多普勒超声技术动态观察血管性勃起功能障碍患者阴茎血流动力学的变化

目的动态观察多普勒超声技术配合阴茎海绵体注射在血管性勃起功能障碍患者诊断中的价值。方法120例疑血管性ED患者在阴茎注射PGE1后5min、10min和20min应用多普勒超声技术测量阴茎血流动力学变化,指标包括:收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期峰值流速(EDV)、血流阻力指数(RI)。另100例心因性ED设为对照组。第一次注射后勃起不佳的患者3d后增加PGE1剂量重新检测。结果120例患者可以观察到明显的血流动力学变化,其中有动脉性ED者34例,静脉性ED 55例,混合血管性31例。ICI后不同时间的多普勒测量其血流动力学变化有一定差异。结论多普勒超声技术诊断血管性勃起功能障碍有一定意义。阴茎海绵体注射药物后须动态观察阴茎血流动力学的变化。     

彩色多普勒超声在血管性阴茎勃起功能障碍诊断中的应用

目的评估阴茎海绵体注射后彩色多普勒超声对男性血管性阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）患者诊断作用。方法47例ED患者经阴茎海绵体注射PGE1 30μg诱导勃起后行彩色超声多普勒检查左、右海绵体动脉血流指标,包括收缩期最大流速（PSV）,动脉舒张末期血流速度（EDV）,阻力指数（RI）。结果非血管性ED组41例（87.2%）,其中左、右海绵体动脉PSV分别〉25 cm/s者33例,左右海绵体动脉PSV相加〉50 cm/s者8例。动脉性ED组2例（4.25%）,左右海绵体动脉PSV均〈25 cm/s,背深静脉未见血流。静脉性ED组4例（8.51%）。结论阴茎海绵体注射血管活性药物后多普勒彩色超声对男性血管性ED检查是一种微创而准确的方法。     

阴茎异常勃起的诊断和治疗

目的 :探讨阴茎异常勃起的诊断及治疗方法。方法 :对收治的 12例阴茎异常勃起病人进行回顾性分析。结果 :12例病人经治疗后 ,9例 (75 % )勃起完全消退 ,1例 (8% )部分消退 ,2例 (17% )无效。其中 4例 (33% )并发勃起功能障碍。　结论 :阴茎海绵体穿刺抽吸血液行血气分析、彩色多普勒以及造影检查在阴茎异常勃起的诊断和鉴别诊断中有很高价值 ;选择性海绵体动脉栓塞和阴茎海绵体阴茎头分流术分别是治疗高血流性和低血流性阴茎异常勃起的可靠方法。     

阴茎异常勃起14例临床分析

目的:探讨阴茎异常勃起的诊断、治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析阴茎异常勃起患者14例的临床资料,其中血管活性药物所致8例,白血病所致2例,会阴外伤所致1例,原因不明3例。给予海绵体血气分析、阴茎彩色多普勒超声等检查,作海绵体穿刺减压及分流手术等治疗。结果:13例为低流量型异常勃起,1例为高流量型异常勃起,治疗后异常勃起均缓解。随访3~46个月,4例发生不同程度的海绵体纤维化或勃起功能障碍。结论:海绵体血气分析和彩色多普勒超声等检查有助于阴茎异常勃起准确及时的诊断。对于低流量型异常勃起,早期及时正确的治疗是避免术后海绵体纤维化、勃起功能障碍发生的关键。     

血管性勃起功能障碍病人阴茎血流动力学的变化

目的分析血管性勃起功能障碍(ED)病人阴茎血流动力学的变化,提高对该病的诊断和治疗水平.方法对52例血管性ED病人分别采取海绵体内注射试验和阴茎彩色双功能超声等检查,分析其血流动力学变化.结果52例血管性ED(动脉性ED 14例,静脉性ED 26例,混合血管性ED 12例)病人在阴茎勃起的充盈、勃起、充分勃起和强直勃起期均有明显不同的血流动力学变化,表现为充盈、勃起期延长,充分勃起和强直勃起减少等.结论血管性ED会发生明显的阴茎血流动力学变化,了解该变化有助于其正确诊断和采取适当的治疗方法.     

