华法林抗凝患者起搏器术后预防囊袋出血的观察与护理

目的：评价不同护理方法预防华法林抗凝患者起搏器术后囊袋出血的疗效。方法回顾分析华法林抗凝患者行起搏器植入术的临床资料,根据术后采用不同预防囊袋出血措施分为两组。 A组患者术前调整INR至1.5～2.0,围手术期不停用华法林,术中应用凝血酶,术后延长弹力绷带加压包扎时间至48 h;B组患者术前调整INR至1.5～2.0,术前3 d停用华法林,改用低分子肝素替代抗凝治疗,术后恢复使用华法林,术后给予弹力绷带加压包扎24 h。比较两种方法预防起搏器术后囊袋出血的效果。结果共840例行起搏器手术患者中,有78例为长期使用华法林抗凝的患者。 A组患者42例,术后发生轻度囊袋出血4例,中度囊袋出血1例。 B组患者36例,术后发生轻度囊袋出血7例,中度囊袋出血3例,重度囊袋出血1例。结论华法林抗凝患者起搏器植入术后囊袋出血的风险增高,术中应用凝血酶,而术后延长弹力绷带加压时间对预防囊袋出血具有更好的疗效。     

长期口服华法林治疗的心房颤动患者起搏器植入围手术期不同抗凝方式的比较

目的探讨长期使用华法林治疗的心房颤动患者起搏器植入围手术期恰当的抗凝方式。方法回顾性分析2013年7月至2017年7月在我院心内科住院的需要接受起搏器植入治疗且长期服用华法林的房颤患者110例,根据围手术期抗凝方式的不同分为停用组33例、桥接组37例和继续组40例,分析不同抗凝方式与出血和栓塞事件发生率的关系。结果桥接组出血并发症发生率高于其他两组(P0.05),主要表现为囊袋血肿发生率明显升高(P0.05)。三组均未出现栓塞事件。结论对于需要植入起搏器的口服华法林的心房颤动患者,术前继续华法林抗凝治疗不会增加起搏器植入围术期出血事件的发生率,而肝素桥接抗凝则明显增加出血并发症。     

利伐沙班抗凝治疗老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的效果

目的探讨老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者应用利伐沙班的有效性及安全性。方法选择46例住院老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组23例及观察组23例,观察组在基础上口服利伐沙班10 mg/d,对照组口服华法林,调整剂量将国际标准化时间调整为1.8~2.5之间,两组随访均为6个月。比较两组栓塞出血不良事件发生情况。结果对照组卒中发生率5.0%,观察组发生率为3.8%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组均无严重及中度出血,观察组轻度出血发生率为7.6%,对照组轻度出血发生率为5.0%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者采用小剂量利伐沙班治疗效果较好,且较为安全,利伐沙班与华法林抗凝治疗效果相当,可明显减少栓塞事件。     

心房颤动射频消融术后利伐沙班和华法林抗凝治疗对比研究

目的观察对心房颤动(简称房颤)患者行射频消融术后给予利伐沙班或华法林抗凝治疗,比较两药的不良反应。方法入选非瓣膜性持续性或阵发性房颤患者74例、采用导管射频消融治疗,随机分成利伐沙班组36例和华法林组38例,术后利伐沙班组每天给予利伐沙班片(10 mg/d),华法林组每天给予华法林片(2.5 mg/d),术后的第1、3个月行常规的实验室检查,统计脑卒中发生率和其他不良事件发生率。结果用药前后及两组间实验室指标血红蛋白、血小板、尿常规、大便隐血、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、低密度脂蛋白、凝血指标国际标准化比率INR和房颤复发率,比较均没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。个别指标异常与观察药物无关。试验结果显示两组患者无死亡病例,利伐沙班组短暂性脑缺血发作1例,无缺血性脑卒中,外周动脉栓塞1例;华法林组缺血性脑卒中1例,无外周动脉栓塞。两组患者牙龈出血各1例;华法林组患者皮肤出血1例,利伐沙班组出现血尿1例,患者停药后出血症状消失,两组患者均未出现严重出血患者。结果显示无论在卒中风险和出血风险上,两组差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论利伐沙班具有强效抗凝作用,无需监测出凝血指标,可以安全有效地减少房颤患者射频消融术后卒中和栓塞出血风险。     

