重度腰椎滑脱术后骨盆一脊柱参数与临床症状的相关分析

目的研究重度峡部裂腰椎滑脱患者手术前后骨盆．脊柱参数的变化与临床症状改善的相关性。方法回顾性分析2000--2013年中南大学湘雅二医院收治的60例L,重度峡部裂滑脱患者的临床资料,根据术后Oswestry评分改善率的不同分为高改善率组（改善率〉50％）和低改善率组（改善率〈50％）,测量分析两组滑脱百分比、骨盆入射角（PI）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）、骶骨倾斜角（ss）、髋关节-S,水平距离（SFHD）、髋关节．s,垂直距离（SFVD）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、胸椎后凸角（TK）、C,铅垂线．骶骨后角距离（SC7D）、腰骶角（Dub—LSA）、腰骶关节角（LSJA）等数据。结果高改善率组PT、LL、SFHD、SC7D、LSJA、PT／SS、LL／TK、SFHD／SFVD均低于低改善率组（P〈O．05）,而SS、TK、SFVD、Dub．LSA均高于低改善率组（P〈O．05）。PT、LL、SFHD、SC7D、LSJA与Oswestry评分改善率呈显著负相关,负相关程度依次为SC7D〉LL〉PT〉SFHD〉LSJA（P〈0．05）;SS、TK、SFVD、Dub．LSA与Oswestry评分改善率呈显著正相关,正相关程度依次为：Dub—LSA〉SS〉SFVD〉TK（P〈0．05）：PT／SS、SFHD／SFVD、LL／TK与Oswestry评分改善率呈显著负相关,负相关程度依次为：PT／SS〉LL／TK〉SFHD／SFVD（P〈0．05）,这3个参数比值与术后Oswestry评分改善率的相关性均大于单个参数与术后评分改善率的相关性（P〈0．05）。结论重度腰椎滑脱患者术后临床症状与骨盆．脊柱参数关系密切,临床症状改善率与PT、LL、SFHD、SC7D、LSJA、PT／SS、SFHD／SFVD、LL／TK呈负相关,与SS、TK、SFVD、Dub．LSA呈正相关。提示对于此类患者,术前应充分评估可能影响术后症状改善的因素,优先考虑矫正影响较大的参数,并设计合理军术方寨．以樨高疗前。     

Comparative study of spinopelvic sagittal alignment between patients with and without degenerative spondylolisthesis

Introduction

To date, few studies have focused on spinopelvic sagittal alignment as a predisposing factor for the development of degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS). The objectives of this study were to compare differences in spinopelvic sagittal alignment between patients with or without DS and to elucidate factors related to spinopelvic sagittal alignment.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 patients with or without DS who underwent surgery for lumbar spinal canal stenosis were assessed in this study. Fifty patients with DS (DS group) and 50 age- and gender-matched patients without DS (non-DS group) were enrolled. Spinopelvic parameters including pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), L4 slope, L5 slope, thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL) and sagittal balance were compared between the two groups. In the DS group, the percentage of vertebral slip (% slip) was also measured.

Results

Several spinopelvic parameters, PI, SS, L4 slope, L5 slope, TK and LL, in the DS group were significantly greater than those in the non-DS group, and PI had positive correlation with % slip (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Degrees of correlations among spinopelvic parameters differed between the two groups. In the DS group, PI was more strongly correlated with SS (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) than with PT (r = 0.41, p < 0.01). In the non-DS group, PI was more strongly correlated with PT (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) than with SS (r = 0.38, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Greater PI may lead to the development and the progression of vertebral slip. Different compensatory mechanisms may contribute to the maintenance of spinopelvic sagittal alignment in DS and non-DS patients.     

The analysis of spinopelvic parameters and stability following long fusions with S1, S2 or iliac fixation

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyse changes of spinopelvic parameters and stability in the treatment of degenerative lumbar deformity.