阴茎异常勃起的诊治流程：附6例报告

目的探讨阴茎异常勃起的规范诊治流程。方法回顾分析我院6例勃起时间超过24h,经保守治疗无效的患者,其中服用西地那非后性交所致1例,应用血管活性药物所致1例,会阴外伤所致1例,原因不明3例。给予海绵体血气分析、阴茎彩色多普勒超声检查,5例低流量型异常勃起患者行阴茎头阴茎海绵体分流术,1例高流量型异常勃起患者行选择性阴茎海绵体动脉栓塞术。结果6例患者持续勃起均消退,未见复发。随访2～24个月,5例低流量型阴茎异常勃起患者出现不同程度的海绵体纤维化或勃起功能障碍,1例高流量型阴茎异常勃起患者恢复正常。结论彩色多普勒超声、海绵体血气分析及选择性阴茎海绵体动脉造影等系统性检查是必要的,有助于阴茎异常勃起的准确诊断。对于低流量型异常勃起,早期的系统性诊治是避免术后海绵体纤维化、勃起功能障碍发生的关键。     

阴茎折断的外科处理

目的:总结外科处理阴茎折断的经验。方法:报告12例阴茎折断临床资料。12例均为阴茎海绵体破裂,2例伴有尿道损伤,其中8例行彩色多普勒超声检查,均发现应海绵体破裂口。所有患者行阴茎血肿清除加白膜修补术。结果:术后恢复均顺利,无伤口感染和尿瘘。12例患者随访6月~5年,均无阴茎弯曲、硬结,无勃起疼痛及勃起功能障碍。结论:彩色多普勒超声是诊断阴茎折断可靠的辅助检查;手术治疗效果良好,应该列为首选。     

双功能彩色多普勒超声在勃起功能障碍诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨血管活性药物诱导后双功能彩色多普勒超声(DCDU)对勃起功能障碍(ED)的诊断及其应用前景。方法 采用罂粟碱及立其丁混合液海绵体内注射诱导阴茎勃起后行DCDU检测,测定SPV、EDV、RI及判定勃起硬度分级。结果 动脉性ED16例,静脉性ED28例,非血管性ED23例,其中Peyronie’s病4例。阴茎硬度分级为Ⅴ度9例,Ⅳ度14例,Ⅲ度25例,Ⅱ度19例。Ⅳ、Ⅴ度提示为非血管性ED,Ⅲ度以下提示为血管性ED。结论 DCDU为筛选血管性ED的一线诊断方法。     

阴茎血流指数(PFI)测定及其临床意义

目的 探讨阴茎血流指数(PFI)在勃起功能障碍(ED)筛查诊断中的临床意义.方法 采用国.产SW-3501男性功能诊断治疗系统中的血流多普勒探测仪测定37例主诉ED患者的左侧桡动脉和阴茎背动脉、双侧阴茎海绵体动脉的血流速度,求得PFI值;对6例PFI>6和随机抽取6例PFI<6的患者分别进行了彩色双功能多谱勒超声检查.结果 阴茎疲软状态下37例患者的PFI值为O.9～8,平均(3.5±0.6).其中有6例PFI>6,平均为(7.4±0.9),31例PFI<6,平均(3.3±0.5);随机抽取6例PFI<6的患者经彩色双功多普勒检查,其中1例诊断为血管性ED,余5例未发现异常;6例PFI>6的患者经彩色双功能多谱勒超声检查5例诊断为血管性ED,其中有1例PFI>8,考虑为动脉性ED.统计学上的诊断试验方法 提示,其灵敏度和特异度均为83.3%,误诊率和漏诊率均为16.7%.结论 PFI的测定对血管性ED的诊断具有筛查意义,它是一种无创、简便、经济和实用的诊断方法 .     

