不同消毒时机对颅脑创伤患者院内感染的影响

目的探讨不同消毒时机对颅脑创伤患者院内感染的影响。方法选取颅脑创伤患者196例为研究对象,随机分为A组65例,B组65例,C组66例,3组均给予抗休克、清创止血、缝合包扎、输液、注射破伤风抗毒素、必要时及时手术处理等对症治疗,分别选择患者入院后2h、4h、6h内给予抗感染无菌消毒处理措施,出院时观察3组院内感染发生率、发生时间、生活质量评分、抗生素使用时间、住院时间、有效率、病死率等指标。结果 3组院内感染发生率分别为29.2%、53.8%、56.1%,与B组和C组比较,A组发生各种院内感染率及混合感染率均为最低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组院内感染发生时间晚于B组和C组,抗生素使用时间和住院时间均少于B组和C组,生活质量量表总分低于B组和C组,有效率和病死率均优于B组和C组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论选择入院后2h内对颅脑创患者实施抗感染消毒处理,可降低其院内感染发生率和病死率,疗效肯定,值得临床推广应用。     

CT血管造影对重型颅脑创伤的早期监测及预后判定

目的 探讨CT血管造影(CTA)对重型颅脑创伤早期监测及预后判定的作用.方法 对58例重型颅脑创伤患者术前及术后使用128层螺旋CT行头颅CTA动态检查.结果 重型颅脑创伤后CTA显示脑血管主要发生五种变化:血管移位、动脉痉挛或闭塞、动脉穿支减少、脑深静脉狭窄或闭塞、大脑浅静脉狭窄或闭塞.大动脉痉挛或闭塞者预后差,大脑深静脉如大脑内静脉和基底静脉同时闭塞者预后极差,大脑浅静脉的狭窄或闭塞反映了颅内压的变化.结论 CTA可用于重型颅脑创伤的早期监测及预后判定.     

激光多普勒监测重型颅脑创伤患者脑血流的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑创伤患者伤后急性期脑血流变化规律。方法利用激光多普勒脑血流仪(LDF)监测36例重型颅脑创伤患者急性期的局部脑血流(rCBF)及颅内压(ICP),通过观察rCBF的变化趋势及LDF值与脑灌注压(CPP)的相关系数r,分析rCBF的变化及脑血流自动调节功能。结果在监测第一阶段(0-12h)16例(44%)为低灌注;在第二阶段(12-24h)9例(25%)为低灌注;在第三阶段(24h以后)6例(17%)为低灌注。随着时间的推移,局部脑血流灌注量呈逐渐上升趋势。将CPP与LDF值的相关系数r作为评价脑血流自动调节功能的指数,15例(42%)至少出现一次自动调节功能受损,其中GCS 3～5分11例,GCS 6～8分4例。结论重型颅脑创伤患者在伤后急性期多发生低灌注,随着时间的推移,局部脑血流量逐渐上升。患者伤后多发生暂时性的脑血管调节功能受损,特重型颅脑创伤自动调节功能受损的发生率要高于重型颅脑创伤。     

颅脑创伤后脑血流的监测技术新进展

颅脑创伤后脑血流的变化非常复杂,大多数学者认为颅脑创伤后CBF下降,与患者的预后密切相关。脑血流监测对临床治疗有重要的指导作用,其方法多,可分为直接法和间接法。直接法又可分为清除法和侵入监护技术。清除法包括133Xe清除法、氢清除法、N2O清除法、Xe-CT法等。清除法较准确但不能进行连续的监测。侵入监护技术则可进行连续监测,常用的方法有:近红外光谱技术、激光多谱勒血流测量等。间接法有颈静脉氧饱和度、经颅多谱勒、正电子发射断层扫描、单光子发射断层扫描和微透析法等。     

术中颅内压监测在治疗重型颅脑创伤中的应用

目的 探讨术中持续颅内压(ICP)监测在治疗重型颅脑创伤患者中的应用价值.方法 对我科2008年3月至2010年3月收治的58例重型颅脑创伤患者的术中ICP监测结果进行分析.根据预后情况分为较好组(GOS 4 ～5分)和较差组(GOS1 ～3分),分析并比较两组患者开颅术中ICP的波动规律及其对手术操作和预后的影响.结果 两组间手术初始、去除骨瓣后及关颅术后的ICP均值以及两组各步骤间ICP波动变化差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 术中ICP监测在治疗重型颅脑外伤患者中有助于及时发现问题,指导治疗及评估预后,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

