地屈孕酮联合黄体酮与黄体酮对先兆流产患者血清P、E2、HCG、PIBF水平影响的对比研究

目的 探讨地屈孕酮联合黄体酮与黄体酮对先兆流产患者血清孕酮(P)、雌二醇(E2)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、孕激素诱导的阻断因子(PIBF)水平的影响。方法 前瞻性纳入2018-06—2020-06于新乡县人民医院妇产科接受治疗的83例先兆流产患者,在常规治疗的基础上,依据用药方案分为单纯黄体酮组(黄体酮组)和地屈孕酮联合黄体酮组(地屈孕酮组)。比较2组患者的基线资料。连续治疗30 d,比较患者临床疗效;分别于治疗前和治疗后30 d检测患者的血清孕酮(P)、雌二醇(E₂)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、孕激素诱导的阻断因子(PIBF)水平。结果 共纳入83例患者,黄体酮组41例,地屈孕酮组42例。治疗结束后,地屈孕酮组的临床总有效率高于黄体酮组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组患者的血清P、E₂、HCG、PIBF水平均高于治疗前,且地屈孕酮组高于黄体酮组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 对先兆流产患者采用地屈孕酮联合黄体酮治疗,效果显著,可有效改善患者血清P、E₂、HCG、PIBF水平,有...     

坤泰胶囊辅助治疗对绝经后骨质疏松症妇女骨密度、骨代谢和激素水平的影响

目的探讨坤泰胶囊辅助治疗对绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度、激素水平和骨代谢的影响。方法 150例绝经后骨质疏松症患者被随机分为治疗组、联合治疗组和对照组,每组50例。治疗组给予雷洛昔芬,联合治疗组给予雷洛昔芬加坤泰胶囊治疗,治疗12个月。检测治疗后两组患者髋部及腰椎的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)改变,同时测定血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、促卵泡剌激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、骨钙素(OC)和I型胶原交联C-末端肽(CTX-1)的水平,并记录治疗期间出现的药物不良反应。结果对照组的腰椎和髋部BMD在1年后较基线时有不同程度降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);治疗1年后,治疗组和联合治疗组髋部及腰椎BMD都有不同程度的升高,且组间比较差异有明显的统计学意义(P0. 05);同时治疗组和联合治疗组血清CTX-1水平均降低,OC水平均升高,两组比较有明显的统计学意义(P0. 05);各组血清FSH和LH水平均降低,E2水平升高,两组比较有明显的统计学意义(P0. 05)。两组患者治疗时均未发现明显药物不良反应。结论坤泰胶囊辅助治疗有助于降低骨转换率,改善性激素水平,改善绝经后女性骨质疏松患者髋部及腰部的骨密度。     

乙烯雌酚联合维生素在妇女绝经期综合征的临床应用研究

目的:探讨乙烯雌酚联合维生素治疗妇女绝经期综合征的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析我院2008年6月～2011年12月收治的128例妇女绝经期综合征患者临床资料,将其随机分为对照组和观察组,每组64例。对照组口服谷维素双维B片和维生素E,观察组在此基础上给予乙烯雌酚。观察并比较两组患者间的临床效果及雌二醇(E2)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成激素(LH)和孕酮(P)。结果:与对照组相比,观察组的痊愈率及总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),无效率明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。两组患者的激素水平比较,两组患者治疗前后的雌二醇(E2)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成激素(LH)比较有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);观察组治疗后的E2、FSH及LH与对照组相比具有显著向差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:乙烯雌酚联合维生素治疗妇女绝经期综合征疗效显著,不良反应少,值得在临床广泛推广。     