小剂量利伐沙班对高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的抗凝效果及安全性评价

目的 探讨小剂量利伐沙班对高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动（NVAF）患者的抗凝效果及安全性。方法 选择2018年1月至2020年1月启东市人民医院收治的口服华法林或利伐沙班的450例高龄（年龄≥80岁）NVAF患者，根据服药情况分为华法林组（n=156）、利伐沙班15 mg组（n=143）和利伐沙班10 mg组（n=151）。3组均治疗12个月，比较3组患者治疗前后凝血功能指标水平，栓塞、出血及药物相关不良反应发生率。结果 治疗前，3组高龄NVAF患者的血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、国际标准化比值（INR）、凝血酶时间（TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）差异无统计学意义。治疗后2个月，3组高龄NVAF患者的PT、INR、TT、APTT均较治疗前延长（P<0.05）；两利伐沙班组较华法林组延长更明显（P<0.05）；除TT外，其余凝血指标在利伐沙班15 mg组较利伐沙班10 mg组延长更明显（P<0.05）。华法林组、利伐沙班15 mg组、利伐沙班10 mg组栓塞事件总发生率分别为4.49%、4.20%、5.30%，差异无统计学意义；3组出血事件总发生率分别为11.54%、5....     

低剂量利伐沙班对老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的血栓栓塞与出血事件及再入院率的影响

目的比较低剂量(10 mg/d)利伐沙班、15 mg/d利伐沙班和华法林对老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的血栓栓塞与出血事件及再入院率的影响。方法选择2020年1月1日至2021年8月31日于中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)心血管内科就诊的96例使用利伐沙班或华法林抗凝的老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者,按用药种类及用药剂量分为10 mg/d利伐沙班组34例,15 mg/d利伐沙班组28例,华法林组34例;随访并记录用药1年内发生的血栓栓塞性事件和出血性事件及再入院的情况。并采用多元logistic回归分析评估3组患者用药后的出血风险。结果3组患者的血栓栓塞性事件总发生率相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在出血事件方面,15 mg/d利伐沙班组相较于10 mg/d利伐沙班组和华法林组消化道出血的发生率增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);10 mg/d利伐沙班组与华法林组消化道出血的发生率相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);多元logistic回归分析发现,在校正年龄、性别、体重指数、消化道疾病史等因素后,15 mg/d利伐沙班组消化道出血的风险较10 mg/d利伐沙班组高(OR=14.09,95%CI:1.180~168.730);3组患者的其他出血事件发生率、再入院率相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论10 mg/d利伐沙班与15 mg/d利伐沙班、华法林对于老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的抗凝效果相当,15 mg/d利伐沙班与10 mg/d利伐沙班相比可能会增加老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者消化道出血的风险。     

口服抗凝治疗增加易栓症患者异常子宫出血的发生风险：一项单中心回顾性研究

目的 探讨女性易栓症患者口服抗凝治疗期间异常子宫出血(abnormal uterine bleeding, AUB)的发生率及其不良影响。方法 以2013年1月—2023年5月于北京协和医院血液内科出凝血疾病门诊就诊,并接受口服利伐沙班或华法林抗凝治疗的女性易栓症患者为研究对象。回顾性收集抗凝治疗前及治疗后患者的一般临床资料及AUB情况,并根据抗凝治疗药物不同将患者分为利伐沙班治疗组和华法林治疗组。采用广义估计方程分析女性易栓症患者抗凝治疗前后AUB的发生率,探讨不同抗凝治疗药物对AUB发生率的影响。结果 共入选符合纳入与排除标准的女性易栓症患者106例,相较于用药前,AUB的发生率显著增加(56.6%比26.4%,P<0.001),以月经过多(48.1%)和经期延长(21.7%)为主要临床表现。相较于华法林,利伐沙班更易导致AUB(OR=3.3, 95%CI:1.5～7.4,P=0.003)。在发生月经过多和经期延长的54例患者中,72.2%(39/54)采取了干预措施,其中经期暂停服用抗凝药是主要干预措施(37.0%),相较于华法林治疗组,利伐沙班治疗组患者更易在经期停药(O...     