颈静脉氧饱和度监测与重型颅脑创伤

重型颅脑创伤后继发性脑缺血—缺氧是导致病人死亡的重要原因,持续监测颈静脉氧饱和度在八十年代中期被推荐为早期发现颅脑创伤后继发缺血—缺氧的方法。文章概述颈静脉氧饱和度监测的生理基础,介绍监测方法及临床应用和最新研究进展。     

颅内压监测对重型颅脑创伤患者预后与疾病负担影响的队列研究

目的 了解颅内压(ICP)监测在重型颅脑创伤(TBI)患者中的应用情况及其对预后和经济负担的影响.方法 抽取上海市5家二级以上综合性医院在2009年1月至2011年1月间收治的重型TBI住院患者535例,按是否行ICP监测分为两组(ICP组和非ICP组),对比两组患者的病死率,急性期总住院费用,住院天数,寿命年费用及质量调整寿命年费用.结果 重型TBI患者行ICP监测的比例为28.0％.ICP组患者的住院病死率为16.7％,显著低于非ICP组患者的住院病死率32.2％(P＜0.001).多元Logistic回归分析显示行ICP监测的患者死亡风险仅为非ICP监测患者的0.32倍(95％ CI,0.19,0.54).重型颅脑创伤患者行ICP监测可使病死率下降15.5％,但平均多耗费住院费用69 620元(P＜0.001);行ICP监测的寿命年费用中位数为5 995元,显著高于未行ICP监测的寿命年费用中位数2 236元(P＜0.001);行ICP监测的质量调整寿命年费用中位数为11 558元,显著高于未行ICP监测的寿命年费用中位数3 938元(P＜0.001).结论 我国重型TBI行ICP监测的比例仍较低,重型TBI患者行ICP监测可能会增加经济负担,但却大大降低患者病死率.     

轻、中度颅脑创伤患者早期症状群的分析研究

目的调查并分析轻中度颅脑创伤患者早期症状群的发生及分布情况。方法采用成人颅脑创伤症状自评量表以及90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)分别对颅脑创伤急性期治愈后拟出院患者及仅门诊就诊患者进行调查。使用主成分分析法(PCA)对全部颅脑创伤症状进行检验。结果自2012年9月至2013年9共收集到符合纳入标准病例132例,成人颅脑创伤症状自评量表经PCA分析显示存在4个症状群,分别命名为躯体化症状群,睡眠-情绪-认知症状群,神经行为症状群以及精力下降型症状群;SCL-90中颅脑创伤相关症状亚量表(BIS)经PCA分析后显示存在3个症状群,分别命名为躯体化症状群、精力下降型症状群以及情绪性症状群。其中稳定成群的症状有:头痛、头晕与注意力障碍;动力缺乏与思维迟缓。结论颅脑创伤后早期亦存在症状聚集成群的情况,颅脑创伤早期症状群的研究有助于理解症状的病理生理学特征,并能有针对性改善颅脑创伤后患者生活质量。     

持续颅内压监测在颅脑创伤开颅术后治疗中的价值

<正>颅脑创伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)开颅术后的脑水肿、迟发型颅内血肿以及再出血等引起的高颅压可导致继发性脑损害。国外及国内TBI救治指南均强烈推荐对重型TBI患者行颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)监测[1,2],开颅术后持续的ICP监测对及时发现病情变化,指导临床用药,判断预后有重要的意义。我们应用ICP监测仪对我院42例TBI开颅     

颅脑创伤患者的营养支持

几乎在所有疾病的治疗过程中，临床医师均需考虑患的营养问题。患营养状态如何，直接关系其疗程和康复状况，尤其是手术前后的营养状态对手术效果、合并症的发生以及预后等均有明显的影响。颅脑创伤后由于脑组织伤和急性应激反应引起机体内分泌平衡紊乱，出血、呕吐、呼吸功能障碍、昏迷以及治疗过程中的禁食、限制饮食和补液不当等，常可并发代谢紊乱及营养障碍。对此类患预防及纠正其代谢紊乱并给予积极的营养支持，是使他们得以早期顺利康复的一个重要环节。     