Methods

A retrospective review was carried out on 70 cases of degenerative lumbar deformity treated by long fusion with uni-cortical S1 fixation alone (US1F group, n = 20), bi-cortical S1 fixation alone (BS1F group, n = 20), additional diagonal S2 fixation (DS2F group, n = 14), and additional iliac fixation (ILF group, n = 16) from July 2003 to April 2010. The sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), and stability were used to evaluate radiologic outcomes. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Results

In all groups, the LL was significantly increased at three months (p < 0.05). The PI and the SS of ILF patients significantly increased at three months (p < 0.05), while none of these values changed over time in non-ILF patients. The PT did not change postoperatively in any groups. The LL, SS, and PI were significantly greater in the ILF group at three months postoperatively and later (p < 0.05). DS2F and ILF had statistically significant stability compared to US1F and BS1F (p < 0.05). The ODI scores were significantly improved after surgery in all groups compared to before surgery (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Patients who had ILF in long fusion for the treatment of degenerative lumbar deformity had significant restoration of spinopelvic parameters compared to the other groups. In addition, DS2F and ILF provided more stability of distal instruments.     

腰椎椎管狭窄症患者手术前后脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化

目的 研究腰椎椎管狭窄症(LSS)患者手术前后脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的变化,并分析参数之间的相关性.方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2015年7月在北京朝阳医院接受腰椎后路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗的63例LSS患者临床资料,选取同期60名健康成年志愿者作为对照组.采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分和Oswestry功能障...     

Sagittal spino-pelvic alignment failures following three column thoracic osteotomy for adult spinal deformity

Purpose

Three column thoracic osteotomy (TCTO) is effective to correct rigid thoracic deformities, however, reasons for residual postoperative spinal deformity are poorly defined. Our objective was to evaluate risk factors for poor spino-pelvic alignment (SPA) following TCTO for adult spinal deformity (ASD).

Methods

Multicenter, retrospective radiographic analysis of ASD patients treated with TCTO. Radiographic measures included: correction at the osteotomy site, thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence (PI). Final SVA and PT were assessed to determine if ideal SPA (SVA < 4 cm, PT < 25°) was achieved. Differences between the ideal (IDEAL) and failed (FAIL) SPA groups were evaluated.

Results

A total of 41 consecutive ASD patients treated with TCTO were evaluated. TCTO significantly decreased TK, maximum coronal Cobb angle, SVA and PT (P < 0.05). Ideal SPA was achieved in 32 (78%) and failed in 9 (22%) patients. The IDEAL and FAIL groups had similar total fusion levels and similar focal, SVA and PT correction (P > 0.05). FAIL group had larger pre- and post-operative SVA, PT and PI and a smaller LL than IDEAL (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Poor SPA occurred in 22% of TCTO patients despite similar operative procedures and deformity correction as patients in the IDEAL group. Greater pre-operative PT and SVA predicted failed post-operative SPA. Alternative or additional correction procedures should be considered when planning TCTO for patients with large sagittal global malalignment, otherwise patients are at risk for suboptimal correction and poor outcomes.     

老年退变性腰椎滑脱症患者脊柱骨盆矢状面参数研究

目的分析比较≥65岁老年退变性腰椎滑脱症（degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS）患者与同年龄段无滑脱人群的脊柱骨盆矢状面参数。方法选择2004年1月~2014年1月间于本院就诊,影像学资料完整,无峡部裂、椎体肿瘤,椎体结核、椎体压缩性骨折等疾病,且无腰椎手术史的≥65岁的DLS患者50例为滑脱组。以相同纳入标准选择50例年龄性别匹配的无腰椎滑脱的老年人为对照组。测量滑脱组患者腰椎滑脱椎间盘角和滑脱率均值,再测量并比较2组患者的腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）和骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）。滑脱组内再按性别分组比较各参数,并分别计算2组患者各参数间的相关性。结果滑脱组患者滑脱椎间盘角为7.4°±5.2°,滑脱率为（22.5±9.5）%。滑脱组患者的LL、PI、PT、SS均明显高于对照组。滑脱组内分性别比较时,滑脱参数和腰椎矢状面参数差异均无统计学意义。结论老年DLS患者较同龄无腰椎滑脱人群有着更大的LL、PI、PT、SS。性别因素可能对老年DLS患者的滑脱参数和主要脊柱骨盆矢状面参数无显著影响。     

Lumbar instrumented posterolateral fusion in spondylolisthetic and failed back patients: a long-term follow-up study spanning 11–13?years

Introduction and materials

We examined lumbar transpedicular instrumented posterolateral fusion patients operated on between 1992 and 1997 presenting: degenerative spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis; adult isthmic spondylolisthesis; failed back syndrome after one to five discectomies; and failed back syndrome after one to three laminectomy operations (Groups 1–4, respectively).

