组织工程化人工骨血管化研究

目的 比较三种促进组织工程化人工骨体内血管化方法的效果及研究血管化与成骨的相关关系。方法 将HA/β-TCP与PDLLA形成复合支架材料，再复合Ⅰ型胶原、rhBMP-2，与成骨细胞联合培养，仿生制备成组织工程化人工骨，采用包裹带血管蒂筋膜，复合血管内皮细胞或两者联合的促血管化手段。将人工骨修复兔桡骨干骨膜-骨完全缺损，手术后4、8、12周，观察移植物组织学，体视学方法观察血管化，成骨作用及其两者的关系。结果 3种方法均有促血管作用。其优劣依次为；材料包裹带血管蒂筋膜及复合血管内皮细胞大于材料单纯复合血管内皮细胞，后者又大于材料单纯包裹带血管蒂筋膜，术后4周为快速血管化阶段。4-8周间血管化有平缓发展，12周完全血管化，血管化与新骨生成数量成正相关。结论 促血管化手术对组织工程化人工骨移植修复骨缺损的效果起重要促进作用。     

头颈部组织缺损显微外科重建的临床效果

目的介绍头颈部组织缺损的显微外科重建技术及其临床应用效果。方法选用血管蒂较长和血管口径较粗的游离组织瓣供区，选择口径粗大和位置合适的受区血管，将游离瓣制备成外露瓣，以利于术后血供的监测，在手术放大镜下行血管吻合，部分病例同时吻合2根静脉，以确保游离瓣的静脉回流。结果施行1007例共1066块游离组织瓣移植修复头颈部组织缺损，临床成功率为98．3％，术后血管危象的发生率为3．1％，抢救成功率为45．5％。结论应用显微外科技术施行游离组织瓣移植重建头颈部组织缺损，可获得良好的临床效果。     

低强度脉冲超声波促进组织工程骨血管化重建的研究进展

组织工程骨修复骨缺损过程中血管化构建一直是骨科领域的一个难题,随着对骨折修复分子生物学机制的深入研究,以及对骨折愈合机制认识的不断加深,发现血管化是制约组织工程骨修复骨缺损速度与程度的重要因素[1].构建组织工程骨血管化的方法很多,如血管束植入、血管蒂筋膜瓣包裹术或肌肉瓣预制术等均不十分令人满意.     

带肌及深筋膜蒂胫骨瓣移植修复胫骨缺损

目的 报道带蒂胫骨瓣移植治疗胫骨缺损的临床效果。方法 采用带肌蒂和深筋膜蒂胫骨瓣移植，修复胫骨缺损13例，胫骨瓣的血供来自胫前动脉4例、来自胫后动脉7例及来自腓浅血管2例。结果 全部病例在2．5-4个月内获骨性愈合，效果满意。结论 应用带肌和深筋膜蒂胫骨瓣移植用于修复胫骨缺损可获得较好的临床效果。     

自体组织移植进展

目的综述骨科领域较常见的自体组织移植,如皮瓣、肌瓣、骨(膜)瓣等移植在修复重建外科应用的现状及对未来的发展进行展望.方法回顾近几年国内外有关自体组织移植发展的文献,进行分析整理,总结其应用进展,并根据多年的临床经验,指出今后的发展方向.结果目前临床选用较多的几个游离皮瓣供区是股前外侧皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣、上臂外侧皮瓣、肩胛皮瓣、颞顶筋膜瓣以及各种穿支皮瓣等.其中穿支皮瓣具有受区修复好和供区损失小的优点.由于肌肉皮瓣游离移植的优点较多,因此替代了单纯肌肉游离移植.较常用的肌皮瓣为背阔肌肌皮瓣,可急诊移植血管桥接修复,也可保留胸背神经移植修复,或应用桥式游离肌皮瓣移植修复等.骨缺损、骨不连是骨科的一大难题.常用的带血供骨移植供骨部位有肋骨、髂骨、腓骨及肩胛骨等,可应用治疗大块骨缺损、骨不连、骨缺损、股骨头缺血性坏死及骨肿瘤切除后植骨等.结论利用自体组织移植来修复组织缺损已成为修复重建外科手术方式之一.     

