经鼻给予TGFβ1对氯化锂-匹罗卡品诱导的SE大鼠海马神经元凋亡调控因子Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨经鼻给予TGFβ1(Transforming growth factor-beta1,TGFβ1)对氯化锂-匹罗卡品诱导的癫痫持续状态(status epilepticus,SE)大鼠海马神经元凋亡调控因子Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为TGF组、Pilo组和正常对照组(Control)。建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品癫痫持续状态模型。采用免疫组化方法检测凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax的蛋白表达。结果 (1)SE后24h、48h、72h,TGF组大鼠海马Bax阳性细胞均较Pilo组显著减少(P<0.05);72h最为明显(P<0.01)。HE染色是对各组大鼠海马神经元的形态结构变化的大体观察。(2)SE后24h、48h、72h,TGF组大鼠海马Bcl-2阳性细胞均较Pilo组显著增加(P<0.05);24h最为明显(P<0.01)。结论经鼻(IN)给予TGFβ1可以显著抑制癫痫持续状态诱导的大鼠海马神经元Bax蛋白的表达,上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,从而发挥神经保护作用。     

右美托咪定调节MAPK/ERK-CREB通路对大鼠海马神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨右美托咪定(DEX)调节MAPK/ERK-CREB通路对大鼠海马神经元凋亡的保护作用。方法通过腹腔注射氯化锂-毛果芸香碱构建癫痫持续状态(SE)大鼠模型,并随机分为4组,每组各10只。SE+DEX组在SE模型构建成功后腹腔注射DEX 1μmol/L,阳性对照组腹腔注射1μmol/L苯巴比妥,药物干预24 h后,通过Nissl法和TUNEL法检测大鼠海马神经元损伤及凋亡情况,Western blot法检测大鼠海马组织中MAPK、p ERK、p CREB蛋白和凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax表达。结果与正常对照组相比,SE、阳性对照组、SE+DEX组大鼠Racine分值显著增加(P 0. 05),大鼠海马神经元数、Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著减少(P 0. 05),棕褐色TUNEL阳性细胞数、MAPK、p-ERK、p-CREB、caspase-3、Bax、Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著增加(P 0. 05)。与SE组相比,阳性对照组、SE+DEX组大鼠Racine分值显著降低(P 0. 05),大鼠海马神经元数、Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著增加(P 0. 05),棕褐色TUNEL阳性细胞、MAPK、p-ERK、p-CREB、caspase-3、Bax、Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著减少(P 0. 05)。结论 DEX可能通过抑制MAPK/ERK-CREB通路抑制海马神经元凋亡对其有保护作用。     

普瑞巴林对慢性颞叶癫癎大鼠海马凋亡调控基因的影响

目的通过观察普瑞巴林对匹罗卡品慢性癫癎大鼠海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响,探讨普瑞巴林治疗癫癎的药理学机制及对大鼠海马神经元的抗凋亡作用。方法采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品化学诱导方法建立慢性颞叶癫癎模型。经腹腔注射普瑞巴林40mg(/kg·d)连续治疗3周,免疫组织化学染色和Western blotting法检测不同处理组大鼠海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达变化。结果与生理盐水对照组比较,模型组大鼠海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达水平显著升高(均P=0.000);与模型组比较,普瑞巴林治疗组大鼠海马区Bcl-2表达水平升高、Bax表达水平降低,组间差异具有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。结论新型抗癫癎药物普瑞巴林可通过降低慢性颞叶癫癎大鼠海马区Bax表达、上调Bcl-2表达而抑制细胞凋亡,发挥神经元保护作用。     

TLR9、MyD88在颞叶癫痫大鼠海马组织中表达的动态变化

目的观察氯化锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠各期海马中Toll-样受体9(TLR9)、髓样分化因子(MyD88)表达的变化,探讨其是否与颞叶癫痫发生有关。方法 SD雄性大鼠120只,随机分为对照组(30只)和模型组(90只),腹腔注射氯化锂。18 h~20 h后模型组腹腔注射匹罗卡品诱导癫痫持续状态(SE);对照组予等量生理盐水取代匹罗卡品腹腔注射。对照组和造模成功的模型组依据腹腔注射后时间随机分为10个亚组:急性模型组(SE后3 h、6 h、9 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d);潜伏模型组(SE后14 d、28 d);慢自发发作组(SE后56 d)。每亚组动物模型组9只,对照组3只。免疫组化、蛋白印迹、RT-PCR技术测定各亚组癫痫大鼠海马内TLR9、MyD88的表达。结果TLR9、MyD88在模型组海马内表达明显增多,与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P0.05)。模型亚组内,TLR9、MyD88在急性期和慢性期表达明显增高,而潜伏期无明显表达变化。其中急性期内的增高多集中在癫痫发作后6 h;3组比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论大鼠海马内TLR9、MyD88表达增多可能与颞叶癫痫发病有关,探讨其机制可能为颞叶癫痫的治疗提供新的靶点。     