Methods

They were examined by an independent orthopedic surgeon, completed the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires and their outcome was evaluated.

Results

The overall patient satisfaction at follow-up (mean 11.7 years) was 82.1 %. The reoperation rate was 15.1 % (7.5 % due to adjacent segment disease).

Conclusion

Group 1 showed the greatest improvements in ODI and VAS values, Group 2 the lowest and Group 3 the highest preoperative values, and Group 4 the second highest improvements. Patient satisfaction scores were 90.3, 69.7, 63.6 and 80.0 %, respectively, and unplanned reoperation rates were 6.5, 9.1, 31.8 and 20.0 %. Thus, long-term outcomes of lumbar instrumented posterolateral fusion (rarely previously studied) were satisfactory for >80 % of patients, but varied among groups.     

Sagittal balance is correlated with Parkinson’s Disease clinical parameters: an overview of spinopelvic alignment on 175 consecutive cases

Purpose

The aim of this study was to describe the disease-related sagittal balance changes in relation to the sacro-pelvic morphology of Parkinson’s Disease patients with different duration of disease.

Methods

One hundred and seventy-five consecutive Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients (102 males, 73 females; age: 55–83 years) participated in the cross-sectional study. The clinical assessment included: Hoehn Yahr (H&Y) score; Tinetti score; plumb line (PL) distance from the spinous process of C7, L3 and S1 and kyphosis apex. Lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), spinosacral (SSA) and spinopelvic (SPA) angles, spinal tilt, pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS) and pelvic tilt (PT) were radiographically assessed.

Results

Spinosacral and spinopelvic were correlated with the duration of disease and Tinetti score, but not with age. We found a positive correlation between LL and both SSA and SPA. TK was significantly correlated with LL but not with pelvic parameters, while PI with SS and LL.

Conclusions

Female gender, high PI and high LL together with a low PL-C7 distance can be considered as protective factors for spinal imbalance and fall risk; negative factors are represented by male gender, longer disease duration, higher H&Y Class, and low PL-L3 distance. Looking at the pelvis is revealing new important insights in spinal disease management, both surgical and rehabilitative.

     

Sagittal spinopelvic alignment in adolescents associated with Scheuermann’s kyphosis: a comparison with normal population

Purpose

Spinopelvic alignment is increasingly considered as a main factor in the energy-efficient posture of the individual in normal and pathological status. However, the spinopelvic characteristics in Scheuermann’s kyphosis (SK) are poorly defined in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences of the spinopelvic parameters exist between adolescents with SK and age-matched normal controls.

Methods

In this study, 55 patients with SK and 60 healthy age-matched adolescents were recruited consecutively. Sagittal spinal and pelvic parameters were measured from the standing lateral radiograph, including global kyphosis, thoracic kyphosis (TK), cervical lordosis (CL), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacrum slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT) and sagittal vertical axis (SVA). According to the location of the kyphosis, patients were subdivided into Scheuermann’s thoracic kyphosis (STK) group and Scheuermann’s thoracolumbar kyphosis (STLK) group. The radiographic comparison and correlation analysis were further performed.

Results

SK patients had significantly lower PI and PT than normal controls (32.0° vs. 45.0°, P < 0.001 for PI; 0.2° vs. 11.9°, P < 0.001 for PT). The rate of a negative PT was 41.8 % (22/55) in SK patients, which was remarkably higher than in normal controls (10.0 %, 6/60). The CL, TK and LL were significantly increased in STK group when compared with STLK and control groups. A significant correlation was noticed between TK and CL and also between TK and LL in STK group. Both TK and LL were decreased in STLK patients, and a significant correlation was found between them (r = ?0.687, P < 0.001). A significantly strong correlation was also observed between LL and SS in STLK patients (r = ?0.641; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Adolescents with SK have a significantly lower PI when compared with age-matched normal controls. Patients with different curve patterns (STK vs. STLK) could have distinct compensatory mechanisms to maintain the sagittal balance.     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆参数测量及临床意义