踝足部组织缺损的显微外科修复

目的研究踝足部组织缺损显微外科修复的效果。方法回顾性分析应用带血管蒂(肌)皮瓣、骨瓣等组织瓣移植修复踝足部组织缺损的临床资料。结果本组共78例,其中吻合血管(肌)皮瓣移植术21例,带血管蒂(肌)皮瓣移位术53例,吻合血管骨瓣移植术4例。组织瓣全部成活,随访3月～1年,骨愈合时间8～10周,踝足部大部分恢复保护性感觉,行走正常。结论踝足部组织缺损应用带血管蒂(肌)皮瓣、骨瓣移植、移位术修复效果好。     

血管束移位形成轴型筋膜瓣移植的实验研究

血管束移位形成轴型筋膜瓣移植的实验研究陈江萍，郭恩覃筋膜组织是皮下的一层较致密的结缔组织。以筋膜组织及轴心动脉形成的带血管蒂的筋膜瓣移植临床应用非常广泛。我们对采用血管束植入筋膜组织使其成为“轴型”筋膜瓣的可行性进行了实验研究。１．材料和方法：实验用...     

股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣血管三维结构的研究及应用

目的 研究股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣的血供模式以便合理应用于临床。方法 对8具16侧成人下肢标本灌注后解剖观察股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣的血供特点，并作血管结构的三维分析。在此基础上，采用吻合血管的股前外侧游离脂肪筋膜瓣移植矫治进行性半侧颜面萎缩瘢痕挛缩或发育不良15例，双侧隆乳术1例。结果 16例股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣血管三维结构特点相同，由轴型血管营养，逐层发布，血供丰富。临床应用16例17块组织瓣全部成活，随访6个月－11年，远期效果稳定，无吸收，形态满意。供区无功能障碍，外观影响不大。结论 股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣血供丰富，可即期修薄塑形，是软组织缺损用带血运的组织充填修复较理想的材料。     

带血管蒂肌瓣转移用于胫腓骨骨肉瘤保肢术

目的 报告四肢恶性肿瘤广泛切除保肢手术,应用带血管蒂肌瓣修复和重建软组织成功的经验。方法 广泛切除小腿骨肉瘤及瘤周软组织,得用人工假体或吻合血管游离腓骨和移植等方法重建骨骼,局部转移带血管蒂的腓骨肌或比目鱼肌肌瓣,欠组织缺损。结果 临床应用７例,带血管蒂的肌瓣成活良好,无切口并发症,膝关节活动度提高,假体表面皮肤移动性良好。结论 带血管蒂的肌瓣在胫腓骨恶性肿瘤的保肢术中,对于重建软组织缺损和保证切     

腓骨肌腱鞘筋膜瓣与脂肪筋膜瓣联合转移修复足跟后深度组织缺损

目的探索一种新的局部组织瓣修复足跟后深度组织缺损的方法及效果。方法于小腿下段,外踝腓外侧筋膜间隙,设计切取腓骨肌腱鞘筋膜瓣与脂肪筋膜瓣联合转移,最大筋膜瓣6cm×13cm,覆盖跟腱及跟骨裸露缺损,在其上移植全厚皮片或中厚皮片修复。结果2004至2005年11月,修复足跟后组织缺损6例。修复最小缺损3·5cm×4·0cm,最大4cm×6cm。术后转移筋膜瓣,移植皮片完全存活。随访3个月至1年11个月,供受区稳定愈合,功能形态恢复满意。结论腓骨肌腱鞘筋膜瓣与脂肪筋膜瓣联合转移加皮片移植法,就近取材,供区损伤小,筋膜瓣薄,柔韧滑润,血运恒定丰富,手术时间短,为小腿下段足跟后难愈性中、小面积缺损提供了一种新的简便、可靠的修复方法。     

Reconstruction of traumatic tubular bone defects using vascularized fibular graft

Large segmental bone defects due to major trauma constitute a major challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon, especially when combined with poor or lost soft tissue envelope. Vascularized fibular transfer is considered as the gold standard for the reconstruction of such defects of the extremities due to its predictable vascular pedicle, long cylindrical shape, and tendency to hypertrophy, and resistance to infection. Vascularized bone grafts remain viable throughout the healing period and are capable of inducing rapid graft union without prolonged creeping substitution, osteogenesis and hypertrophy at the reconstruction site, and fight with infection.The fibular graft can be transferred solely, or as a composite flap including muscle, subcutaneous tissue, skin and even a nerve segment in order to reconstruct both bone and soft tissue components of the injury at single stage operation. Such a reconstruction can even be performed in the presence of local infection, since vascularized bone and adjacent soft tissue components enhances the blood flow at the traumatized zone, allowing for the delivery of antibiotics and immune components to the infection site.In an effort to preserve growth potential in pediatric patients; the fibular head and proximal growth plate can be included to the graft. This practice also enables to reconstruct the articular ends of various bones, including distal radius and proximal ulna. Apart from defect reconstruction, vascularized fibular grafts also proved to be a reliable in treating atrophic nonunions, reconstruction of osteomyelitic bone segments. These grafts are superior to alternative reconstructive techniques, as bone grafts with intrinsic blood supply lead to higher success rates in reconstruction and accelerate the repair process at the injury site in cases where blood supply to the injury zone is defective, poor soft tissue envelope, and local infection at the trauma zone.     

