多种骨间后动脉皮瓣修复上肢软组织缺损

目的 总结多种骨间后动脉皮瓣修复上肢烧(创)伤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2003年3月至2010年6月,对42例上肢烧(创)伤软组织缺损的患者,应用包括逆行皮瓣(复合组织瓣)、顺行皮瓣及游离皮瓣在内的多种骨间后动脉皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣面积为2.5 cm×2.0 cm～14.0 cm ×9.0 cm.供瓣区创面直接缝合或移植皮片修复.结果 应用传统型骨间后动脉逆行皮瓣修复11例,改良型骨间后动脉逆行皮瓣修复13例,骨间后动脉逆行肌腱复合瓣修复2例,骨间后动脉顺行皮瓣修复3例,骨间后动脉游离皮瓣修复7例,骨间后动脉桡背侧肌间隔穿支游离皮瓣修复6例.除了应用传统型骨间后动脉逆行皮瓣修复的病例中有1例发生皮瓣远端部分坏死,以及1例发生骨间后神经肌支损伤外,其余皮瓣术后均未发生血管危象,也未出现骨间后神经或其肌支损伤,皮瓣均顺利成活,切口均一期愈合.32例获得1～48个月的随访,皮瓣色泽、质地及厚薄较满意,供、受区外形和功能恢复也较满意.结论 骨间后动脉皮瓣血管解剖恒定,应用形式灵活多样,是修复上肢烧(创)伤软组织缺损的理想选择.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the therapeutic effect of multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps for repair of soft tissue defects in the upper extremities. Methods From March 2003 to June 2010, 42 cases with soft tissue defects in the upper limbs resulting from burn and traumatic injuries were treated using multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps, including retrograde flaps and composite flaps, antegrade flaps , and free flaps. Flap size ranged from 2.5 cm× 2.0 cm-14.0 cm×9.0 cm. The defects in the donor sites were closed directly or covered by skin graft. Results The conventional retrograde posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 11 cases, the modified retrograde posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 13 cases, the retrograde posterior interosseous artery composite flaps incorporating partial extensors were used in 2 cases, the antegrade posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 3 cases, the free posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 7 cases, and the free perforator flap based on the radiodorsal septocutaneous perforator of the posterior interosseous artery were used in 6 cases. Partial necrosis happened in one case at the distal portion of the flap. Muscular branch of the posterior interosseous nerve was injuried in one case with conventional reverse posterior interosseous artery flaps. All the other flaps survived uneventually with no complication. All wounds were primarily healed. 32 cases were followed up for 1 to 48 months with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results both in the donor sites and in the recipent areas. The color,texture and thickness of the flaps were satisfied as well. Conclusions The posterior interosseous artery flap has a constant vascular anatomy and a great flexibility, which is practical and suitable for repair of soft tissue defect in the upper extremities arising from burn and traumatic injury.     

三种修复手部创面皮瓣的临床疗效评价

目的 比较骨间背侧动脉皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣和腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣的临床疗效,为临床的皮瓣选用提供参考.方法 对应用骨间背侧动脉皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣和腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部创面的23例患者进行随访,比较分析DASH(disability of the arm,shoulder and hand)分数、损伤的部位、触觉压觉(Senunes-Weinstein单丝法)、两点分辨觉(动、静态,m2PD、s2PD)、温度觉、臃肿程度和供区瘢痕挛缩程度.结果 三种皮瓣的DASH评分、瘢痕挛缩程度、皮瓣的臃肿程度、触觉压觉、两点分辨觉和温度觉的结果 ,差异均没有统计学意义;股前外侧皮瓣的臃肿程度高于其他两种皮瓣,差异具有统计学意义.结论 三种皮瓣各有特点,临床选择应该根据各种客观要求,不要主观臆测.     