双功能超声和彩色多普勒显像对血管性阳萎的诊断分析

５９例阳萎患者海绵体内注射罂粟硷前后的双功能超声和彩色多普勒显像，与阴茎血压、灌注性阴茎海绵体造影和部分手术结果进行分析对比，发现１１例血管正常（１９％），１９例动脉功能不全（３２％），２９例静脉漏（４９％）。对阴茎海绵体双功能超声和彩色多普勒显像诊断血管性阳萎的临床价值作了探讨。     

Usefulness of power Doppler ultrasonography in evaluating erectile dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate deep penile arterial flow after an intracavernosal injection with papaverine in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with ED were evaluated using power Doppler ultrasonography with a linear probe (8 MHz). Diagnostic tests were undertaken after an intracavernosal injection with 40 mg papaverine. The peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) were analysed. RESULTS: After injecting papaverine, seven patients had a normal erection and appropriate waveform patterns; their mean PSV was 30.7 cm/s, the EDV 4.42 cm/s and the RI 0.85. There was tumescence and elongation of the penis with no rigidity in eight patients; their mean PSV was 23.9 cm/s, the EDV 7.34 cm/s and the RI 0.72. There was no erection in five patients. The abnormal flow values showed insufficient arterial vessels in a quarter of the men, venous leakage in 15% and mixed ED in 20%. CONCLUSION: The power Doppler technique allows the accurate location and evaluation of deep penile arteries. Vascular pathology may be differentiated after an intracavernosal injection with a vasomotor agent. Recognising the pathological pattern assists in choosing the best method of treatment.     

Is sildenafil citrate an alternative agent in the evaluation of penile vascular system with color Doppler ultrasound?

IINTRODUCION: The ideal diagnosis and therapeutic agent for erectile dysfunction (ED) would be an oral drug taken prior to color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) examination and sexual intercourse. In the present study we have investigated if the efficacy of oral sildenafil is optimal in the diagnosis of underlying pathology of ED. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group comprised of 41 patients with ED. Firstly, all patients underwent CDU examinations after the combined intracavernosal injection of 60 mg of papaverine and sexual stimulation (CIS). Secondly, these patients were examined after taking 50 mg of oral sildenafil citrate combined with self-manual and visual sexual stimulation. RERSULTS The differences of peak systolic velocity values were statistically significant between CIS and sildenafil (right: 40.7 +/- 2.9 vs. 28.7 +/- 3.3; left: 41.2 +/- 3.3 vs. 25.7 +/- 2.4; p < 0.001) in patients with normal penile vascular system. However, end-diastolic velocity and resistance index values were not significant between the same groups. In addition, there were not significant differences for peak systolic and end-diastolic blood flow velocities and resistances index with CIS and sildenafil in cases with vasculogenic ED. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil citrate plus visual sexual stimulation is not reliable as CIS to make accurate interpretation of penile vascular status using CDU. On the other hand, in some cases suspected of psychogenic ED after detailed sexual history, sildenafil might be tried as an initial step of the functional evaluation with CDU in order to prevent prolonged erection risk with intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents.     

Different hemodynamic responses by color Doppler ultrasonography studies between sildenafil non-responders and responders

Aim： To determine if there are different penile hemodynamic patterns between sildenafil non-responders and responders by using color Doppler ultrasonography. Methods： A total of 69 erectile dysfunction （ED） patients aged 22-79 years were enrolled into the present study. Thirty-eight （55.1%） men with ED who did not respond to four attempts of treatment with 100 mg sildenafil after re-education were classified as sildenafil non-responders. A com- bination of three vasodilator drugs, 1.25 mg papaverine, 0.4 mg phentolamine and 5 ug prostaglandin E1, was given by intracavernous injection before penile Doppler ultrasonography was carried out. The erectile response to intracavernous injection and vascular parameters including peak systolic velocity （PSV）, resistance index （RI）, end diastolic velocity （EDV） and cavernosa artery diameter （CD） were measured and the results between sildenafil nonresponders and responders were compared. Results： No statistical difference in vascular parameters measured by Doppler ultrasonography studies between non-responders and responders was noted. Sildenafil non-responders had a poorer penile rigidity response to intracavernous injection than responders （P 〈 0.05）. Among patients with adequate PSV （〉 30 cm/s） and abnormal EDV （〉 5 cm/s）, individuals in the non-responder group had fewer positive responses to intracavernous vasodilator injection than in the responder group （35.3% vs. 72.2%, P 〈 0.05）. Advanced age and comorbidity with diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with sildenafil non-response （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Sildenafil non-responders were characterized by a poorer penile rigidity response to intracavernous injection and had an associated impaired veno-occlusive mechanism. Advanced age and comorbidity with diabetes mellitus were two common factors associated with non-response.     

