生物材料中甲基有机汞无机汞和总汞的测定方法

为了分别测定样品中的有机汞、无机汞和总汞,通常要用两种方法:即用冷原子吸收法测定总汞,用气相色谱法测定有机汞。这样不但手续(?)杂,而且要同时具备并掌握两种仪器,往往使测     

荧光灯管厂的空气汞尿汞和发汞的调查

为了探讨不同荧光灯管厂空气汞浓度与接触汞工人尿、发汞关系,几年来,我们进行了一些调查,现将资料整理如下。材料与方法选择国营灯泡厂工作场所空气未受汞污染,无汞接触史的工人为对照组;选择国营灯泡厂专业生产荧光灯管车间(甲),镇办集体(乙)、村办集体(丙)荧光灯管厂空气受到汞污染的工作场所工人     

气态汞净化滤料去汞性能研究

目的：为有效控制室汞污染,对自制型汞净化滤料的吸汞性能系统研究,对该滤料的实际应用提供必要参数。方法：气态汞净化滤料吸附汞蒸气的性能试验与模拟净化器对室内汞污染净化效果的观察。采样与分析方法与金汞齐富集－原子吸收光谱法,结果：当含汞气体与滤料的接触时间为0．3s时,98％以上地消除空气中汞,接触时间为0．1s时也能80％的去除空气中汞,滤料的汞饱和吸附量可达滤料总重量的0．5％,被滤料吸附的汞具有很高的牢固度,不会再解吸释放且滤料的阻力极小。结论：该滤料具有优越的吸汞性能,可以用作除汞吸附材料。     

两起实验室汞泄漏致汞中毒

实验室内有不少含汞的仪器,若使用不当,容易引起汞泄漏而致汞中毒,我院收治2起共6例因实验室汞泄漏引起的汞中毒病人,现报告如下。1 病例介绍 例1,某县医院生化室1台老式二氧化碳结合力测定仪,某日上午9时许因橡胶管老化破裂,水银泄漏约230ml,当时仅开     

汞作业工人尿汞检测

目的了解汞对生产环境的污染状况及对作业工人的健康危害。方法结合车间空气中汞浓度,对311名汞作业工人尿汞检测结果进行分析。结果 311名汞作业工人中,211人尿汞含量超过正常值上限,阳性率67.8%,尤其是工龄5-9年者阳性率最高,达78%;长期接触汞的作业工人（〉5年工龄）,其尿汞阳性率随工龄增加而下降,尿中汞含量也随工龄增加出现先升后降。结论接毒工龄长短与尿汞阳性率关系密切,车间空气中汞浓度与尿汞含量呈正相关,汞在生产场所的二次污染值得重视,应采取综合性治理措施,降低其对作业工人的健康危害。     

汞矿劳动卫生与汞中毒动态观察

对某汞矿1982—2002年生产环境及职工的健康状况进行了动态观察。80年代由于缺乏必要的防护条件,部分职工发生了汞中毒。21年来由于劳动条件的改善,环境汞浓度、汞中毒的检出率逐次降低。     

汞接触与汞毒性反应关系的调查

本文就盐都城市某医用仪表厂10 a间(1990～1999年)车间空气汞浓度检测和历年职业性健康检查的监护资料作回顾性分析,探索其接触与反应的关系。1 内容和方法1.1 调查内容和方法1.1.1 车间空气中汞蒸气浓度的测定 自1990年起,按工人作业情况定点,用个体采样器(GC.Ⅰ型)置操作工人呼吸带高度定点采样(流量1L/min,采样60 min)。用双硫腙比色法测定。1.1.2 汞作业工人定期健康监护 按全国五种毒物普查方案(1980年版)中汞作业工人健康检查的要求进行。观察对象150人(男52人,女98人)。年龄均小于40岁,于1990年开始接触金属汞,均进行过就业前体检,以后每年定期进行职业病体检直     

汞作业工人健康状况调查报告

为探讨汞的职业危害及防治对策,我们于１９９７年１１月对陕西省医疗仪器厂开展了劳动卫生学研究。结果表明：该厂车间空气中汞浓度最高达１．２２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,所测点空气中汞肖度超过国家卫生标准（０．０１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）的占９８．３６％。且体检结果显示：神经症状、消化症状、口腔症状、精神症状及尿汞水平,在不同接触浓度下差异存在显著性意义,且随浓度的增高而增加。     

汞接触水平与工人健康反应的关系

对不同汞接触水平的荧光灯厂生产工人定期健康监护和对生产环境进行定期定点监测汞蒸气浓度，５年动态观察结果表明在０．０４ｍｇ／ｍ３接触水平中，汞中毒发生率为８．１％，汞吸收发生率为７０％。在０．０２ｍｇ／ｍ３接触水平中汞中毒发生率为３．７５％，汞吸收发生率为４３．７５％。在０．０１ｍｇ／ｍ３接触水平中无汞中毒发生，汞吸收发生率为２０．５％。可见汞的慢性毒作用阈浓度为０．０１ｍｇ／ｍ３，与我国现行的汞车间卫生标准一致。     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