目的测量退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者骨盆-脊柱参数并分析其临床意义。方法选取2006年3月—2014年3月在本院脊柱外科就诊的DLS且有完整影像学资料的患者30例(DLS组)及影像学资料完整的无DLS者30例(对照组),测量2组的骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacrum slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。结果 DLS组的LL值明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PT、SVA值明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SS、PI及TK值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SS与LL、PT与SVA均有相关性。对照组骨盆参数之间(PI、SS及PT)均有相关性,但DLS组骨盆参数之间均无相关性。对照组中LL与SVA显著相关,但DLS组中LL与SVA无相关性。结论骨盆形态的变化与脊柱的矢状位序列密切相关,DLS患者表现为更小的LL以及更大的SVA。     

Spinopelvic balance: new biomechanical insights with clinical implications for Parkinson’s disease

Purpose

The aim of this study was to describe the disease-related sagittal balance changes in relation to the sacropelvic morphology of PD patients with different durations of disease.

Methods

Thirty-one consecutive Parkinson’s disease patients (26 males, 5 females; age 55–83 years) participated in the cross-sectional study. The clinical assessment included: Hoehn Yahr score; plumb line distance from the spinous process of C7, kyphosis apex, spinous process of L3 and S1. Lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), spinosacral angle, spinopelvic angle, spinal tilt, pelvic incidence, sacral slope (SS) and pelvic tilt were radiographically assessed.

Results

Radiographic spinopelvic angles appeared normal, but many patients presented variations from normality. In particular, pelvic tilt increased and SS decreased; spinosacral and spinopelvic angles were greatly reduced compared to healthy people, and spinal tilt increased. Unlike TK, LL was well correlated with most of the parameters.

Conclusions

Sagittal balance evaluation provides new valuable insights for biomechanical understanding of PD patients. Specific spinal parameters (spinosacral, spinopelvic and spinal tilt angles), and their clinical correlation, as well as pelvic parameters like pelvic tilt and sacral slope, appear particularly interesting for their clinical implications in terms of spinal deformities correction in PD population.     

Relationships between Paraspinal Muscle and Spinopelvic Sagittal Balance in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationships between measurements of paraspinal muscle and spinopelvic sagittal parameters and the predictive value of lumbar indentation value (LIV) on sagittal balance in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.MethodsIt was a retrospective study. We collected the data of 110 patients, who were diagnosed as lumbar spinal stenosis from December 2018 to May 2019. The total cross‐sectional area (tCSA), functional cross‐sectional area (fCSA), and fatty infiltration (FI) of paraspinal muscle were measured. The spinopelvic sagittal parameters were also measured, including sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), and PI minus LL (PI‐LL). Correlations between measurements of paraspinal muscle and sagittal parameters were investigated by Pearson correlation analysis. The multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the LIV, age, gender, and BMI for assessing spinopelvic sagittal balance. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to find out the most optimum cut‐off point of LIV for evaluating SVA.ResultsThere were 42 males and 68 females in this study and the mean age was 59.9 ± 10.9 years old. By Pearson correlation analysis, MF tCSA showed significant association with LL (r = 0.455, P < 0.01) and PI‐LL (r = −0.286, P < 0.01). MF fCSA had a significant correlation with LL (r = 0.326, P < 0.01) and PI‐LL (r = −0.209, P < 0.05). LIV was also significantly correlated to spinopelvic sagittal parameters, including SVA (r = −0.226, P < 0.05), LL (r = 0.576, P < 0.01), TK (r = 0.305, P < 0.01), and PI‐LL (r = −0.379, P < 0.01). By multiple linear regression analysis, LIV was independently associated with sagittal parameters, including PI‐LL and SVA. The cut‐off value of LIV for SVA ≤ 50 mm was 10.5 mm (AUC = 0.641). According to the best cut‐off value, patients were divided into two groups. For patients with LIV ≤ 10.5 mm, the percentage of SVA ≤ 50 mm was 54.5% (18/33), while it was 83.1% (64/77) for patients with LIV >10.5 mm.ConclusionsAs a new index to evaluate paraspinal muscle atrophy, the LIV was independently correlated to spinopelvic sagittal balance. Degeneration of paraspinal muscle was associated with spinopelvic sagittal balance.     