利伐沙班与基因检测指导的华法林治疗下肢深静脉血栓的研究

目的探讨利伐沙班与基因检测指导的华法林治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的临床效果。方法选择160例下肢深静脉血栓患者,根据治疗方案分为利伐沙班组(n=80)和基因检测组(n=80)。利伐沙班组采用利伐沙班治疗,基因检测组根据cyp2c9及vkorc1基因检测结果给予华法林治疗,两组均治疗6个月,在治疗期间对患者进行1个月、3个月及6个月随访,对患者效果进行评估,比较两组临床疗效。结果利伐沙班组利伐沙班治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月患者依从性,均高于基因检测组(P 0. 05);利伐沙班组治疗后6个月复发率,低于基因检测组(P 0. 05);利伐沙班组治疗后6个月生理健康、心理状态、社会关系、周围环境、独立能力,均高于基因检测组(P 0. 05);利伐沙班组治疗后6个月颅内出血、胃肠道出血、肉眼血尿、皮肤及黏膜出血发生率,均低于基因检测组(P 0. 05)。结论利伐沙班用于下肢静脉血栓中抗凝效果更佳,能提高患者服药依从性及治疗后生活质量水平,且药物不会增加出血事件发生率。     

房颤相关卒中后的治疗:利伐沙班vs华法林

正心房颤动(a-fib)相关的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,有很高的复发性卒中和颅内出血的风险。本研究比较了非维生素K拮抗剂的口服抗凝血剂(NOAC)——利伐沙班,与剂量调整后的华法林,在轻度房颤相关急性缺血性卒中患者中的疗效和安全性。受试者是患急性缺血性卒中合并非瓣膜性房颤的患者。受试者被随机分为服用利伐沙班或华法林,华法林组国际标准化比率(INR)调整至2-3。利伐沙班组,前5天每日服用利伐沙班10mg,此后每日20mg。华法林组药物控制在INR2-3。在第4周,进行MRI检查以     

利伐沙班对肺栓塞患者的治疗效果及对动脉血氧分压的影响

目的探讨利伐沙班对肺栓塞患者的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析80例肺栓塞患者的临床资料,按不同治疗方案分为2组。40例采用利伐沙班治疗的患者纳入利伐沙班组,40例采用华法林治疗的患者纳入华法林组,比较2组动脉血氧分压[p(O_2)]及出血事件发生率。结果利伐沙班组、华法林组治疗总有效率分别为92. 50%、87. 50%,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。2组治疗后p(O_2)较治疗前显著升高,动脉血二氧化碳分压[p(CO_2)]较治疗前显著降低(P 0. 05)。利伐沙班组出血事件发生率(7. 50%)低于华法林组(30. 00%),差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论利伐沙班治疗肺栓塞具有显著效果,可改善动脉血氧分压,且无明显出血事件,安全性高。     

Perioperative anticoagulation in patients having implantation of a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator: a systematic review and practical management guide

Summary. Background: The perioperative management of anticoagulation in patients who are having implantation of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a common clinical problem in which best clinical practise is not established. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature to assess the safety (pocket hematoma risk) and efficacy (thromboembolism risk) of different management strategies. We included studies involving patients who were having pacemaker or ICD implantation whenever a portion of these patients were receiving a coumarin and also assessed pocket hematoma or thromboembolism. Results: We identified eight studies that assessed two strategies used for perioperative anticoagulation management: interruption of a coumarin and use of bridging anticoagulation with a short‐acting heparin; and perioperative continuation of a coumarin. A strategy involving bridging anticoagulation with therapeutic‐dose heparin was associated with an incidence of pocket hematoma of 12–20%. A strategy involving perioperative continuation of a coumarin was associated with an incidence of pocket bleeding of 1.9–6.6%. The incidence of thromboembolic events was 0–1%, irrespective of the perioperative anticoagulation strategy used. Conclusion: The perioperative anticoagulation management of patients who require pacemaker or ICD implantation is not established but a strategy involving postoperative bridging with intravenous heparin confers a high risk for bleeding whereas perioperative continuation of a coumarin appears to confer a lower risk for bleeding.     