Automated monitoring of early neurobehavioral changes in mice following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury often causes a variety of behavioral and emotional impairments that can develop into chronic disorders. Therefore, there is a need to shift towards identifying early symptoms that can aid in the prediction of traumatic brain injury outcomes and behavioral endpoints in patients with traumatic brain injury after early interventions. In this study, we used the Smart Cage system, an automated quantitative approach to assess behavior alterations in mice during an early phase of traumatic brain injury in their home cages. Female C57BL/6 adult mice were subjected to moderate controlled cortical impact(CCI) injury. The mice then received a battery of behavioral assessments including neurological score, locomotor activity, sleep/wake states, and anxiety-like behaviors on days 1, 2, and 7 after CCI. Histological analysis was performed on day 7 after the last assessment. Spontaneous activities on days 1 and 2 after injury were significantly decreased in the CCI group. The average percentage of sleep time spent in both dark and light cycles were significantly higher in the CCI group than in the sham group. For anxiety-like behaviors, the time spent in a light compartment and the number of transitions between the dark/light compartments were all significantly reduced in the CCI group than in the sham group. In addition, the mice suffering from CCI exhibited a preference of staying in the dark compartment of a dark/light cage. The CCI mice showed reduced neurological score and histological abnormalities, which are well correlated to the automated behavioral assessments. Our findings demonstrate that the automated Smart Cage system provides sensitive and objective measures for early behavior changes in mice following traumatic brain injury.     

2058例重型颅脑创伤颅内压动态监护分析

目的 探讨颅内压(intraeranial pressure,ICP)持续动态监护对重型颅脑创伤(severe traumatic brain injury,sTBI)救治的指导意义.方法 分别采用脑窜内及脑实质内ICP监护法,对2058例sTBI患者进行ICP持续动态监护,观察ICP与患者生命体征、临床表现和预后的关系,分析其对脑室外引流及其他降颅压治疗的指导作用.结果 ICP持续动态监护末并发严重颅内感染及出血,脑室外引流对持续ICP增高者有显著的治疗作用,ICP值与患者预后呈显著负相关.结论 ICP持续动态临护安全、易行,其有助于sTBI患者病情变化的及时、正确判断,能为临床医生制定治疗方案及预后病人评估提供重要的参考依据.     

Multimodality monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with widespread social, personal, and financial implications for those who survive. TBI is caused by four main events: motor vehicle accidents, sporting injuries, falls, and assaults. Similarly to international statistics, annual incidence reports for TBI in Australia are between 100 and 288 per 100,000. Regardless of the cause of TBI, molecular and cellular derangements occur that can lead to neuronal cell death. Axonal transport disruption, ionic disruption, reduced energy formation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and free radical formation all contribute to the complex pathophysiological process of TBI-related neuronal death. Targeted pharmacological therapy has not proved beneficial in improving patient outcome, and monitoring and maintenance of various physiological parameters is the mainstay of current therapy. Parameters monitored include arterial blood pressure, blood gases, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and direct brain tissue oxygen measurement (ptiO₂). Currently, indirect brain oximetry is used for cerebral oxygenation determination, which provides some information regarding global oxygenation levels. A newly developed oximetry technique, has shown promising results for the early detection of cerebral ischemia. ptiO₂ monitoring provides a safe, easy, and sensitive method of regional brain oximetry, providing a greater understanding of neurophysiological derangements and the potential for correcting abnormal oxygenation earlier, thus improving patient outcome. This article reviews the current status of bedside monitoring for patients with TBI and considers whether ptiO₂ has a role in the modern intensive care setting.     

血栓弹力图监测颅脑损伤病人凝血功能的临床价值

目的 探讨血栓弹力图(TEG)监测颅脑损伤(TBI)病人凝血功能的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年12月收治的108例TBI的临床资料.按入院GCS评分分为轻型组(58例)、中型组(24例)、重型组(26).分析TEG参数[主要包括凝血反应时间(R值)、凝血形成时间(K值)、凝固角(α值)、血栓最大...     