应用骨间后动脉单一穿支微型皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的 应用骨间后动脉单一穿支微型皮瓣对手部较小面积的皮肤软组织缺损进行精确的定点修复。方法 在前臂背侧中部，以骨间后动脉（骨间总动脉尺侧肌皮支）为轴线，用多普勒血流探测仪确定穿支部位后以此设计皮瓣。对24例手指皮肤软组织缺损的患者，应用单一穿支微型皮瓣进行修复，并对皮瓣的设计、切取、吻合、成活特点及治疗效果进行观察和探讨。结果 术后21例皮瓣顺利存活，3例皮瓣术后1—3d出现不同程度的水疱、暗紫、结痂，2例皮瓣脱痂后成活，1例坏死。术后17例获得5—17个月的随访，7例失访。皮瓣外形满意，手指修复后效果良好。3例缝合伴行神经、皮下神经者，Dellon试验达5—6mm。结论 骨间后动脉单一穿支微型皮瓣游离移植可对手部较小的皮肤软组织缺损进行精确的定点修复，并获得了较好的临床效果。     

前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣在多指缺损中的临床应用

目的 探讨前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣在多指缺损中的临床应用.方法 临床对38例手部皮肤软组织缺损伴多指缺损行前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复.其中2指缺损9例,3指缺损12例,4指缺损17例,均伴有皮肤缺损.结果 术后36例皮瓣顺利成活,2例皮瓣部分坏死,进行游离植皮后成活.术后经1年随访,手部功能恢复良好,皮瓣外形良好,供区遗留线性瘢痕.结论 前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣是修复手部软组织缺损合并手指缺损较为理想的手术方法.     

游离腓动脉穿支筋膜瓣修复手部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨应用游离腓动脉穿支筋膜瓣修复手部软组织缺损,减少供区损伤的方法和临床效果.方法 2007年12月至2009年10月,对6例手部皮肤缺损患者,应用游离腓动脉肌皮穿支筋膜瓣进行修复,切取面积为5.0 cm×4.5 cm～10.0 cm×7.0 cm,以肌皮穿支为蒂.动脉血管蒂与受区血管采用端侧吻合,受区筋膜瓣行断层植皮覆盖.供区创面直接缝合.结果 术后6例筋膜瓣全部存活;术后7 d,筋膜表面植皮成活大于90%4例,80%2例.随访时间为3～12个月,1例皮瓣臃肿,术后3个月行皮瓣修整术;5例皮瓣略臃肿,外观满意.小腿供区仅留线条瘢痕.结论 腓动脉穿支筋膜瓣是在腓动脉穿支皮瓣基础上的改良,目的 是减少供区创伤,改善小腿外观.筋膜瓣本身可以填充组织缺损,为功能重建提供条件.     

78例背侧骨间动脉岛状皮瓣的应用回顾

目的　回顾背侧骨间动脉岛状皮瓣的临床应用方法和评价。方法　应用逆行背侧骨间动脉岛状皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损 78例 ,其中采用扩张后的逆行背侧骨间动脉岛状皮瓣 12例。单蒂串联双皮瓣 10例。术中对背侧骨间动脉的发出位置、走行和分支分布进行了解剖学的观察和皮瓣的设计应用原则进行讨论分析。结果　本组 78例中 74例背侧骨间动脉均存在 ,位置恒定 ,4例动脉在前臂背侧中 1 3段消失 ,未发现与掌侧骨间动脉有吻合支 ,乃改用其他手术方法。 5 3例逆行背侧骨间动脉岛状皮瓣中 4 9例全部成活 ,4例皮瓣末端坏死 ,经换药自愈。 12例扩张逆行背侧骨间动脉岛状皮瓣全部成活。 9例逆行背侧骨间动脉串联岛状皮瓣中 ,7例全部成活 ,2例位于血管蒂远侧皮瓣末端部分坏死 ,换药后自愈。皮瓣面积 8cm× 6cm～ 14cm× 8cm不等。皮瓣修复可达手背指蹼近侧和掌腕及拇指间隙部位。术后手的外形和功能恢复良好。结论　该皮瓣是修复手部皮肤缺损较好的手术方法 ,但术前需对血管有变异的可能性有所准备     