Outpatient Pacemaker Procedures in Orally Anticoagulated Patients

Reexamination of surgical practices in the present era of cost containment has led to increased outpatient procedures including pacemaker surgery. While the safety and economic benefits of outpatient pacemaker surgery in nonanticoagulated patients is well documented, results of pacemaker operations in patients maintained on coumadin for thromboembolic prophylaxis have not been evaluated. In patients where complications with pacemaker surgery appeared successive, we have established a low incidence of complications. Recently, we extended this approach to the outpatient setting; this report retrospectively reviews our 4-year experience. During the study period, 150 patients underwent outpatient pacemaker procedures, including 37 patients receiving oral warfarin. There was no difference in the incidence of wound related and wound unrelated complications between patients receiving warfarin and the nonanticoagulated cohort. In addition, no wound hematomas, blood transfusions, or clinically significant bleeding episodes were noted among warfarin recipients. We conclude that pacemaker surgery in patients receiving oral anticoagulation is safe and feasible. The use of the cephalic cutdown technique avoiding blind subclavian punctures, meticulous attention to pocket hemostasis, and the use of small caliber unipolar positive fixation leads appears warranted in this selected group of patients at high risk for perioperative bleeding.     

梗死体积及相关生化指标对心源性卒中抗凝治疗后早期出血性转化的预测价值

目的探讨心源性脑卒中患者抗凝治疗后出血性转化与治疗前MRI梗死体积及相关生化指标的相关性。方法2017年3月至2020年3月心源性卒中行抗凝治疗的患者306例,其中69例接受利伐沙班治疗,57倒接受达比加群治疗,120例接受华法林治疗,60例接受阿司匹林治疗。所有患者入院时均行头颅MRI及相关生化指标检查,入组30 d行磁共振磁敏感成像明确是否有出血性转化。结果利伐沙班组出血性转化发生率为21.7%,达比加群组发生率为31.6%,华法林组发生率为25.6%,阿司匹林组发生率为0%,D-二聚体、空腹血糖、MRI梗死体积对抗凝剂治疗心源性卒中出血性转化具有诊断效应(P<0.05)。结论D-二聚体、空腹血糖及MRI梗死体积对心源性卒中抗凝治疗后出血性转化具有预测价值。     

利伐沙班对合并心功能不全的高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动疗效及安全性

目的 分析利伐沙班对合并心功能不全的高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动（non valvular atrial fibrillation,NVAF）患者临床疗效及安全性。方法 随机连续纳入2016年1月至2020年1月间就诊于我院合并心功能不全的高龄NVAF患者182例,随机分为两组,其中91例患者应用利伐沙班抗凝归为观察组,余91例应用华法林抗凝归为对照组。随访记录两组抗凝期间血栓事件、出血等不良反应以及凝血功能和心功能情况。结果 观察组总出血事件显著低于对照组;观察组治疗后N末端B型利钠肽前体（NT proBNP）较对照组显著下降;COX风险模型发现,年龄及华法林是不良事件的危险因素。结论 利伐沙班对于合并心功能不全的高龄NVAF患者疗效不劣于华法林,但安全性显著高于华法林。     

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device Implantation in Patients with Therapeutic International Normalized Ratios

Background: Many patients who need cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) require chronic anticoagulation. Current guidelines recommend discontinuation of warfarin and the initiation of anticoagulant “bridging” therapy during these procedures. We evaluated the safety of CRT‐device (CRT‐D) implantation without interruption of warfarin therapy. Methods: A total of 123 consecutive patients requiring CRT‐D therapy were enrolled, 49 identified as high risk for thromboembolic events who received either intravenous heparin, low molecular weight heparin, or warfarin therapy. The control group comprised 74 patients with low risk of thromboembolic events who required only cessation of warfarin perioperatively. Patients were evaluated at discharge and 15 and 30 days postoperatively for pocket hematomas, thromboembolic events, and bleeding. Patients’ length of stay was also catalogued. Results: Patients in the bridging arm had a significant increase in the rate of pocket hematomas (4.1%[control] vs 5.0%[warfarin] vs 20.7%[bridging], P = 0.03) and subsequent longer length of stay (1.6 ± 1.6 [control] vs 2.9 ± 2.7 [warfarin] vs 3.7 ± 3.2 [bridging], P < 0.001). Hematoma formation postoperatively was not different among patients undergoing an upgrade procedure versus those without preexisting cardiac rhythm devices (12% vs 6.2%, P = NS). Patients with a prosthetic mechanical mitral valve had a higher incidence of pocket hematoma formation (1.8% vs 20%, P = 0.03). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that implantation of CRT‐Ds without interruption of warfarin therapy in patients at high risk of thromboembolic events is a safe alternative to routine bridging therapy. This strategy is associated with reduced risk of pocket hematomas and shorter length of hospital stay. (PACE 2010; 400–406)     