利塞膦酸钠联合雷洛昔芬治疗绝经后骨质疏松症疗效分析

目的观察利塞膦酸钠联合雷洛昔芬治疗绝经后女性骨质疏松症的效果。方法将148例绝经后女性骨质疏松症患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予利塞膦酸钠联合雷洛昔芬治疗,对照组给予利塞膦酸钠治疗。在治疗前及治疗后12个月分别检测两组受试者腰椎及髋部骨密度、血清骨代谢指标、激素水平及研究期间药物不良反应和VAS评分的变化。结果药物治疗后12个月,两组腰椎(L1～4)及左侧股骨颈的骨密度明显增加,治疗组的骨密度显著高于对照组(P0. 05);血清雌激素和孕酮水平均明显下降,皮质醇水平明显上升,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义(P0. 05),而对照组与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(P0. 05);治疗后两组血清P1NP及β-CTX较治疗前明显下降、BAP和BGP较治疗前明显上升,比较差异有统计学意义(P0. 05),治疗组较对照组的改善更为明显(P0. 05);治疗后两组患者VAS评分较治疗前显著降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P0. 05),治疗组较对照组降低得更为明显(P0. 05);两组患者在研究期间的药物不良反应无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论利塞膦酸钠联合雷洛昔芬治疗骨质疏松症较单独使用利塞膦酸钠治疗的效果更为显著,且不增加药物副作用。     

两种不同阴道给药黄体支持方案用于激素替代FET周期的临床结局比较

目的探讨不同阴道给药黄体支持方案对激素替代治疗(HRT)周期冻融胚胎移植(FET)患者妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2017年12月在我院生殖中心接受HRT-FET的5 011个周期的临床资料,根据不同的用药情况将纳入对象分为2组:黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶联合地屈孕酮片组(A组,3 049个周期),黄体酮软胶囊联合地屈孕酮片组(B组,1 962个周期)。比较两组患者的基本情况及临床结局。结果两组患者的年龄、体重指数(BMI)、孕酮转化日子宫内膜厚度等基本情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组的胚胎着床率显著高于B组(49.89%vs.47.20%),早期流产率则显著低于B组(7.93%vs.10.49%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组的生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率、宫外孕率及多胎率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶联合地屈孕酮片和黄体酮软胶囊联合地屈孕酮片两种黄体支持方案应用于HRT-FET患者可以取得相似的临床结局,使用黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶联合地屈孕酮片可以提高胚胎着床率,降低早期流产率。     

性激素与原发性尿路结石形成关系的研究

目的:探讨性激素与原发性尿路结石形成的关系,尿路结石发病性别差异的原因以及外源性使用雌激素药物的安全性。方法:将我院1995年3月~2014年3月诊治的355例符合入组标准的患有尿路结石及同质的未患有尿路结石的患者纳入本研究,清晨空腹、安静状态下分别采取各组患者的肘静脉血液送检,采用化学发光法分别测取送检标本的雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(Prog)、催乳素(PRL)、黄体生成激素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH),对比分析。结果:E2、T、Prog、PRL、LH、FSH在各组中差异均有统计学意义,但卵泡刺激素在男性组中差异不显著。结论:1雌性激素可能对原发性尿路结石有一定的抑制作用,而睾酮可能促进尿路结石的形成;2适度使用外源性雌激素药物治疗及预防尿路结石尤其是绝经后女性患者的尿路结石是有效的。     

两种不同黄体支持方案对人工周期FET妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨两种不同黄体支持方案对人工周期冻融胚胎移植(FET)妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2014年5月至2018年1月我院生殖医学科366个人工周期FET患者的临床资料,根据黄体支持方案不同分为A组(地屈孕酮+黄体酮注射液组,246个周期)和B组(地屈孕酮+黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶组,120个周期)。比较两组患者的实验室及临床妊娠指标。结果两组间患者的年龄、不孕年限、体重指数(BMI)、基础FSH、基础LH、基础E2、移植日内膜厚度、移植优质胚胎数等比较均无显著性差异(P0.05);B组的种植率(33.33%)、生化妊娠率(60.00%)、临床妊娠率(56.67%)均显著高于A组(分别为25.93%、46.34%和41.46%)(P0.05);A、B两组间的自然流产率(13.73%vs.14.71%)、双胎妊娠率(15.45%vs.15.00%)比较则无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶联合地屈孕酮用于人工周期FET黄体支持能够提高临床妊娠率,但是尚需以后扩大样本量、完善实验设计进行深入探讨。     

