Wada试验联合神经导航在药物难治性额颞癫术前评估中的应用

目的探讨Wada试验联合神经导航在药物难治性额颞癫术前评估中的应用。方法回顾性分析手术治疗的52例药物难治性额颞癫病人的临床资料。术前行脑磁图及Wada试验确定语言、记忆优势半球,明确语言功能区位置和记忆功能情况。术中应用美国Medtronic Stealhealth S7手术导航系统引导手术切除病变和致灶。结果 Wada试验定位结果:语言优势半球位于左侧38例,右侧14例;记忆优势半球位于左侧30例,右侧18例,双侧半球4例;记忆优势半球及非优势半球比较,记忆评分差异明显(P0.05)。与术前比较,术后1年言语智商与总智商明显提高(P0.05),记忆商、操作智商无明显变化(P0.05)。术后随访16~44个月,平均29.8个月,EngelⅠ级27例,EngelⅡ级19例,EngelⅢ级6例。结论 Wada试验联合神经导航对药物难治性额颞癫病人术前语言和记忆优势半球的定侧、定位和制定手术计划,保护皮质功能、避免术后并发症、提高癫手术疗效具有重要价值。     

颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的手术治疗研究

目的探讨颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者手术治疗的疗效,分析多种致痫灶定位技术的联合应用对手术疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析31例颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者术前脑电图及术后随访资料,其中囊性占位7例,海绵状血管瘤6例,胶质瘤16例,其他病变2例;应用MRI、视频脑电图、脑磁图行致痫灶定位,术中应用皮质脑电图再次精确致痫灶范围后行前颞叶联合海马切除术,术后随访评估疗效。结果长程VEEG监测中,20例患者均有惯常发作和发作间期痫样放电,14例(14/20)患者发作间期痫样放电位于单侧颞叶及海马区,其中合并同侧额区放电5例。6例(6/20)患者发作间期放电位于双侧颞叶,其中合并单侧额区放电2例。8例(8/20)起源于左侧颞叶及海马区,12例(12/20)起源于右侧。MEG检查20例患者发作间歇期皆有痫样放电,检出率为100%,17例(17/20)患者单侧颞叶放电,其中合并同侧额区放电8例;3例(3/20)患者双颞放电。术后随访12~24个月:16例患者Ⅰ级,3例Ⅱ级,1例Ⅲ级,手术有效率100%,效果良好率95%。结论颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的手术治疗疗效好,多种致痫灶定位技术的联合应用可提高手术疗效并有效减少术后并发症。     

唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除临近语言区致痫灶(附3例报告)

目的 探讨切除功能区致痫灶的手术策略及术后疗效.方法 在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮层电刺激确定语言功能区,根据功能区边界选择处理致痫灶.评价患者的功能结果及癫痫控制程度.结果 3例患者术后随访,均未出现语言障碍,癫痫发作完全控制,符合Engel分级Ⅰ级.致痫灶全切2例,近全切+致痫皮层热灼1例.结论 借助唤醒麻醉进行术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠.唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合影像学资料、借助颅内皮层电极的皮质电刺激进行功能区定位,能够最大可能地切除致痫灶而最小化功能区的损害.     

颅内电极监测结合神经导航治疗功能区难治性癫痫24例临床分析

目的探讨颅内电极监测结合神经导航技术在难治性癫痫手术中的疗效。方法对24例难治性癫痫患者行颅内电极置入长程脑电图监测(intracranial EEG,iEEG)进行致痫区定位,二次手术前行磁共振扫描,数据输入神经导航系统,手术当天进行导航注册配准,神经导航引导手术入路,术中结合颅内电极描记切除癫痫灶,尽可能减少功能区损伤。结果手术后致痫灶切除效果:EngelⅠ级19例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例。无术后神经功能障碍。结论颅内电极监测结合神经导航的应用可使难治性癫痫外科手术更精确,侵袭更小。     

颅内电极监测的额叶癫痫外科治疗

目的探讨颅内电极监测对额叶癫痫手术治疗的指导作用,总结额叶癫痫手术治疗效果。方法从2007年3月至2012年3月对我科40例额叶癫痫患者,采用颅内电极监测定位致痫灶和功能区,二次手术进行致痫灶处理。术后对患者进行1年到6年随访,对手术疗效进行改良ENGEL分级。结果本组男性25例,女性15例;患者年龄最小为6岁,最大为50岁,平均24．1岁;所有患者均成功行颅内电极植入,其中单侧28例,双侧12例。所有患者均通过颅内电极监测到致痫灶,其中16例致痫灶涉及功能区。对40例患者均行额叶致痫灶切除,并对5例行部分颞叶处理,9例行胼胝体切开,16例致痫灶涉及功能区者行皮层电热灼。电极植入术后,1例患者发生硬膜下血肿,约50ml,进行血肿清除后成功监测并进行致痫灶手术处理,1例致痫灶处理术后发生头皮延迟愈合,经清创术后1月愈合。对术后患者疗效行1年到6年时间随访,按照改良ENGEL分级显示I级23例,占57．5％;Ⅱ级7例,占17．5％;Ⅲ级8例,占20％;Ⅳ级2例,占5％;Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级患者占总体75％,说明手术疗效良好者占比例高。结论颅内电极对额叶癫痫致痫灶和功能区准确定位是额叶癫痫手术治疗取得成功的关键。     