The correlation between sagittal spinopelvic alignment and degree of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis

BackgroundRecently, several authors reported that a high pelvic incidence (PI) might be a predisposing factor to the development of anterior slip in the vertebral body in degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS). The purpose of this study was to analyze patients with DS using a multiple linear regression model, in terms of the correlation between the sagittal spinopelvic parameters and the severity of slip in each lumbar spine, including both anterior and posterior directions.MethodsStanding lateral radiographs were taken of 104 patients (59 women and 45 men) with lower back pain. The spinopelvic parameters, including PI, sacral slope (SS) and pelvic tilt (PT), angle of thoracic kyphosis (TK), angle of lumbar lordosis (LL), and sagittal vertical axis offset (SVA) were measured. Additionally, the %Slip was measured at each level between the L1 and L5. The slip direction was presented as plus to the anterior, and minus to the posterior.ResultsThe PI, SS, and/or LL correlate with L3, L4, and/or L5%Slips. The TK and SVA did not correlate with %Slip. A multiple linear regression model shows that PI and LL were significant predictors for L4 %Slip. The ROC curve demonstrated a PI cutoff value of 51.3° and an LL cutoff value of 45.0° to be predictors of anterior slip at L4. Also, our regression models revealed that PI for L3 %Slip and SS for L5 %Slip constitute significant risk factors, while determination coefficients were low.ConclusionsOur results suggest that high PI and LL are significant predictors for L4 anterior slip. At L4, the anterior slip risk-factor cutoff value was 51.3° for PI and 45.0°for LL. Additionally, our results suggest that high PI and SS could comprise risk factors for L3 anterior slip and L5 anterior slip, respectively.     

Sagittal spinopelvic balance in normal children and adolescents

The sagittal spinopelvic balance is poorly documented in normal pediatric subjects. The purpose of this study is to characterize the sagittal spinopelvic balance in the pediatric population and to evaluate the correlations between spinopelvic parameters. Seven parameters were evaluated from the lateral standing radiographs of 341 normal subjects aged 3–18 years old: thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracic tilt (TT), lumbar lordosis (LL), lumbar tilt (LT), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT) and pelvic incidence (PI). The mean values for the pelvic parameters were 49.1±11.0, 7.7±8.0 and 41.4±8.2° for PI, PT and SS, respectively. The mean values for the spinal parameters were 48.0±11.7, 44.0±10.9, −7.3±5.2 and −3.1±5.2° for LL, TK, LT and TT, respectively. The spinopelvic parameters were different from those reported in normal adults, but the correlations between the parameters were similar. PI was significantly related to SS and PT. Significant correlations were found between the parameters of adjacent anatomical regions. Pelvic morphology (PI) regulates sagittal sacro-pelvic orientation (SS and PT). Sacral orientation (SS) is correlated with the shape (LL) and orientation (LT) of the lumbar spine. Adjacent anatomical regions of the spine and pelvis are interdependent, and their relationships result in a stable and compensated posture, presumably to minimize energy expenditure. Results from this study could be used as an aid for the planning of surgery in pediatric patients with spinal deformity in order to restore a relatively normal sagittal spinopelvic balance.     

Sagittal spinopelvic alignment in adolescent thoracic scoliosis secondary to Chiari I malformation: a comparison between the left and the right curves

Purpose

To investigate whether the sagittal morphology differs between the left and right thoracic curves in patients with Chiari malformation-associated scoliosis (CMS).

Methods

Thirty-four patients with a left thoracic curve constituted the CM-L group, whereas 44 patients with a right thoracic curve were assigned into the CM-R group. Another cohort of 90 age- and gender-matched asymptomatic adolescents was enrolled to serve as the control group. Seven sagittal parameters were evaluated on standing lateral radiographs, including thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracolumbar junctional kyphosis (TJK), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) and sacral slope (SS).

