结核性脑膜炎的临床表现与磁共振特点分析

目的　探讨结核性脑膜炎的发病规律、临床表现和磁共振特点。方法　比较本组 68例患者的临床体征、实验室检查及磁共振特点。结果　结核性脑膜炎早期主要以发热和头痛为主 ,中期以后逐渐出现不同程度的意识障碍及神经系统损害的体征 ,MR有较特异的表现 ,颅底的脑膜明显强化。结论　结核性脑膜炎的诊断手段较多 ,但缺乏特异性 ,诊断需综合临床表现、实验室检查及MR表现 ,尤其要重视临床。     

结核性脑膜炎脑脊液及影像学检查的临床分析

目的分析脑脊液常规、生化、细胞学及影像学检查在结核性脑膜炎(TBM)诊断及治疗中的应用价值。方法对35例TBM及35例对照组患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 TBM组白细胞数310.37±292.20×106·L,蛋白1.62±0.65g·L-1,对照组白细胞数132.37±293.46×106·L、蛋白0.76±0.79g·L-1,TBM组较对照组明显升高(P<0.05),TBM组葡萄糖含量1.87±0.87mmol·L-1、氯化物含量109.68±9.25mmol·L-1,对照组葡萄糖含量2.91±0.95mmol·L-1、氯化物含量119.25±6.76 mmol·L-1,TBM组较对照组明显降低(P<0.05);脑脊液中总细胞数和腰穿压力两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TBM组脑脊液细胞学以混合细胞反应为主;19例患者行头颅MRI检查,18例异常,表现为单纯脑膜增厚、脑膜强化(6例),伴脑积水(6例),结核瘤(3例),脑梗死(1例)等。结论动态监测脑脊液学各项指标的变化对结脑的诊断及治疗均有重要的价值。头颅MRI检查是诊断结核性脑膜炎的手段之一。     

结核性脑膜炎所致精神障碍的临床特点

目的探讨新疆结核性脑膜炎所致精神障碍的临床特点。方法选取2010-07—2014-06收治的90例结核性脑膜炎所致精神障碍患者为研究对象,总结患者的前驱症状、神经系统检查结果、精神障碍表现,并进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者入院前1~14d均存在多种精神障碍前驱症状,最常见是头痛、头晕和失眠,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);90例患者中,脑CT异常90例(100.00%),脑电图异常80例(88.89%),明显高于心电图异常和电解质紊乱(P0.05),结核性脑膜炎所致精神障碍患者大多有脑CT和脑电图异常,精神障碍最常见的是谵妄和精神恍惚,明显高于其余两种表现(P0.05)。结论及时发现结核性脑膜炎导致的精神障碍的前驱症状并给予相应的神经系统检查和神经活动评估,在结核性脑膜炎的诊断过程中有重要意义。     

结核性脑膜炎和疱疹病毒脑膜脑炎脑脊液细胞学检查的特点分析

目的观察分析结核性脑膜炎(TBM)和疱疹病毒脑膜脑炎(HVME)的脑脊液细胞学特点。方法对经下一代基因测序技术确诊的28例TBM和27例HVME患者进行脑脊液细胞学检查及动态观察。结果 TBM组脑脊液嗜中性粒细胞比例显著高于HVME组(P 0. 01),而小淋巴细胞比例低于HVME组(P 0. 01)。HVME组有6例(22. 22%)患者查见红细胞和/或含铁血黄素吞噬细胞,有2例查见细胞内包涵体,而TBM组则均未查见。脑脊液细胞学动态观察发现,TBM组白细胞计数和嗜中性粒细胞比例下降的速度、小淋巴细胞比例上升的速度均较HVME组缓慢,且呈波动性。结论TBM和HVME的脑脊液细胞反应类型不同,TBM表现为混合型细胞反应,HVME则以淋巴细胞反应为主。HVME并发出血的机率显著高于TBM,而且常见细胞内包涵体。动态观察结果表明脑脊液细胞学检查可做为病情观察、疗效判定和预后评估的客观指标,具有十分重要的临床意义。     

结核性脑膜炎临床特点 脑脊液及影像学表现的相关研究

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎的临床特点、脑脊液及影像学表现。方法收集我院2011-10-2015-10符合条件的结核性脑膜炎75例患者,分析其临床特点、脑脊液指标动态变及磁共振表现等特征。结果除常见的发热、头痛、呕吐等主诉外,30%患者以咳嗽、咳痰、气短等脑外结核症状首诊;79%患者仍被误诊为病毒性脑膜炎;TBM经抗结核治疗后,脑脊液氯化物率先恢复,其后为蛋白、葡萄糖、ADA,而颅压及细胞数恢复最慢;结核性脑膜炎脑实质及脑膜均可受累,头颅MRI平扫检查阳性率80%,增强扫描阳性率96.9%。结论结核性脑膜炎易误诊为病毒性脑膜炎;TBM为多器官疾病,临床上应积极寻找脑外结核部位;MRI可较早发现TBM特征性病灶,且阳性率较高;临床上怀疑TMB时应尽可能利用多种现代技术寻找脑脊液中抗酸杆菌,为结脑诊断提供病原学依据。     