癫痫持续状态后大鼠海马区钾离子通道Kv1.3的表达研究

目的研究氯化锂-匹罗卡品致癫痫持续状态(status epilepticus,SE)后大鼠海马区钾离子通道Kv1.3的表达及分布变化,探讨钾离子通道Kv1.3与癫痫发作的相关性。方法 48只健康雄性sprague-dawley大鼠随机平分为实验组和对照组,每组继续随机分为6 h、1 d、2 d和3 d 4个观察时间点亚组(n=6)。通过大鼠脑电监测记录大鼠脑电变化情况,通过尼氏染色观察脑组织病理改变,采用免疫组织化学染色和Western-blot方法检测各时间点大鼠海马区Kv1.3的表达及分布变化。结果 (1)脑电监测:正常大鼠脑电图表现为波幅较均匀一致的α波,痫性发作后开始出现慢波、棘波,波幅、节律不规则,SE过程中表现为长程的棘波活动。(2)尼氏染色:SE后6 h未发现明显形态学及神经元数量改变;SE后1 d,海马区神经元结构松散,神经元数量减少;SE后2 d、3 d,海马区神经元进一步减少,且出现神经元肿胀、变形、尼氏小体减少甚至消失。(3)免疫组织化学染色和Western-blot检测:SE后2 d,Kv1.3在海马CA_3和CA_1区表达较对照组明显减少(P0.05)。SE后6 h、1 d、3 d,Kv1.3在海马CA_3和CA_1区表达较对照组无明显变化(P0.05)。SE后6 h、1 d、2 d、3 d,Kv1.3在海马DG区表达较对照组无明显差异(P0.05)。结论 Kv1.3的表达下调可能与癫痫发作相关。     

鞘氨醇激酶1在颞叶癫痫中的作用机制研究

目的观察鞘氨醇激酶1(SphK1)在难治性颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者及匹罗卡品诱导的TLE大鼠模型中的表达,探讨其在TLE发病中的作用机制。方法收集TLE患者手术切除的皮质标本,纳入癫痫组(n=16)。收集脑外伤患者切除的颞叶皮质标本,纳入对照组(n=10)。将72只雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为模型对照组(MC组,n=32)和匹罗卡品组(PILO组,n=40),PILO组根据匹罗卡品诱导癫痫持续状态(SE)后的观察时间随机分为4个亚组:E6h组、E1d组、E3d组和E7d组(n=8)。采用免疫组化染色法检测SphK1在TLE患者颞叶皮质中的表达变化;运用Western blotting法检测SphK1在大鼠海马中的表达变化;采用免疫荧光染色法观察在人颞叶皮质和大鼠海马中星形胶质细胞(AST)活化增生情况和SphK1在AST中的表达。结果癫痫组人颞叶皮质中SphK1的阳性细胞数及AST细胞数均明显多于对照组(均P0.05)。E6h组、E1d组、E3d组和E7d组大鼠海马SphK1表达水平均明显高于MC组(均P0.05);PILO组AST细胞数明显多于MC组(P0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,在癫痫组患者颞叶皮质中,SphK1主要在活化的AST的胞质中表达;而在PILO组大鼠海马中,SphK1主要在活化的AST的胞核中表达。结论 SphK1在TLE患者颞叶皮质和TLE大鼠海马中的表达明显增加,SphK1参与了TLE的发病。     

锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠脑组织中驱动蛋白家族成员17的表达情况

目的 观察驱动蛋白家族成员17 (KIF17)在锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠海马和颞叶皮质表达的变化,探讨其在癫痫发生、发展中的作用.方法 采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品诱导癫痫大鼠模型,将49只雄性正常Wistar大鼠采用随机数字表法分成实验组(n=42)和对照组(n=7),实验组又分为6个亚组(n=7):包括癫痫后24h、72 h、7d、14 d、1个月、2个月组.运用蛋白质印迹法检测KIF17在致痫大鼠海马和颞叶皮质的表达变化,免疫荧光双标染色法确定KIF17的表达部位.结果 大鼠海马KIF17蛋白表达在癫痫持续状态(SE)后开始增高[积分吸光度(L4)比值:24 h 0.516±0.196、72 h0.742±0.313],在癫痫后7d时达到高峰(0.888±0.319),之后逐渐降低(14 d 0.770±0.271、1个月0.742±0.261、2个月0.714±0.271),但均显著高于对照组(0.495±0.203),差异均有统计学意义(t=7.051、4.974、7.419、8.795、8.264、6.676,均P＜0.05).大鼠颞叶皮质KIF17蛋白的表达在SE后24h时开始持续增高,并在30 d时达到高峰,且IA比值均明显高于对照组.免疫荧光双标染色法显示KIF17蛋白主要存在于神经元,包括兴奋性神经元和抑制性神经元,而在星形胶质细胞中不表达.结论 KIF17在锂-匹罗卡品致癫痫模型的发生发展过程中可能起着重要的作用.     

胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)改善阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的认知功能及其机制研究

目的 探讨胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)改善阿尔茨海默病大鼠认知功能的机制。方法 以正常成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,将其随机分为正常对照组、AD模型组、AD模型+GLP-1干预组和AD模型+PPARγ抑制剂+GLP-1干预组; 其中AD模型组以侧脑室注射STZ(3 mg/kg,10 μL)制造AD模型,AD模型+GLP-1干预组在AD造模基础上每日腹腔注射利拉鲁肽(200 μg/kg,10 μL),连续给药28 d,AD模型+PPARγ抑制剂+GLP-1干预组在AD造模基础上侧脑室注射PPARγ抑制剂GW9662(2.5 nmol/g,10 μL),随后腹腔注射利拉鲁肽(200 μg/kg,10 μL)并连续给药28 d; 观察4组大鼠在Morris水迷宫中的学习和记忆能力变化; ELISA方法观察各组大鼠海马Aβ42的水平; Western blot观察各组大鼠海马PPARγ蛋白表达水平。结果 与AD模型组比较,GLP-1干预后的AD大鼠在Morris水迷宫中学习和记忆能力明显改善,海马Aβ42的水平显著降低,海马PPARγ蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05); 与AD模型+GLP-1干预组比较,AD模型+PPARγ抑制剂+GLP-1干预组大鼠海马PPARγ蛋白表达水平显著降低,在Morris水迷宫中学习和记忆能力明显下降,海马Aβ42的水平显著增高(P<0.05)。结论 GLP-1可能通过激活PPARγ抑制Aβ 蓄积,从而起到改善阿尔茨海默病的认知功能作用。     

miR-146a通过靶向TRIB3调节癫痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡及炎症反应

目的探讨miR-146a靶向调控Tribble同源蛋白3(TRIB3)对癫痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响,以及对炎症反应的调控作用。方法体外培养新生Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠的海马神经元,制备癫痫海马神经元模型,采用免疫荧光双染法和膜片钳技术检测癫痫海马神经元模型。将海马神经元随机分为四组:空白对照组(control组):正常海马神经元;癫痫组(EP组):癫痫海马神经元;阴性对照组(miR-146a NC组):转染100 nM miR-146a NC至癫痫海马神经元;miR-146a mimic组:转染100 nM miR-146a mimic至癫痫海马神经元,采用脂质体介导法进行转染;流式细胞术检测各组海马神经元细胞的凋亡情况;Western blot检测各组海马神经元中半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)以及肿瘤抑制基因p53的蛋白表达;ELISA法检测各组海马神经元细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)含量;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表达水平;双荧光素酶报告基因实验确定miR-146a与TRIB3的靶向作用情况。结果癫痫组大鼠海马神经元与正常组大鼠海马神经元相比较形态未见明显异常;癫痫大鼠海马神经元自发性放电频率明显较正常大鼠海马神经元明显增加(P0.05);与空白对照组比较,癫痫组miR-146a表达水平升高,海马神经元凋亡数目显著增加,海马神经元中caspase-3、Bax及p53的蛋白表达显著增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达减少,TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达水平与细胞培养液中的含量均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.01)。与癫痫组比较,miR-146a mimic组海马神经元凋亡数目下降,caspase-3、Bax及p53的蛋白表达显著减少,Bcl-2蛋白表达增加,TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达水平与含量均下降,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.01)。TRIB3与miR-146a存在靶向关系,在野生型TRIB3-WT中,miR-146a mimic组荧光素酶活性较miR-146a NC组显著降低(P0.01)。结论高表达miR-146a通过靶向调节TRIB3 mRNA表达来抑制海马神经元凋亡的发生,并减少TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等炎症因子的释放。     

大鼠癫痫持续状态后海马组织各区脑红蛋白表达的实验研究

目的观察大鼠癫痫持续状态(Status epilepticus,SE)后海马组织脑红蛋白(Neuroglobin,NGB)表达动态变化,探讨NGB在癫痫发作中的作用。方法健康成年雄性SpragueDawley大鼠40只,随机分为对照组(n=5)、癫痫模型实验组(n=35);实验组再依据观察时间分为:0、1、3、12、24 h和10、30 d。应用锂-匹罗卡品(20~127 mg/kg)建立大鼠SE模型,观察大鼠致痫期间行为学变化;采用尼氏(Nissl)染色检测海马组织神经元损伤情况;SABC免疫组化法检测海马组织NGB表达水平。结果 SE后,海马组织各区均出现不同程度神经元细胞损伤坏死,随着发作时程进展,CA1、CA3区存活神经元呈近直线下降趋势。其中CA1区(12、24 h,10、30d)、CA3区(0、12、24 h,10、30 d)和(DG区12、24 h,10、30 d)神经元存活数较对照组明显减少(P0.05)。大鼠SE后,海马各区NGB表达水平均上调,CA1、DG区NGB表达均于SE后24 h达顶峰后轻度下降,但仍持续高于对照组,CA3区NGB表达呈持续升高趋势。其中CA1区(24 h,10、30 d)、CA3区(24 h,10、30 d)和DG区(12、24 h,10、30 d)NGB表达水平均较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。另外,海马CA1和CA3区神经元存活数与NGB表达水平呈正相关(R=0.206,P=0.015;R=0.306,P=0.011)。结论大鼠SE后海马各区NGB表达上调,且与CA1、CA3区神经元存活数呈正相关,提示NGB表达上调可能是癫痫发作所致缺血缺氧损害的一种代偿保护机制,参与癫痫相关神经元损害的保护。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.