Results

Compared to the normal controls, the TK, LL and SS were significantly greater in the CM-L group, along with a significantly decreased PT. Similar changes in SS and PT were also demonstrated in the CM-R group, while the TK and LL were found to be relatively normal compared with the control group. Concerning CMS patients with different curve directions, significantly increased TK and LL were observed in the CM-L group, whereas all three pelvic parameters were similar for the two groups. In addition, no significant differences were noted between the three groups in PI, TJK or SVA. Moreover, the LL was strongly related to the TK and SS in all three groups, but to the PI only in the control and CM-R groups. A significant correlation was also noted between TK and SS in the CM-L group.

Conclusions

Significant differences in sagittal profiles indeed exist between CMS patients and healthy adolescents, as well as between CMS patients with different curve directions. In CMI patients with a left thoracic curve, compensatory alterations appear to occur in LL in response to the increased TK to maintain a balanced posture.     

脊柱－骨盆矢状位参数及关节突关节角度对退变性腰椎滑脱的影响

目的：探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数及关节突关节角度对退变性腰椎滑脱的影响及相关性研究。方法：以2016年7月至2019年9月确诊的120例L₄-L₅单节段退变性滑脱患者为观察对象（滑脱组）,以性别和年龄相匹配的120例L₄-L₅节段退变性椎管狭窄患者为对照（对照组）。通过影像学资料测量如下参数：骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）,骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）,骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）,腰椎前凸（lumbar lordosis,LL）,胸椎后凸（thoracic kyphosis,TK）,矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）,L₄-L₅头侧关节突关节角,尾侧关节突关节角及小关节不对称性。比较两组患者参数的差异并对有意义参数行Logistic回归分析。对退变性腰椎滑脱患者关节突关节方向与脊柱-骨盆参数进行相关性分析。结果：两组患者在PI、PT、LL、SVA、头侧关节突关节角、尾侧关节突关节角差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Logistic回归分析发现PI、PT及头侧关节突关节角是腰椎滑脱程度的危险因素（P<0.05）。滑脱组头侧关节突关节矢状化与PI、PT呈现显著相关（P<0.05）。结论：高PI、PT及头侧关节突关节矢状化是腰椎滑脱的危险因素,并且关节突关节矢状化程度和大PI、PT密切相关。     

Dreidimensionale Korrekturprinzipien einer dreidimensionalen Deformit?t

Background

There is presently still no consensus on how to operatively treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), i.e. a clearly reduced thoracic kyphosis. For a long time the primary focus was mostly on correcting the coronal plane while neglecting the sagittal profile. Based on the current literature and own retrospective data a comprehensive review will be given on the optimal correction of the spine and how to avoid secondary complications. Different operative standard procedures are demonstrated with special attention to the sagittal balance and the special parameters sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), pelvic tilt (PT), sagittal slope (SSL) and pelvic incidence (PI).

Results

A total of 24?patients (2 groups of 12?patients) with AIS and posterior fusion with (group?A) and without (group?B) additional osteotomy were analyzed with respect to the impact on spinopelvic balance and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) parameters. Patients in group?A had a significant reduction of TK, LL and SSL and an increase in PT whereas patients in group?B showed the opposite. Correlation analysis revealed a significant dependence of HRQoL on PT.

Discussion

Both the results from the literature and own data confirm that operative correction of AIS needs a careful planning including sagittal spinopelvic parameters. Rigid thoracic hypokyphosis require additional osteotomy.     

Radiological analysis of lumbar degenerative kyphosis in relation to pelvic incidence

Background context

Lumbar degenerative kyphosis (LDK) is characterized by sagittal imbalance resulting from a loss of lumbar lordosis (LL). The pelvic incidence (PI) regulates the sagittal alignment of the spine and pelvis.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the spinopelvic parameters in patients with LDK and to compare them with those of a normal population.

Study design/setting

A cross-sectional study.

Patient sample

The selected patients showed characteristic clinical features of LDK. As control group, asymptomatic volunteers without spinal pathology were recruited.

Outcome measures

Full-length radiographs of the spine in the anteroposterior and lateral planes were taken, extending from the base of the skull to the proximal femur. Pelvic incidence, sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), main thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar junction (TLJ), LL, and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were evaluated.