Clinical study of dorsal ulnar artery flap in hand reconstruction

Soft tissue defects of hand with exposed tendons, joints, nerves and bone represent a challenge to plastic surgeons. Such defects necessitate early flap coverage to protect underlying vital structures, preserve hand functions and to allow for early rehabilitation. Becker and Gilbert described flap based on the dorsal branch of the ulnar artery for defects around the wrist. We evaluated the use of a dorsal ulnar artery island flap in patients with soft tissue defects of hand. Twelve patients of soft tissue defects of hand underwent dorsal ulnar artery island flap between August 2006 and May 2008. In 10 male and 2 female patients this flap was used to reconstruct defects of the palm, dorsum of hand and first web space. Ten flaps survived completely. Marginal necrosis occurred in two flaps. In one patient suturing was required after debridement and in other patient wound healed by secondary intention. The final outcome was satisfactory. Donor areas which were skin grafted, healed with acceptable cosmetic results. The dorsal ulnar artery island flap is convenient, reliable, and easy to manage and is a single-stage technique for reconstructing soft tissue defects of the palm, dorsum of hand and first web space. Donor site morbidity is minimal, either closed primarily or covered with split thickness skin graft.     

Reversed Posterior Interosseous Flap: Safe and Easy Method for Hand Reconstruction

Complex hand trauma presents multifaceted problems for the surgeon. Soft tissue defects of the upper extremity must be carefully assessed to determine the most appropriate method of coverage of hand. In this article, the reversed posterior interosseous flap was used for coverage of the hand. The injured areas include: dorsum of the hand (10 cases), the wrist (3 cases) and the dorsal thumb (2 cases). All flaps survived completely and none exhibited venous compromise. All donor sites were skin grafted. The reversed posterior interosseous flap is a versatile option for coverage of moderate sized defects of the hand and is specifically indicated for coverage of injuries of the wrist, dorsal hand and dorsal thumb.     

逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的报道逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复足踝关节周围软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对48例足踝关节周围皮肤软组织缺损的患者采用逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复,单纯逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣39例,肌皮瓣9例;其中胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂神经营养血管皮瓣29例,胫后动脉穿支血管蒂营养血管皮瓣19例,软组织缺损大小12 cm×9 cm~4 cm×3 cm,皮瓣面积13 cm×9.5cm~6 cm×5 cm。结果 43例皮瓣完全存活,5例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经积极换药、清创植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无感染及淤血,皮瓣蒂部无臃肿。术后随访6~18个月,皮瓣质地优良,肢体外形与功能恢复满意,供区植皮术后恢复保护性感觉。结论胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,质地优良,是修复足踝关节周围软组织缺损的良好选择。     

小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术治疗对侧小腿软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术治疗对侧小腿软组织缺损的疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年1月甘肃省兰州市兰州手足外科医院骨科收治的8例小腿软组织缺损患者资料。男5例,女3例;年龄19~50岁,平均35岁。所有患者均以胫后动脉为蒂小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术治疗。软组织缺损的范围为10 cm×9 cm^13 cm×8 cm。肌瓣和血管蒂表面行一期中厚网状游离植皮,供区直接缝合。末次随访时按Iowa等提出的胫骨骨折疗效评定方法评定疗效。结果术后所有患者的皮瓣和肌瓣全部成活,没有发生血管危象。有1例患者发生肌瓣远端小块植皮坏死,经2周换药处理自然愈合。术后所有患者获2.5~4.5年(平均3.8年)随访。受区外形较好。末次随访时按Iowa等提出的胫骨骨折疗效评定方法评定疗效:优3例,良4例,可1例。结论小腿内侧皮瓣联合内侧半比目鱼肌瓣桥式带蒂转移术适用于治疗小腿仅有1条主要血管的软组织缺损,可减轻供区损伤。     