降钙素原对重型颅脑损伤并发颅内感染后抗生素使用的指导意义简

目的探讨动态监测血清降钙素原（PCT）对指导重型颅脑损伤并发颅内感染患者抗生素使用的临床价值。方法选取91例重型脑损伤合并颅内感染的患者,随机分为PCT监测治疗组（45例,PCT组）和常规治疗组（46例,对照组）。相同的诊疗基础上,对照组根据抗生素应用指南决定疗程。PCT组根据血清PCT检测值判断是否继续或停止使用抗生素,当血清PCT≥0．25ng,ml时,进行抗生素治疗;PCT〈0．25ng／ml时,停止抗生素治疗。结果PCT组抗生素疗程8～15d,平均（12．35±2．47）d;对照组抗生素疗程11—19d,平均（15．78±2．69）d;PCTfR患者抗生素疗程明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗后,两组患者全身炎症反应综合征修正评分较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．05）,但两组之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论重型颅脑损伤并发颅内感染患者根据PCT使用抗生素,能够缩短抗生素疗程,动态监测PCT水平可作为优化抗生素治疗的有效指标。     

Neuroendocrine abnormalities in patients with traumatic brain injury

This article provides an overview of hypothalamic and pituitary alterations in brain trauma, including the incidence of hypothalamic-pituitary damage, injury mechanisms, features of the hypothalamic-pituitary defects, and major hypothalamic-pituitary disturbances in brain trauma. While hypothalamic-pituitary lesions have been commonly described at postmortem examination, only a limited number of clinical cases of traumatic hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction have been reported, probably because head injury of sufficient severity to cause hypothalamic and pituitary damage usually leads to early death. With the improvement in rescue measures, an increasing number of severely head-injured patients with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction will survive to be seen by clinicians. Patterns of endocrine abnormalities following brain trauma vary depending on whether the injury site is in the hypothalamus, the anterior or posterior pituitary, or the upper or lower portion of the pituitary stalk. Injury predominantly to the hypothalamus can produce dissociated ACTH-cortisol levels with no response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and a limited or failed metopirone test, hypothyroxinemia with a preserved thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, low gonadotropin levels with a normal response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a variable growth hormone (GH) level with a paradoxical rise in GH after glucose loading, hyperprolactinemia, the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), temporary or permanent diabetes insipidus (DI), disturbed glucose metabolism, and loss of body temperature control. Severe damage to the lower pituitary stalk or anterior lobe can cause low basal levels of all anterior pituitary hormones and eliminate responses to their releasing factors. Only a few cases showed typical features of hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction. Most severe injuries are sufficient to damage both structures and produce a mixed endocrine picture. Increased intracranial pressure, which releases vasopressin by altering normal hypothalamic anatomy, may represent a unique type of stress to neuroendocrine systems and may contribute to adrenal secretion by a mechanism that requires intact brainstem function. Endocrine function should be monitored in brain-injured patients with basilar skull fractures and protracted posttraumatic amnesia, and patients with SIADH or DI should be closely monitored for other endocrine abnormalities.     

单纯颅脑损伤病人凝血功能异常的相关因素

目的 探讨单纯颅脑损伤（TBI）病人凝血功能异常的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月收治的136例单纯TBI的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验并发凝血病的影响因素。结果 136例中,并发凝血病51例,其中纤维蛋白原异常率最高（29.4%）,其次是国际标准化比值（19.1%）。GCS评分≤8分、血糖水平≥20.1 mmol/L、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血是单纯TBI发生凝血病的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 TBI入院后建议密切监测凝血功能、血糖,及时完善CT、MRI等检查,对于Fib和INR异常、血糖升高、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血的TBI病人,应注意防治TBI相关性凝血病。     

颅内压监测对重型创伤性颅脑损伤患者临床疗效的Meta分析

目的系统评价持续颅内压(ICP)监测对重型颅脑损伤(TBI)患者疗效与安全性的影响。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library、MEDLINE、EMbase、CNKI、万方等数据库,收集符合纳入标准的研究,检索时限均为从建库至2015年3月,并追溯纳入研究的参考文献和手工检索相关会议资料。由两位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量后,采用Rev Man5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入1个随机对照研究,11个病例对照研究。Meta分析结果显示,与传统的临床和影像学监测对照组相比,ICP监测组的病死率并未显著降低,OR=0.87,95%CI(0.62,1.22),P=0.42。亚组分析结果显示,在经济发达及欠发达地区,ICP监测组与对照组的病死率相比,差异无统计学意义。2012年以后发表的文献合并OR值显示,ICP监测可显著降低病死率,OR=0.61,95%CI(0.39,0.95),P=0.03;ICP监测组与对照组ICU病死率及6个月的病死率相比,差异均无统计学意义;仅2周的病死率显著减少,OR=0.52,95%CI(0.40,0.68),P0.01。结论对于重型TBI患者,持续ICP监测的临床疗效受多方面因素的影响,统一研究对象的纳入标准及ICP的规范化应用将会得出更为可靠的临床结论。