Colour penile Doppler ultrasonography with intraurethral prostaglandin-E2: Preliminary results

Intraurethral instillation was used in place of intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents for the colour Doppler investigation of patients with erectile dysfunction. A total of 19 patients were enrolled in this study. Colour penile Doppler ultrasonography was done with intracavernosal injection of papaverine-HCl 60 mg and intraurethral instillation of prostaglandin-E₂ 0.5mg. Arterial diameter, peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity were measured before and after papaverine injection and prostaglandin-E₂ instillation. Colour penile Doppler parameters increased statistically significantly after papaverine injection and prostaglandin-E₂ instillation (p<0.01). But we did not observe differences between the results after papaverine-HCl and prostaglandin-E₂. We believe that prostaglandin-E₂ may be used with colour Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of patients with erectile dysfunction.     

Value of power Doppler sonography in the investigation of erectile dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: The poor sensitivity of conventional color-coded Doppler sonography (CCD) for low-flow signals limits its use for investigating patients with erectile dysfunction. Power Doppler sonography (PD) has recently been described for enhanced visualization of the microcirculation. Aim of this study was to determine the value of PD to demonstrate penile vascular pathophysiology as compared with conventional techniques. METHODS: 33 consecutive men with erectile dysfunction were investigated using the standard workup with conventional CCD and cavernosography before and after prostaglandin E(1) intracavernosal injection. Patients were subdivided into an arteriogenic, a venogenic, or a psychogenic group according to findings in the standard diagnostic workup. PD was used in addition to the standard protocol to demonstrate microcirculation, arterial blood flow, and venous leakage. The accuracy of the diagnosis obtained by PD and response to intracavernosal injection was compared with the clinical outcome in these groups at 6 months. RESULTS: PD was found to be superior to CCD in visualizing cavernosal microcirculation. In addition, arterial flow at basal peak systolic velocity was demonstrated in all patients with PD, whereas a signal sufficient for evaluation was obtained with CCD in only 69.7% (23/ 33). No significant difference in the maximal peak systolic velocity was noted using either PD or CCD. The positive predictive value of PD for venous leakage was poor (60%) when compared with cavernosography. PD used in conjunction with the response to intracavernosal injection was found to reliably predict the clinical outcome in the arteriogenic (p = 0.0007), the venogenic (p = 0.005), and the psychogenic group (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that PD improves the evaluation of penile microcirculation and arterial function, but fails to reliably demonstrate venous leakage alone. Nevertheless, in most patients cavernosography could have been avoided by the aid of PD, since the underlying pathology can be calculated at a high predictive value without the need of further invasive tests. Therefore, with the aid of PD, the morbidity for patients being investigated for erectile dysfunction can be significantly reduced.     

Efficacy of virtual glasses in audio-visual sexual stimulation during penile color duplex Doppler ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether audio-visual sexual stimulation (AVSS) with virtual glasses is effective in improving the recording of penile hemodynamics during penile color duplex Doppler ultrasonography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 64 consecutive patients with erectile dysfunction underwent penile color duplex Doppler ultrasonography after intracavernosal injection of 10-20 microg prostaglandin El and subsequent genital stimulation. AVSS with virtual glasses and earphones was applied when peak systolic velocities (PSV) were less than 35 cm/s or end diastolic velocities (EDV) were more than 5 cm/s. PSV, EDV and the resistive index of both cavernosal arteries were continuously monitored. Clinical erectile response was assessed with visual inspection and manual palpation. RESULTS: AVSS with virtual glasses was performed on 40 of 64 patients. AVSS improved the clinical erectile response in 26 (65%) of 40 patients. Doppler ultrasonography without AVSS identified 11 (27.5%), 5 (12.5%), and 24 (60%) patients with arteriogenic, veno-occlusive, and mixed-type impotence, respectively. However, after real-time AVSS 15 (37.5%), 7 (17.5%), 8 (20%), and 10 (25%) patients demonstrated non-vasculogenic, arteriogenic, veno-occlusive, and mixed-type impotence, respectively. Real-time AVSS improved the Doppler wave forms in 65% of cases. CONCLUSION: AVSS with virtual glasses improves the recording of physiologic erectile response and may be used as a valuable tool during penile color duplex Doppler ultrasonography.     