单纯脑皮层电凝热灼术治疗功能区癫痫

目的 探讨单纯脑皮层电凝热灼术治疗功能区癫痫的方法 与疗效.方法 回顾性分析单纯应用脑皮层电凝热灼术治疗的15例功能区癫痫患者,观察术后并发症及治疗效果.结果 7例出现对侧肢体不同程度偏瘫,2例热灼颞叶及颞枕皮层患者无语言视力等功能缺失.术后无一例患者颅内出血及感染.Engel癫痫术后评分,其中Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级2例.结论 单纯低功率电凝热灼功能区致痫灶,操作简便,安全有效.     

颅内埋藏电极及皮层电刺激在脑中央区致痫灶切除术中的联合应用(附7例报告)

目的 探讨颅内埋藏电极和皮层电刺激技术在脑中央区致痫灶切除术中的作用.方法 对7例术前怀疑致痫灶临近或累及大脑中央区的癫痫患者,将颅内电极置于硬膜下或皮层表面,行长程皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测及皮层电刺激,确定致痫灶和大脑中央区范围及二者位置关系.术中在保护中央区的前提下,最大限度切除致痫灶.术后随访6～12个月,根据Engel's术后效果分级和Karnofsky生活状态量表(KPS)评分进行评估.结果 :7例患者术后均无癫痫发作,达到Engel's I级,KPS评分结果较术前提高.结论 :颅内埋藏电极及皮层电刺激联合应用,可指导脑中央区致痫灶的手术,在切除致痫灶的同时保护脑中央区,达到既控制癫痫发作又无术后严重功能障碍的目的 ,可显著提高患者生活质量.     

fMRI辅助神经导航技术结合术中脑电监测在癫痫外科中的应用

目的探讨功能磁共振成像(fMRI)辅助神经导航技术结合术中脑电监测对脑功能区癫痫患者术中功能区定位的意义及手术效果的评估。方法对18例头皮脑电异常放电部位位于功能区的难治性癫痫患者(12例位于感觉运动区,6例位于语言区)术前进行fMRI扫描后,将导航序列的fMRI影像传输至神经导航仪,术中应用导航系统定位感觉运动区及语言区,应用术中脑电监测,对癫痫起源部位进一步精确定位,术中最大限度的切除致痫灶,对波及功能区的病灶实行皮层电灼术或多处软膜下横切(MST),术后常规应用抗癫痫药。结果全部患者在预定的癫痫灶局部均可记录到癫痫波,术后出现感觉运动区功能障碍者2例,言语障碍者1例,除1例出现永久感觉障碍外,其余患者均在术后1周内症状缓解。按照Engel分级评价为:I级7例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级2例;总有效者16例,有效率达88.9%。结论fMRI结合术中皮层脑电监测可实现个体化、实时、精确地定位病灶及毗邻的脑皮质功能区,达到在保护重要脑功能的前提下最大限度的切除致痫灶的目的。     

外伤后癫痫的外科治疗(附14例报告)

目的 探讨外伤后癫痫的手术治疗方法和效果. 方法 回顾性分析北京军区总医院附属八一脑科医院自2010年11月至2013年7月接受外科手术治疗的14例难治性外伤后癫痫患者临床资料.所有患者均经严格的术前评估,其中5例病灶毗邻重要功能区者分别采用颅内电极植入(4例)和术中神经功能导航(5例);随后分别行皮层电刺激和功能磁共振导航完成脑功能区精确定位及致痫灶与运动区的位置关系确定.手术切除所有患者癫痫病灶,术后定期进行随访并采用Engle分级进行疗效评定. 结果 所有患者均成功实施了癫痫病灶切除术.颅内电极植入的患者经功能磁共振导航和皮层电刺激双重定位,毗邻功能区的癫痫病灶达到精准切除,同时患者运动功能得到良好保护.术后随访12～30个月,Engle Ⅰ级7例、Ⅱ级5例、Ⅲ级2例,未出现永久性神经功能障碍. 结论 对于药物难治性外伤后癫痫,精确定位癫痫病灶和脑功能区后可以经外科切除术获得良好疗效.     

颅内电极监测技术在癫痫手术中的应用

目的探讨颅内电极监测技术在难治性癫痫外科治疗中的应用价值。方法对头皮脑电图及影像学等非侵袭性检查难以确定致痫灶或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的51例难治性癫痫患者,行颅内电极埋置术,长程视频脑电图监测确定致痫灶,并行脑皮层电刺激功能区测定,再次手术切除致痫灶。结果术后致痫灶切除效果按Engel分级：I级32例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例。术后发生头皮愈合不良3例,延长住院时间后治愈。无脑脊液漏及永久性神经功能缺失发生。结论颅内电极监测可以精确定位致痫灶,皮层电刺激术对脑功能区定位可靠、方便,故对于采用非侵袭性检查不能明确致痫灶或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的难治性癫痫患者,颅内电极监测结合皮层电刺激术可以提高其治愈率,并有效降低并发症发生率。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.