Distally Based Adipofascial Flaps for Dorsal Foot and Ankle Soft Tissue Defects

Soft tissue defects of the dorsal foot and ankle are difficult to reconstruct because the contour of the foot must be maintained for shoe fitting. The adipofascial flap, covered with a skin graft, is a suitable method of reconstruction that fulfills this important requirement. Twelve patients with soft tissue defects of the dorsal foot and at the ankle were treated in our unit with this method. Ten (83%) were children, 2 (17%) were adults. All defects were due to road traffic accidents. Three (25%) patients were women; 9 (75%) were men. The right foot was affected in 10 (83.4%) patients, with 2 (16.6%) patients having the left foot involved. The flaps used were the peroneal artery perforator flap (distally based lateral adipofascial flap) in 9 (75%) patients, the superficial sural artery flap in 2 patients (17%), and the posterior tibial artery perforator flap (distally based medial adipofascial flap) in 1 patient (8%). All flaps were successful, providing adequate contour of the foot for wearing ordinary shoes. There were 2 partial skin graft necroses, and, in 1 patient, the tips of the donor site skin flaps were necrosed. In conclusion, the distally based adipofascial flap, covered with skin graft, is a suitable method for reconstruction of soft tissue loss of the dorsal foot and ankle and provides optimum functional and aesthetic outcome with minimum donor site morbidity.     

旋股外侧动脉降支多叶组织瓣修复手部多部位软组织缺损

目的 探讨旋股外侧动脉降支多叶瓣修复手部多部位软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对手部多部位软组织缺损15例,采用旋股外侧动脉降支多叶瓣修复,根据手部缺损情况设计股前外侧皮瓣,沿皮瓣穿支血管向远端继续解剖旋股外侧动脉降支,考虑好手部各缺损处间距,按需切取分叶穿支皮瓣、阔筋膜瓣、股直肌肌瓣、股外侧肌肌瓣、股中间肌肌瓣或旋股外侧动脉降支远端肌间隔瓣。形成以旋股外侧动脉降支为主干的一蒂多叶瓣,在肌瓣及阔筋膜瓣上植皮,一次修复手部多部位软组织缺损。 结果 术后无血管危象发生。修复各创面在肌瓣、阔筋膜瓣或旋股外侧动脉降支远端血管肌间隔上植皮均成活良好,外形无臃肿,植皮处恢复保护性感觉,供区创面愈合好,股四头肌肌力及膝关节屈、伸活动均正常。全部病例获得随访,随访时间6 ～ 20个月,平均8.7个月。按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定标准：优3例,良9例,可3例,优良率80％。 结论 旋股外侧动脉降支多叶瓣能一次修复手部多部位软组织缺损,缩短手术时间及疗程,手部功能恢复良好,外形满意,是修复手部多部位软组织缺损的理想方法。     

游离前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的探讨应用前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的方法和临床效果。方法采用骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复18例手指皮肤缺损患者,皮肤缺损面积:1.5 cm×4.0 cm~4.2 cm×7.0 cm,皮瓣面积:1.8 cm×4.0 cm~4.5 cm×7.0 cm。皮瓣血管蒂分别与受区指动脉及浅静脉作端端吻合。结果皮瓣全部成活。患者均获随访,时间8~20个月。皮瓣外形、色泽、弹性恢复良好,厚薄适中,不需要二期修薄。术后6个月按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分评定试用标准评价:优11例,良5例,可2例。结论采用骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损,皮瓣切取方便,血管解剖较恒定,供区损伤较小,受区外形和功能恢复良好,是修复手指软组织缺损较理想的方法之一。     

游离阔筋膜瓣移植修复小腿软组织和主要血管 缺损

目的：总结吻合血管的阔筋膜瓣移植修复小腿软组织和主要血管缺损的临床应用结果。方法：2000年9月至2008年12月,应用阔筋膜瓣移植修复5例（男4例,女1例）小腿软组织和主要血管缺损,用其携带的旋股外侧动脉降支行桥式吻合,同时修复受区肢体主要血管缺损。患者年龄19～48岁,平均34岁。切取阔筋膜瓣范围6.5cm×9cm～9cm×18cm,Ⅰ期行中厚网状游离植皮,股部供区直接缝合。结果：阔筋膜瓣全部成活,手术顺利。随访时间11个月～3.5年,平均2.5年,未发现明显的供区功能障碍,供区与受区外形较好,受区小腿经临床观察与Doppler检查,胫前和胫后动脉通畅。结论：阔筋膜瓣以旋股外侧动脉降支为血供,血运丰富、血管解剖恒定、血管蒂长以及切取容易,而且较薄,适宜修复小腿软组织和主要血管缺损。     