The application of color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation of erectile dysfunction

We aim to investigate the correlations between hemodynamic parameters, penile rigidity grading, and the therapeutic effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors using color Doppler flow imaging after intracavernosal injection in patients with erectile dysfunction. This study involved 164 patients. After intracavernosal injection with a mixture of papaverine (60 mg), prostaglandin E₁ (10 μg), and lidocaine (2%, 0.5–1 ml), the penile vessels were assessed using color Doppler flow imaging. Penile rigidity was classified based on the Erection Hardness Score system as Grades 4, 3, 2 or 1 (corresponding to Schramek Grades V to II). Then, the patients were given oral sildenafil (50–100 mg) and scored according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. The number of patients with penile rigidities of Schramek Grades II to V was 14, 18, 21, and 111, respectively. The IIEF-5 score was positively correlated with the refilling index of the penile cavernosal artery (r = 0.79, P < 0.05), the peak systolic velocity (r = 0.45, P < 0.05), and penile rigidity (r = 0.75, P < 0.05), and was negatively correlated with the end diastolic velocity (r = −0.74, P < 0.05). For patients with erectile dysfunction, both the IIEF-5 score after sildenafil administration, which is correlated with penile rigidity, and the hemodynamic parameters detected using color Doppler flow imaging may predict the effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor treatment and could provide a reasonable model for the targeted-treatment of erectile dysfunction.     

Penile vascular indices in surgically treated and conservatively treated penile fracture: does conventional immediate repair matter?

Objective

To investigate the impact of immediate surgical repair and conservative treatment of penile fracture (PF) on penile vascular indices.

Methods

The study includes 146 surgically treated (group 1), and 56 conservatively treated patients (group 2). All of the participants underwent penile duplex Doppler ultrasonography (PDDU), and Doppler parameters including the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) were measured in both corpora at baseline and after intracavernosal injection of 20???g prostaglandin E₁. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis addressed study variables.

Results

An increased number of men in group 2 (25.0?%) compared with men in group 1 (19.2?%) reported ED, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P?=?0.06). In patients with ED the mean PSV did not differ significantly between the group 1 (30.1?±?4.02?cm/s) and group 2 (30.1?±?4.02?cm/s) (P?=?0.32). Also, in patients without ED, the mean PSV for group 1 (82.4?±?24.1?cm/s) subjects did not differ significantly from the means for the group 2 patients (79.4?±?27.2?cm/s) (P?=?0.21). Vascular hemodynamics in fractured corpus cavernosum did not differ significantly between two groups (P?=?0.08).

Conclusions

Current method of surgical treatment does not provide better outcome in terms of erectile function and penile vascular hemodynamics.     

Intracavernosal prostaglandin E1 self vs office injection therapy in patients with erectile dysfunction

We have investigated the reliability of intracavernosal prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) office vs self-injection therapy in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). A total of 298 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. In all patients, intracavernosal titration of the PGE1 dose was performed. A total of 106 patients were enrolled in the self-injection program, and 192 patients were enrolled in the office injection program. There were significant differences between number of injections and amount of PGE1 per month, total number of injections, and total amount of PGE1 on office and self-injection programs (P < 0.05 for each). There was a significant increase in the dropout rate in the office injection group compared with the self-injection group (P < 0.05). There was an increase in penile fibrosis in the self-injection program compared with the office program (P < 0.05). A self-injection program is reliable. Office injection program can be reserved for a subset of ED patients with special preferences.