老年患者结核性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学及临床特点

目的探讨老年结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液细胞学(CSF)变化及临床特点。方法42例病人经临床和辅助检查确诊,采用脑脊液细胞玻片离心沉淀法收集细胞,经MGG染色后在显微镜下观察。结果全部病例脑脊液细胞学均有异常,老年患者脑脊液细胞学有明显不同的特点。结论初诊时,脑脊液细胞学以淋巴细胞比例占优势较多,随病程进展出现程度不同的混合细胞反应,治疗有效者嗜中性粒细胞下降及消失较快;一部分患者一直以淋巴细胞占优势,伴有激活淋巴细胞、激活单核细胞,并持续性较长时间。脑脊液细胞学的动态变化,为判断老年结核性脑膜炎的病情转归、疗效有着重要的临床价值。     

病因学上可能为继发性的肥厚性硬脑膜炎临床特点分析

目的探讨继发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的病因学、临床表现和磁共振成像(MRI)特征。方法通过3例继发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的病因学、临床表现、脑脊液检查和影像学特点结合文献资料进行总结和讨论。结果继发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎具有与特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎相似的临床表现和影像学特点,同时具有其特定的病因学、脑脊液检查及治疗和预后的特点。结论继发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床较具特征性,依据临床表现和实验室资料可以做出较明确诊断和相应的治疗。     

颅内结核瘤的临床与MRI特点分析

目的为提高颅内结核瘤的诊断和治疗水平.方法10年来共收治32例颅内结核瘤患者,其中手术、立体定向活检术及尸检证实8例,抗结核治疗有效24例,全部病例均行头颅MRI扫描.结果32例脑结核瘤MRI显示单发25例,多发7例,共发现46个病灶,不同类型的结核瘤MRI表现各异,不同类型结核瘤对抗结核药物的反应不同.结论MRI可以明确诊断典型的脑结核瘤,并能帮助提高鉴别诊断水平.     

60例结核性脑膜炎的临床特点和实验室检查结果分析

1资料与方法1.1一般资料结核性脑膜炎患者60例,男36例,女24例;年龄4个月～73岁,平均29.7岁;其中7个月～14岁4例,>14～39岁24例,40～59岁26例,≥60岁6例。1.2诊断标准急性、亚急性或隐匿性起病的患者多伴有发热、盗汗、乏力、食欲减退等结核中毒症状;有结核病史或发现颅外病灶;具有呕吐或脑膜刺激征阳性等临床表现;PPD试验阳性,脑脊液常规中白细胞增加,1×107～1×109/L,细胞分类以单核细胞为主,蛋白含量升高,萄萄糖、氯化物含量降低;抗酸杆菌涂片、结核抗体、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA),PCR等可以出现阳性;头颅CT有特异性改变;抗结核治疗有效。     

结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎合并脊髓空洞症的临床及MRI特征

目的总结结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎合并脊髓空洞症的临床以及MRI特点。方法回顾分析9例结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎合并脊髓空洞症患者的临床表现、脑脊液和MRI结果。结果平均发病年龄（26．30±8．30）岁,男女之比约为2：1;呈亚急性或慢性起病。首发症状以发热伴头痛或咳嗽,下肢乏力、麻木及大小便障碍（6例）为主,亦可继发于抗结核治疗结束后6个月至1年;症状与体征不对称,节段性分离性感觉障碍不典型。MRI表现为脊髓中央纵行“串珠”状、“腊肠”样、梭形或细长条形长T1、长T2脑脊液样信号,空洞内及空洞壁无强化;病变部位蛛网膜下隙变窄且伴脊膜强化;脊髓空洞呈多房性,可累及颈髓（5例）、胸髓（8例）、腰髓（6例）或颈胸腰髓同时受累（4例）。病情轻重程度与空洞直径和长度不平行。结论脊髓空洞症可为结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎早期或迟发性并发症。其临床表现可不典型,空洞以胸髓受累常见,具多房性、多节段特点,病情轻重程度与影像学改变可不平行。提高对该病的认识并及时行MRI检查有助于早期诊断。     

结核性脑(脊髓)膜炎合并脊髓空洞症的临床及MRI特征

目的总结结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎合并脊髓空洞症的临床以及MRI特点。方法回顾分析9例结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎合并脊髓空洞症患者的临床表现、脑脊液和MRI结果。结果平均发病年龄（26.30±8.30）岁,男女之比约为2:1;呈亚急性或慢性起病。首发症状以发热伴头痛或咳嗽,下肢乏力、麻木及大小便障碍（6例）为主,亦可继发于抗结核治疗结束后6个月至1年;症状与体征不对称,节段性分离性感觉障碍不典型。MRI表现为脊髓中央纵行"串珠"状、"腊肠"样、梭形或细长条形长T₁、长T₂脑脊液样信号,空洞内及空洞壁无强化;病变部位蛛网膜下隙变窄且伴脊膜强化;脊髓空洞呈多房性,可累及颈髓（5例）、胸髓（8例）、腰髓（6例）或颈胸腰髓同时受累（4例）。病情轻重程度与空洞直径和长度不平行。结论脊髓空洞症可为结核性脑（脊髓）膜炎早期或迟发性并发症。其临床表现可不典型,空洞以胸髓受累常见,具多房性、多节段特点,病情轻重程度与影像学改变可不平行。提高对该病的认识并及时行MRI检查有助于早期诊断。     