Coverage of difficult wounds around the knee joint with prefabricated,distally based sartorius muscle flaps

The coverage of soft-tissue defects around the knee joint presents a difficult challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Various reconstructive choices are available depending on the location, size, and depth of the defect relative to the knee joint. However, the knee joint frequently accompanies injuries to the lower leg that may limit the use of muscle flaps, especially the gastrocnemius muscle. The use of a free flap is preferred for reconstruction involving obliteration of large-cavity defects, but the isolation of recipient pedicle can be difficult because of the extent of injury zone and in cases of chronic infection around the knee. To provide muscle bulk with a reliable vascular supply, the distally based, prefabricated sartorius muscle flap was used as a last resort to reconstruct difficult wounds with chronic osteomyelitis around the knee joint in 6 patients from June 1995 to May 2001. This method is a two-stage procedure. First, the sartorius muscle is prefabricated by denervation and vascular delay. Silicone sheets are used to increase the vascularity and dimension of the flap. Second, after 3 weeks, the muscle is transposed based on a distal pedicle to reconstruct the soft-tissue defect around the knee. The prefabricated sartorius muscle can provide efficient bulk to obliterate the dead space and to cover moderate-size soft-tissue defects around the knee joint. This method can be considered to reconstruct the soft tissue around the knee joint when local muscle flaps and free flaps are not feasible.     

Free vascularized fibular grafts for reconstruction of skeletal defects

Nourished by the peroneal vessels, the versatile free vascularized fibular graft can be transferred to reconstruct skeletal defects of the extremities. It may be combined with skin, fascia, muscle, and growth-plate tissue to address the needs of the recipient site. It may be cut transversely and folded to reconstruct the length and width of tibial or femoral defects. The main indications for this graft are defects larger than 5 to 6 cm or with poor vascularity of the surrounding soft tissues. Detailed preoperative planning, experience in microvascular techniques, and careful postoperative follow-up are necessary to minimize complications and improve outcome. The free vascularized fibular graft has been successfully applied as a reconstruction option in patients with traumatic or septic skeletal defect, after tumor resection, and has shown promise in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis.     

Gastrocnemius perforating artery flap including vascularized sural nerve

A degree of communication was found between the superficial sural artery (the concomitant vessel of the sural nerve) and the muscle perforators from the gastrocnemius muscle, together with the cutaneous branches of the peroneal artery. A fasciocutaneous flap designed in the posterior calf region, including the vascularized sural nerve, was elevated based on the perforating artery of the gastrocnemius. This compound flap was used to reconstruct facial nerves and soft-tissue defects created by resection of malignant tumors in three patients. The results were satisfactory, and facial animation returned in two patients, who were followed-up for more than 6 months. This compound flap offers several advantages, such as a long vascular pedicle with a sufficient diameter and a rich blood supply for the sural nerve and fasciocutaneous flap. This new technique should become another choice for vascularized sural nerve grafts, when the superficial sural artery or the cutaneous branches of the peroneal artery are not adequate for flap elevation or microsurgical anastomoses.     

The use of the ALT Flap and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve for the Reconstruction of Carpal Soft Tissue and Ulnar Nerve Defects: a Case Report

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has become one of the workhorse flaps, with indications including diverse reconstructive problems. The lateral thigh area is also a useful donor site for nerve grafts. The lateral femoral cutaneous (LFC) nerve can be dissected along with the ALT flap for a substantial length, depending on the requirements of the recipient site. The LFC nerve can be used as a vascularized or non-vascularized nerve graft. The technique offers advantages and it can find clinical applications, satisfying the functional and aesthetic reconstructive requirements of a complex defect. We report the case of a patient who presented with traumatic soft tissue defect of the volar aspect of the wrist and ulnar nerve defect as a complication of a fracture of distal radius. An ALT flap was used to reconstruct the soft tissue defect. The ulnar nerve was resected due to necrosis and the gap was repaired with non-vascularized grafts of the anterior branch of the LFC nerve. The soft tissues were resurfaced successfully without complications. Functional recovery was good for the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve, whereas it was variable for the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. The anterolateral thigh area offers significant advantages as donor site in the reconstruction of complex soft tissue defects being a large source of vascularized skin, fat, fascia, muscle and nerve. This availability allows for single donor site dissection, minimizing the operating time and the associated morbidity.     