Methods

In terms of PI, the patient and control groups were divided into three groups: low (PI≤45°), middle (45°<PI≤60°), and high PI groups (PI>60°). All the spinopelvic parameters were compared between each group and between the patient and control groups in each group. The correlations between each of the parameters were analyzed.

Results

We evaluated 172 patients with symptomatic LDK and 39 healthy volunteers. The number of LDK patients with low, middle, and high PI groups were 44 (25.6%), 72 (44.8%), and 51 (29.6%), respectively. In the control group, the number of low, average, and high PI patients were 18 (46.2%), 15 (38.5%), and 6 (15.4%), respectively. In the control group, PI determined all spinopelvic parameters except SVA. In the LDK group, PI also determined spinopelvic parameters except for TK and SVA. Lumbar degenerative kyphosis with low PI was associated with pronounced kyphosis in LL and TLJ; LDK with a high PI was associated with relatively preserved lordosis in LL with a flat or lordotic TLJ. In terms of pelvic parameters, low PI showed flattened SS and low PT, whereas high PI showed steep SS and high PT.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest the importance of the key anatomical parameter, PI, in the determination of sagittal contour in symptomatic LDK patients and normal population. Spinopelvic parameters and pelvic compensatory mechanisms in LDK patients differ according to PI. Identifying the spinopelvic parameters is useful when correcting deformities.     

Analysis of sagittal spinopelvic parameters in cerebral palsy

Background contextKnowledge of sagittal spinopelvic parameters is important for the treatment of cerebral palsy (CP) because they differ in the normal population and can induce symptoms.PurposeTo analyze the sagittal spinal alignment and the pelvic orientation in CP.Study designRadiological analysis of patients with CP.MethodsThe study and control groups comprised 57 CP patients and 24 healthy volunteers, respectively. All the patients underwent lateral radiography of the whole spine including hip joints. The radiographic parameters examined were sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), S1 overhang (OH), thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), lumbar lordosis (LL1 and 2), and sagittal balance (SB). Statistical analysis was performed to identify the significant differences between the two study groups. In addition, correlations were sought between the parameters and symptoms.ResultsThe PT and OH were significantly smaller in the CP patients, whereas SS, TLK, LL1, LL2, and SB were significantly greater (p<.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between the sagittal parameters. Specifically, PI was found to be associated with SS, PT, and OH, whereas the spinal parameters LL1 and LL2 were found to be related to TK and SB. Between spine and pelvic parameters, LL1 and LL2 were found to be related to SS, PT, PI, and OH and in addition, SB was found to be related to TLK, LL1, and LL2. An analysis of relations between the symptoms and parameters revealed a positive correlation between the severities of symptoms and PT, OH, and TLK (r=0.300, p=.023; r=0.306, p=.020; r=0.289, p=.029, respectively).ConclusionsA significant difference was observed in the sagittal spinopelvic parameters in the CP and normal control groups and was possibly related to the symptoms. The study shows that the evaluations of sagittal spinopelvic parameters could be useful during the treatment of disorders associated with CP.     

Does surgery for Scheuermann kyphosis influence sagittal spinopelvic parameters?

Purpose

To analyze changes in sagittal spinopelvic parameters (SSPs) after surgical treatment of Scheuermann’s Kyphosis (SK).

Methods

We analyzed 20 patients affected by SK and subjected to posterior correction of the kyphosis by facetectomy, Ponte osteotomy, fusion and multilevel instrumentation with pedicle screw system. Four spinal and three pelvic parameters were measured: sagittal vertical axis (SVA), thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS) and pelvic tilt (PT). Analysis of changes in postprocedural SSPs compared to preoperative values was performed.

Results

TK passed from 78.6° preoperatively to 45.8° (p = 0.003). LL passed from 74.5° preoperatively to 53.5° (p = 0.01). No significant changes occurred in SVA, SS, PT and PI compared to preoperative values.

Conclusion

We confirm the positive effect of surgery by Ponte osteotomy and posterior spinal fusion on TK and LL in patients with SK. In our experience, pelvic parameters did not change after surgery.