A nonoccupational outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning

An outbreak of inorganic mercury vapor poisoning involving 12 people occurred in a trailer park in Mississippi in 1973-74. For information concerning levels of mercury in hair and blood of humans with short-term exposures, these individuals were observed for as long as 10 months after the end of their exposures, and the amount of mercury in their blood and scalp hair was serially measured. Specimens were also obtained from nonexposed individuals in the trailer park. Inorganic mercury was measured in 1-cm segments of hair samples obtained both 6 and 9 months after termination of exposure. Over a 3-month period, the peak amount of inorganic mercury per gram of hair shifted in position from 7 cm to 13 cm from the scalp. The average mercury concentration in newly formed hair (the 4 cm of hair closest to the scalp) decreased fourfold over the same time period. Surface contamination of exposed hair by exogenous mercury also occurred. Levels of inorganic mercury in blood from exposed individuals ranged from 183 to 620 ng/ml and fell to levels similar to those of controls 4 to 6 months after ending exposure. The source of the outbreak was metallic mercury spilled on rugs. Attempts to remove the mercury failed and actually dispersed the metal over a larger surface area. Air mercury levels as high as 1.0 mg/m3 of air were found in one of the contaminated house trailers. Rugs or carpets contaminated with metallic mercury are a significant health risk.     

不同途径汞中毒对机体影响的分析研究

目的 研究不同接触途径所致汞中毒的临床特点。 方法 将33例患者按汞进入体内途径的不同分为3组,即呼吸道吸入中毒组、消化道摄入中毒组和皮肤吸收中毒组,分析其临床特点。 结果 3种不同接触途径所致汞中毒的临床表现各有特点,呼吸道吸入中毒组呼吸系统症状较突出,试排尿汞升高明显。皮肤吸收中毒组以亚急性中毒为主,无明显症状,多为肾病等,发病后检查发现尿汞升高;消化道摄入中毒者为急性起病,可伴有胃肠道症状,治疗后尿汞值最低。治疗前呼吸道吸入中毒组的平均尿汞值分别为消化道摄入中毒组、皮肤吸收中毒组的18.5倍和9.2倍;呼吸道吸入中毒组的试排平均尿汞水平高达5 838.2 μg/gCr。呼吸道吸入中毒组患者平均治疗3.91个疗程,其中58.3%患者超过5个疗程;消化道摄入中毒组患者平均治疗仅1.56个疗程,其中55.56%病例仅需治疗一个疗程;皮肤吸收中毒组患者平均治疗2.25个疗程,其中50%的患者超过5个疗程。3组患者治疗所用疗程比较,差异有统计学意义(F=8.98,P<0.05)。 结论 3种不同接触途径所致汞中毒临床表现不一,应强化汞中毒诊疗规范,以达到早期有效治疗,减少后遗症,降低死亡率。     

Ulcerative colitis reactivation after mercury vapor inhalation

BACKGROUND: After exposure to mercury vapor at three consecutive 10-month intervals, an electrician in an electroplating plant had flare-ups of ulcerative colitis within 24 hr, that subsided in several days, then returned upon re-exposure 10 months later. METHODS: The patient and his workplace were both evaluated for mercury exposure. In addition to workplace inspection, both personal and area monitoring for environmental mercury was performed, using both multiple mercury diffusion badges and direct (instantaneous) readings, during maintenance of mercury-filled electrical blocks. RESULTS: Eight-hour time weighted average (TWA) mercury vapor exposure was measured at 0.41 mg/m3 (ACGIH and NIOSH recommended TWA = 0.025 mg/m3; OSHA permissible exposure limit -0.1 mg/m3) for 5 years since stopping overexposure to mercury, the patient remained symptom free in clinical remission. CONCLUSIONS: In a patient with chronic ulcerative colitis in remission, occupational exposure to mercury vapor led to episodes of disease reactivation.     

Mercury exposures and symptoms in smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China

Mercury exposures to smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China were evaluated by urine and hair mercury survey. The mean urinary mercury (U-Hg), hair total mercury (T-Hg), and hair methyl mercury (Me-Hg) for smelting workers was 1060 microg/g creatinine (microg/g Cr), 69.3 and 2.32 microg/g, respectively. The results were significantly higher than that of control group, which is 1.30 microg/g Cr, 0.78 and 0.65 microg/g, correspondingly. The average urinary beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) was 248 microg/g Cr for the exposed group contrasting to 73.5 microg/g Cr for the control group and the data showed a serious adverse effect on renal system for the smelting workers. The workers were exposed to mercury vapor through inhalation, and the exposure route of Me-Hg may be through intake of polluted diet. The results indicate that age, alcohol drinking, and smoking are not crucial factors controlling the urine and hair mercury levels for the exposed and the control group. Clinical symptoms including finger and eyelid tremor, gingivitis, and typical dark-line on gums were observed in six workers. This study indicated that the smelting workers in Wuchuan were seriously exposed to mercury vapor.     