Advances in breast reconstruction after mastectomy

Over the past 40 years, surgical reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy has become an important aspect of the cancer patient's rehabilitation process. While the surgical emphasis remains on a cure for the cancer, experience with breast reconstruction has not demonstrated any increased rate of cancer recurrence, even when reconstruction is performed immediately following tumor resection. Advances in surgical technique and biotechnology have made post-mastectomy reconstruction possible. The development of silicone gel and saline-filled implants as well as tissue expanders has revolutionized breast reconstruction. The elucidation of musculocutaneous flaps now provides the surgeon with the ability to transfer adequate quantities of vascularized tissue to reconstruct the surgical defects. The advent of microsurgical techniques has provided an additional reconstructive option, with free tissue transfer allowing the plastic surgeon to move musculocutaneous flaps from remote or distant sites to reconstruct the defect. The option of having the reconstruction immediately following the mastectomy procedure is now available to the patient. When reviewing the anatomy of the breast region, the surgeon must consider the mammary gland, its vascular supply, and its lymphatic system. The surgical techniques involved in reconstruction after mastectomy include the use of breast implants and tissue expansion, as well as reconstruction with autogenous tissues. Reconstruction with autogenous tissues includes the use of latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap, transverse rectus abdominus musculocutaneous flap, free flap transfer, as well as nipple-areola reconstruction. Breast reconstruction after mastectomy should be undertaken by a plastic and reconstructive surgeon with considerable training and experience with these diversified procedures.     

Reconstruction of abdominal wall by whole thigh flap.

Closure of extensive abdominal wall defects can be a very challenging task as there are no known large local or free vascularized flaps available that could cover the entire abdomen. Tensor fascia latae (TFL) has been widely used for abdominal wall reconstruction [Hill HL, Nahai F, Vasocnez LO. The tensor fascia lata myocutaneous free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1978;61:517-22]. However, the dimensions of the standard TFL flap limit its use in cases of large full thickness abdominal wall defects. Therefore, we have used an ingenious technique of raising the entire thigh skin as a fasciocutaneous flap (whole thigh flap) based on the concept of fusion of angiosomal territories, to reconstruct such a defect following excision of a large abdominal wall tumour.     

火器性软组织缺损的显微外科修复

目的 总结火器性软组织缺损的显微外科修复的经验和体会，探讨各部位缺损的修复方法，提高修复效果。方法 根据软组织缺损部位、面积或特殊需要，采用足背皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣、胸脐皮瓣、前臂皮瓣、小腿外侧皮瓣、阔筋膜张肌皮瓣或复合组织皮瓣移植进行修复136例因火器致软组织缺损。结果 136例软组织缺损全部得到修复并获良好效果。结论 选择显微外科方法修复火器性软组织缺损可达到修复和功能重建兼得的效果。     

Single-stage Achilles tendon reconstruction using a composite sensate free flap of dorsalis pedis and tendon strips of the extensor digitorum longus in a complex wound

The reconstruction of the posterior heel including a wide defect of the Achilles tendon is difficult as a result of complicated infection, deficient soft tissue for coverage, and functional aspects and defects of the tendon itself. As a single-stage procedure, various methods of tendon transfer and tendon graft have been reported along with details of local flaps or island flaps for coverage. With advances in microsurgical techniques and subsequent refinements, several free composite flaps, including tendon, fascia, or nerve, have been used to reconstruct large defects in this area without further damaging the traumatized leg. The authors report such a single-stage reconstruction of a composite Achilles tendon defect using the extensor digitorum longus tendon of the second to fourth toe in combination with a dorsalis pedis flap innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve. The follow-up of this case has proved a satisfactory outcome to date.     

Reconstruction of distal phalanx defect with microsurgical fascia latae flaps combined with rib and skin graft]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical application of microsurgical fascia latae flaps combined with rib and skin graft for reconstruction of the distal phalanx defect. METHODS: The phalanx wounds were sutured together like syndactyly. The autologeous rib was revised to repair the bone defect of distal phalanx. The fascia latae flap was used to cover the bone exposure with microvascular anastomoses and resurfaced by a meshed split-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: 5 cases were treated successfully. The fascia latae flaps were all survived with only skin graft necrosis at the distal end in one case. It was healed spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: The fascia latae flap is nourished by the desending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. The flaps has a good blood supply and can be easily obtained with a long vascular pedicle. The flap is ideal for the reconstruction of distal phalanx defect when combined with autologeous rib implant and skin graft.