The perils of inhibiting deficient factors

Essentials

• Anticoagulation in patients with factor X deficiency is an evidence‐poor area.
• A patient with factor X deficiency was anticoagulated with warfarin followed by rivaroxaban.
• Warfarin may be a safer anticoagulant option than rivaroxaban in hereditary factor X deficiency.
• A baseline coagulation screen should be performed prior to commencement of anticoagulation.

Summary

We report a case of a previously undiagnosed factor X deficiency in an 83‐year‐old man who had no previous bleeding history despite multiple hemostatic challenges. He was anticoagulated with warfarin for atrial fibrillation without bleeding complications; however, major hemorrhage occurred soon after a switch to rivaroxaban.

     

心脏机械瓣膜置换术后华法林抗凝的调整策略

目的：研究心脏机械瓣膜置换术后华法林抗凝的调整策略及年龄、性别、体重与华法林抗凝剂量、疗效的关系。方法：回顾192例心脏机械瓣膜置换术后服用华法林抗凝患者的临床资料,总结华法林抗凝调整国际标准化比值（INR）的方法,分析年龄、性别、体重和华法林剂量、INR值的关系,观察其抗凝效果及主要不良反应。结果：1例患者因过量服用华法林出现颅内出血死亡,1例过量出现严重皮下出血及鼻出血,1例出现腔隙性脑梗死,2例单用华法林效果不佳,合用拜阿司匹林后INR可调整到目标范围,其余患者效果较好,无严重出血及血栓形成。结论：心脏机械瓣膜置换术后华法林抗凝维持剂量个体差异较大,与年龄、性别、体重无关;抗凝治疗维持INR在1.8-2.5间较为适宜,不增加出血及血栓风险。     

不同抗凝强度华法林预防非瓣膜性房颤血栓栓塞的临床研究

目的：探讨不同抗凝强度华法林应用于非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的可行性及安全性。方法：91例非瓣膜性心房颤动患者随机分为三组：低抗凝强度[国际标准化比率（INR）1．5～1．91;标准抗凝强度组（INR2．0～2．5）和阿司匹林组,观察三组血栓栓塞并发症和出血等不良反应的发生率以及c-反应蛋白浓度变化。结果：标准抗凝强度组血栓发生率低于低抗凝强度组、阿司匹林组,不同强度华法林抗凝组血栓栓塞率比较差异无统计学意义;标准抗凝强度组出血发生率低于其他两个组,但三组患者出血发生率比较无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;治疗后低抗凝强度组、标准抗凝强度组c-反应蛋白浓度明显低于治疗前（P〈O．05）,治疗后阿司匹林组c-反应蛋白水平明显高于低抗凝强度组、标准抗凝强度组（P〈0．01）。结论：华法林抗凝维持INR值在2．O～2．5时能降低非瓣膜性房颤患者血栓栓塞发生率,出血发生率低,有效性和安全性好。     

Oral rivaroxaban after symptomatic venous thromboembolism: the continued treatment study (EINSTEIN-Extension study)

Over recent years, research on anticoagulant drugs has been guided by the requirement for convenient administration and a wide therapeutic window to allow fixed dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring. Rivaroxaban is the first of a new class of anticoagulant drugs, the direct, selective inhibitors of Factor Xa. The EINSTEIN-Extension study compared rivaroxaban with placebo in patients who completed their standard treatment course after venous thromboembolism (VTE), in whom there was equipoise with respect to the need for continued anticoagulation. After 6–12 months of treatment, rivaroxaban significantly reduced the risk of recurrent VTE at the cost of a moderate increase in bleeding complications. Overall, these results suggest that rivaroxaban can be a valid alternative to warfarin for patients requiring long-term secondary prevention of VTE. However, additional data are needed for special populations including the elderly, patients with cancer, renally impaired patients and morbidly obese patients, all of whom were scarcely represented in this trial.