游离骨间背侧动脉穿支皮瓣在手部软组织缺损中的应用

目的探讨应用游离骨间背侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损的方法和临床效果。方法 2008年5月至2011年4月,对8例手部中小面积皮肤缺损患者,应用游离骨间背侧动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,以前臂后侧皮神经重建感觉,皮肤缺损面积为3.0 cm×1.5 cm～7.5 cm×3.0 cm,采用端端或端侧吻合法。结果 8例皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣外观及手部功能均良好,供区仅留线状瘢痕。结论以骨间背侧动脉为轴心血管的穿支皮瓣具有血供可靠、切取方便、质地优良、供区损伤小等特点是修复手部中小面积缺损的较好方法。     

前臂骨间背侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨应用带蒂前臂骨间背侧皮瓣移位修复前臂或腕背部及虎口区皮肤缺损的临床疗效。方法 对25例皮肤缺损（前臂4例，腕背部6例，手背至虎口区15例）的患者，应用带蒂前臂骨间背侧皮瓣移位进行修复。其中急诊皮肤缺损创面21例，瘢痕切除皮肤缺损创面4例。结果 术后25例皮瓣全部存活，伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后随访6～12个月，皮瓣质地好，肤色与厚度均与受区正常皮肤接近，伸肌腱粘连不明显，伸指功能基本恢复。结论 对前臂至腕背部的皮肤缺损，应用前臂骨间背侧皮瓣转移修复是优先的选择。     

游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的总结游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法自2006年9月至2009年1月,应用游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损11例,缺损范围4cm×8cm至8cm×22cm。皮瓣切取连带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,血管蒂呈T形,与健侧小腿胫后动脉行端端吻合,血管蒂用中厚网状游离植皮覆盖。结果除1例术后皮瓣远端发生小的表浅感染,经换药后愈合外,本组皮瓣全部成活。术后随访9个月至3.6年(平均2.9年),没有发现明显的供区功能障碍,供区与受区外形较好,健侧小腿经临床观察与Doppler检查,胫后动脉通畅。结论本方法适用于修复四肢软组织缺损后,患者仅存1条主要动脉者;行桥式游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣移植不损伤健侧小腿胫后动脉,降低了对供区的损伤。     

桥式交叉"T"形血管吻合游离背阔肌皮瓣移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的 介绍改进桥式交叉游离皮瓣移植的手术方法并总结分析.方法 2003年9月至2007年5月,应用桥式交叉"T"形血管吻合游离背阔肌皮瓣移植方法修复小腿软组织缺损患者6例.男5例,女1例;年龄21～48岁(平均32岁).软组织缺损范围20 cm×9 cm～32 cm×11 cm.皮瓣血管蒂切取时携带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,使蒂呈"T"形,将其与健侧小腿胫后动脉两断端行端端吻合,血管蒂行中厚网状游离植皮包裹,未用皮管,小腿供区切口直接缝合.结果 1例术后皮瓣远端发生小的表浅感染,换药2周后愈合,皮瓣全部成活,术后经过顺利,获得较满意的效果.随访6个月～4年(平均2.7年),未发现明显的供区功能障碍.供区与皮瓣外形较好,供区小腿经临床观察与多普勒检查证实胫后动脉通畅.结论 利用"T"形血管与胫后血管吻合,降低对侧小腿供区的损伤,只要血管吻合质量好,对皮瓣血供无影响.这种技术特别适用于小腿软组织缺损须行血管吻合的皮瓣修复、但肢体仅有一根主要血管的病例.     

股后侧岛状皮瓣和肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨应用股后侧岛状皮瓣修复大转子、骶部等处软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 应用顺行股后侧岛状皮瓣修复大转子软组织缺损4例、骶部2例;逆行股后侧岛状皮瓣修复腘窝部皮肤缺损2例;肌皮瓣修复坐骨结节褥疮4例;供区直接缝合.结果 除 1例岛状皮瓣远端发生尖部坏死经植皮愈合外,余病例术后全部成活.随访1～5年,供区愈合良好、受区外形、质地及厚薄均较满意.结论 该皮瓣以臀下动脉股后皮支及股深动脉穿动脉为其血供,解剖恒定,具有血运丰富、血管蒂长和切取容易等优点,适宜修复大转子、骶部坐骨结节及腘窝部等处软组织缺损.