地屈孕酮与黄体酮用于治疗先兆流产的临床效果比较

目的比较地屈孕酮与黄体酮用于治疗先兆流产的临床效果。方法选择我院2010年4月至2013年7月收治的208例先兆流产患者为研究对象,随机分为地屈孕酮组和黄体酮组,每组104例患者。对两组患者药物治疗后临床症状及激素水平的改善情况、临床疗效及妊娠结局进行比较分析。结果地屈孕酮组患者阴道流血合并腹痛等症状缓解情况明显好于黄体酮组,治疗无效的人数则明显少于黄体酮组(P0.05);地屈孕酮组临床总有效率及保胎成功率亦明显高于黄体酮组,且不良反应的发生率明显低于黄体酮组(P均0.05)。结论地屈孕酮用于治疗先兆流产相比黄体酮可能具有更好的临床疗效,可有效改善临床症状及妊娠结局,同时减少不良反应的发生,值得临床进一步探讨验证。     

复方玄驹胶囊配合西药治疗多囊卵巢综合征临床观察

目的探讨复方玄驹胶囊联合达英-35、来曲唑等治疗多囊卵巢综合征的临床效果。方法采用随机化分组,将60例多囊卵巢综合征患者分为对照组和观察组。对照组(n=30)用达英-35和来曲唑治疗;观察组(n=30)用达英-35和来曲唑并加用复方玄驹胶囊。比较两组各激素水平、优势卵泡个数及排卵个数。结果对照组LH、FSH/LH比值在调整治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组血清睾酮(T)、LH、FSH/LH在调整治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组治疗后孕酮(P)[(0.42±0.07)vs.(0.85±0.27)]和FSH/LH[(1.04±0.23)vs.(1.21±0.21)]较观察组有显著性差异,LH水平[(6.34±1.68)vs.(5.38±1.43)]显著高(P0.05)。对照组治疗后排卵个数[(0.67±0.71)vs.(1.13±0.68)]显著少于观察组(P0.05)。结论复方玄驹胶囊配合西药治疗多囊卵巢综合征不孕效果优于单用西药治疗。     

脉冲电磁场抗骨质疏松作用及对Smurf1表达的影响

目的研究脉冲电磁场(PEMF)对去卵巢骨质疏松(OVX-OP)大鼠的作用及机制。方法将6月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、模型组(M组,双侧卵巢切除)、雌激素治疗组(E组,M组基础上进行雌激素治疗)和PEMF组(M组基础上进行PEMF治疗),每组各10只,术后饲养8周后进行治疗,治疗持续8周。称取治疗前后各组大鼠体重;采用双能X射线实验动物骨密度测定仪检测各组大鼠右肱骨骨密度。治疗结束后,采用半自动图像数字化分析仪对胫骨上1/3作静态骨形态计量学检测;采用免疫印迹(WB)检测各组大鼠骨组织Smad泛素化调节因子1(Smurf1)蛋白表达量。结果与S组比较,M组、E组、PEMF组精神状况欠佳,饮食、活动及大小便未见异常。治疗前,与S组比较,M组、E组、PEMF组大鼠体重显著增加(P0. 05),骨密度值显著降低(P0. 05)。治疗后,E组、PEMF组大鼠体重显著降低(P0. 05),骨密度值较治疗前显著增加(P0. 05);与S组比较,M组大鼠骨密度值、BV/TV、Tb.N、Tb. Th显著降低(P0. 05),体重、Tb. Sp、Smurf1蛋白水平显著增加(P 0. 05);与M组比较,E组、PEMF组大鼠骨密度值、BV/TV、Tb.N、Tb.Th显著升高(P0. 05),体重、Tb.Sp、Smurf1蛋白水平显著降低(P0. 05); E组与PEMF组比较,大鼠各指标差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论 PEMF可增加骨密度、改善骨形态变化,发挥抗骨质疏松的作用,可能与Smurf 1蛋白表达下调有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.