiple routes joined together and only one route was ultimately directed to the axilla. Significant correlation was seen between body mass index (BMI) and the transit time to the axilla after injection (p = 0.0038). Additionally, a significant correlation was seen between the number of LPD from the periareolar area and the distance between detected SLNs and the fluorescence line-disappearing point (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: This instrument can provide some important information, and can be an available and reliable navigator for SLNB with a blue dye.