Management of intracranial pressure in tuberculous meningitis

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains a common serious neurological emergency—especially in the developing world. Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is often a feature of severe TBM and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The pathology associated with TBM, such as cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, tuberculoma(s), and infarcts related to arthritis, contribute to increase in intracranial volume and, therefore, elevated ICP. The three types of edema (vasogenic, cytotoxic, and interstitial) may contribute to cerebral edema. The molecular mechanisms underlying the events that ultimately lead to brain damage and cerebral edema during infection are complex. Similarly to bacterial meningitis, cerebral blood flow autoregulation is probably impaired in TBM, and the mechanisms are unclear. Although no universal guidelines are available to institute ICP monitoring in patients with severe TBM, it is be prudent to monitor patients at risk for increases in ICP. Such an approach helps to detect the secondary brain insults, allowing for a more informed approach to treatment. Treatment of elevated ICP involves a multipronged approach. The first step should be to identify focal brain lesions and hydrocephalus (which require surgical intervention) by brain imaging. Cerebral edema is treated with hyperosmolar agents. Mannitol is currently the most commonly used agent. It appears that use of hypertonic saline as an osmotic agent in infection-related cerebral edema has certain advantages. However, this needs to be established by well-designed trials. Use of steroids reduces not only cerebral edema but also the production of cytokines and other chemicals involved in the immunopathogenesis of TBM. Fever associated with TBM should be aggressively treated, because fever can worsen the impact of elevated ICP. Hyponatremia may complicate TBM and requires appropriate correction because it can aggravate cerebral edema.     

颅内脑膜黑色素细胞瘤的临床与病理

目的:探讨颅内脑膜黑色素细胞瘤的临床与病理特征。方法:分析4例病人的临床表现、影像学检查、病理学特性、治疗方法及预后等资料。结果:光镜检查可见瘤细胞内有大量黑色素颗粒。免疫组织化学检查S-100蛋白、抗黑色素瘤抗体呈强阳性,而细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原、胶质纤维酸性蛋白呈阴性。术后随访1～5年半未见肿瘤复发。结论:脑膜黑色素细胞瘤是起源于软脑膜黑色素细胞的一类良性肿瘤,颅内任何部位均可发生。手术全切肿瘤并辅以放疗是治疗的最佳选择。     

Brainstem ischemic lesions on MRI in children with tuberculous meningitis: with diffusion weighted confirmation

Introduction  The Western Cape in South Africa has one of the highest incidences of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in the world. Despite therapy, the outcome in children with advanced TBM remains dismal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be superior to computed tomography (CT) in demonstrating ischemia in TBM, especially of the brainstem. The objective of this study was to characterize brainstem lesions and association with clinical findings in children with TBM by using MRI. Materials and methods  CT and multiplanar MRI scans were performed in 30 children with proven TBM. From this group, a subgroup with radiological ischemic changes of the brainstem were identified. Radiological findings in these patients were then correlated with severity of disease, motor deficit, and outcome after 6 months. Results  Radiological brainstem abnormalities were identified in 14 out of 30 children. Thirty-eight brainstem lesions were confirmed to be ischemic. The severity of disease at presentation, degree of motor deficit, and developmental outcome after 6 months of the children with ischemic brainstem lesions was poorer compared to those children without brainstem involvement. However, both sensitivity and specificity of the MRI brainstem lesion detection for clinical outcome proved low. Conclusion  A significant percentage of children with TBM have ischemic brainstem lesions. These are poorly visualized on conventional CT. MRI scanning is more sensitive in detecting these lesions and localizing them. There appears to be some association between MRI-detected brainstem lesions and clinical outcome. The exact meaning of these lesions and their implication for the patient's management require further clarification.     

颅内血管周细胞瘤的MRI诊断

目的探讨颅内血管周细胞瘤（intracranial hemangiopercytoma,HPC）的MRI特点,以提高对该病的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的颅内血管周细胞瘤患者的MRI表现,总结其MRI特点。结果 MRI特点：8例HPC患者均为单发病灶,平扫均具有颅内脑外肿瘤的征象,边界清晰,周围脑组织受压;平扫8例均表现为信号不均,T1WI、T2WI等信号为主,内可见囊变坏死区,瘤体内可见到流空血管影;2例出现瘤周水肿,6例未见到瘤周水肿;2例与邻近脑膜宽基底相连,6例与邻近脑膜窄基底相连,增强后均表现为明显不均匀强化,邻近硬脑膜未出现鼠尾状强化。结论颅内血管周细胞瘤MRI表现具有一定特征,这对于术前准确诊断该病具有重要意义。