Sisters with mercury exposure

The same iron pot in which their father had boiled lead with mercury (from a glass thermometer) for the purpose of alchemy, was also used for cooking in the kitchen. Although his wife had died of mercury poisoning, and his 14-year-old and 11-year-old daughters were found to excrete 322 and 455 micrograms/l mercury in the urine, respectively, (1-10 micrograms/l in controls), he stubbornly refused to give permission for them to be examined further. Nine months later, the daughters were permitted to be sent to our clinical ward. While the blood level of mercury had already come down to near normal, its excessive deposition in hair, kidneys and other parts of the body as well as its excessive urinary excretion, were still persistent (beyond tenfold the normal). According to our measurement values, mercury ranged from 14 to 49 micrograms/g in every 1-cm-piece of 10 cm hair of the elder sister, and ranged from 21 to 85 micrograms/g in 14 cm hair from the younger sister. About a 75% decrease in mercury deposition was estimated during these 9 months, based on the speculation of 1.5 cm/month hair-lengthening.     

Airborne total gaseous mercury and exposure in a Venezuelan mining area

This paper presents a short-term monitoring study of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in air, and exposure to airborne mercury. The evaluation was carried out in polluted mining sites (El Callao, Venezuela), where for decades mercury has been used in diverse stages of gold mining activities. The contamination is mainly due to emission of Hg0 during gold amalgamation and burning, which can cause direct human health risks. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) in air was analysed in mill, jewellery and indoor house sites, and at different heights (height profiles near the surface) at polluted and not polluted sites. Mercury concentration in air was measured with a portable mercury analyser (Lumex Ra-915+). Time weighted average mercury (TWA) was calculated for the evaluation of mercury exposure. TWA values ranged between 0.28 microg m(-3) and >100 microg m(-3). These measurements were done during sunny and dry days. In the case of mills and gold workshops, the values were over the limit recommended by the World Health Organization to exposure (25 microg m(-3)) and NIOSH limit (50 microg m(-3)). Indoors in a house, the air Hg average value was 2.58 microg m(-3) exceeding EPA (0.3 microg m(-3)) and ATSDR (1 microg m(-3)) guidelines. The mercury concentration at different height profiles, varied between 1766 microg m(-3) and 0.014 microg m(-3). Mercury height profiles were described by a power function model of the form c(Hg) = ah(-b), where a parameter describes the magnitude of Hg emission. For polluted sites there was a significant correlation between a and Hg in soil or Hg emission from soil to air, while b is only significantly correlated with air temperature. An air and soil mercury measurement transect was carried out at a mill site up to a distance of 1000 m, and it was observed that the air mercury concentration decreases with increasing distance from the mill site, and inversely to Hg soil content.     

Residential mercury spills from gas regulators

Many older homes are equipped with mercury-containing gas regulators that reduce the pressure of natural gas in the mains to the low pressure used in home gas piping. Removal of these regulators can result in elemental mercury spills inside the home. In the summer of 2000, mercury spills were discovered in the basements of several Chicago-area homes after removal of gas regulators by gas company contractors. Subsequent inspections of approximately 361,000 homes by two northern Illinois gas companies showed that 1,363 homes had residential mercury contamination. Urine mercury screening was offered to concerned residents, and results of urine bioassays and indoor mercury air measurements were available for 171 homes. Six of these 171 homes (3.5%) had a cumulative total of nine residents with a urine mercury > or = 10 microg/L. The highest urine mercury concentration observed in a resident was 26 microg/L. Positive bioassays were most strongly associated with mercury air concentrations > 10 microg/m3 on the first floor [odds ratio (OR) = 21.4 ; 95% confidence interval (CI) , 3.6-125.9] rather than in the basement (OR = 3.0 ; 95% CI, 0.3-26) , and first-floor air samples were more predictive of positive bioassays than were basement samples. Overall, the risk of residential mercury contamination after gas regulator removal ranged from 0.9/1,000 to 4.3/1,000 homes, depending on the gas company, although the risk was considerably higher (20 of 120 homes, 16.7%) for one of the contractors performing removal work for one of the gas companies. Gas companies, their contractors, and residents should be aware of these risks and should take appropriate actions to prevent these spills from occurring and remediate them if they occur.     

Chronic elemental mercury intoxication: clinical and field studies in lampsocket manufacturers.

Four workers chronically exposed to elemental mental mercury in a lampsocket manufacturing factory were studied. The clinical manifestations were severe in one, mild in another, and suspicious in the remaining two. Correlation between severity of clinical features and increased urinary mercury concentrations was found. The time weighted average mercury concentrations were 0.945 mg/m3 and 0.709 mg/m3 for two workers in one room and 0.225 mg/m3 in the other. After stopping exposure, the workers recovered spontaneously or with D-penicillamine treatment within six months. It is concluded that recovery from chronic elemental mercury intoxication may be complete when patients are removed early from the exposure environment. The hazard of mercury intoxication in recycling of waste substances is emphasised.