Eggshell morphology of the small eggs of human trematodes in Thailand.

Light and scanning electron micrographs of Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, A Phaneropsolus bonnei, and Prosthodendrium molenkampi eggs were studied. Under light microscopy. O. viverrini eggs had rough eggshells and prominent shoulders. H. taichui, H. pumilio were similar in shape and had smooth eggshells and prominent shoulders. H. pumilio eggs were bigger than H. taichui eggs. P. bonnei and P. molenkampi eggs had smooth eggshells and indistinct shoulders. P. bonnei eggs were thinner and bigger than P. molenkampi eggs. Some deformed eggs of O. viverrini and Haplorchis sp. were found and they had no embryos and indistinct opercula. Under scanning electron microscopy, O. viverrini eggs looked like musk-melon skin; they had prominent shoulders and long knobs. H. taichui eggs had curly, thread-like ridges and prominent shoulders and knobs. H. pumilio eggs had streched ridges, like Chinese bitter mormodica, and prominent shoulders. P. bonnei and P. molenkampi eggs had smooth eggshells and small shoulders and knobs.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Preventing Adolescent Drug Abuse: Intervention Strategies Edited by Thomas J. Glynn, Ph.D., Carl G. Leukefeld, D.S.W. and Jacqueline P. Ludford, M.S.
Glue Sniffing and Volatile Substance Abuse Case Studies of Children and Young Adults By Dennis O'Connor. Gower. 1984
Drug Use and Misuse: Cultural Perspectives Edited by Griffith Edwards, Awin Arif and Jerome Jaffe
Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Aggression Edited by E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, H. M. Waxman.
Alcohol and Health. A handbook for Medical Students By B. D. Hore, E. B. Ritson and A. D. Thomson. Medical Council on Alcoholism, London. 1983.
Psychology and Problem Drinking By I. Robertson, R. Hodgson, J. Orford and R. McKechnie.
Pharmacological Treatments for Alcoholism Editied by Girrith Edward and John Littleton.
Pharmacological Treatments for Alcoholism Edited by Griffith Edwards and John Littleton.
Economics and Alcohol By Marcus Grant, Martin Plant and Alan Williams.
Drink and Sobriety in Victorian Wales, c.1820-c.1895 By W. R. Lambert. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1983.
Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research: Clinical Implications. Edited by Nandkumar S. Shah and Alexander G. Donald. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York and London. 1982.     

家畜动物及鼠类之囊虫病(英文)

目的猪囊虫、牛囊虫及台湾绦虫、囊虫,分别为人体绦虫之有钩条虫、无钩条虫及亚洲无钩绦虫之幼虫。猪囊虫流行在美洲、欧洲及亚洲,牛囊虫分布于非洲、美洲及亚洲,台湾绦虫囊虫流行于亚洲。猪囊虫天然传染来源是猪,牛囊虫是牛,猪囊虫及牛囊虫寄生之适宜部位于肌肉,而台湾绦虫囊虫寄生之部位为肝脏。此三种绦虫之潜伏期依次为60-70天,60-75天及28天。猪囊虫生活期最长,惟牛囊虫及台湾绦虫囊虫在猪体仅生活数日,同时极多数牛囊虫及台湾绦虫囊虫在牛体仅生活数日。上述三种囊虫在鼠体能长期生存。猪囊虫及牛囊虫经过血管及淋巴管可移行入小肠壁,然后进入体肌,同时台湾体虫囊虫经过血管移行人小肠壁,然后进入肝脏。普瑞斯夸陶治疗囊虫病之最低有效剂量,每kg体重服用100 g,连续服用3天。     

云南省目标人群寻求和接受艾滋病自愿咨询检测服务的困难和障碍调查

目的了解阻碍云南省高危人群寻求和接受艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）服务的影响因素,为改进现行的咨询检测服务体系和服务质量,提高VCT服务在高危人群中覆盖率提供科学依据。方法采用个人深入访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对云南省艾滋病流行水平和VCT服务水平不同的4个县（市）区的注射吸毒者、暗娼、男男性行为者和男性流动人口进行了调查,对VCT服务提供方进行个人深入访谈。对访谈资料进行归纳、整理和分析,用EPI和SPSS软件进行问卷资料的录入和分析。结果目标人群寻求和接受VCT服务的困难和障碍如下：（1）艾滋病本身的不可治愈性以及沉重的医疗负担;（2）社会恐惧和歧视;（3）VCT服务质量不高,服务方式单一;（4）对艾滋病及其相关服务的宣传不到位;（5）治疗、关怀和支持措施的落实不到位;（6）VCT服务资源投入不足,服务的主动性不够。结论（1）建立以咨询为基础的检测服务体系,完善转介服务网络,提高服务的可及性;（2）正面宣传艾滋病,加强对咨询检测和治疗、关怀服务的宣传;（3）加强对咨询检测工作的投入,建立和完善咨询检测工作的考核和激励机制,维护队伍的稳定,提高咨询检测服务质量。     

Diabetes‐specific family conflict and psychological distress in paediatric Type 1 diabetes

Aims Diabetes‐specific family conflict is associated with suboptimal adherence and glycaemic control. Little is known about the individual and family factors associated with diabetes‐specific family conflict. The purpose of this study was to examine whether background factors (e.g. age, gender), diabetes variables (e.g. duration of diabetes, adherence, glycaemic control) and psychological distress (i.e. depression and anxiety) in parents and children and adolescents were associated with diabetes‐specific family conflict. Methods Participants were 187 children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and their parents. Study measures assessed diabetes‐specific family conflict, youth depression and parent depression and anxiety. Demographic and disease‐specific data (adherence, glycaemic control) were also collected. Results Findings suggested a close link between psychological distress in parents and children and adolescents and reports of increased diabetes‐specific family conflict. In the presence of suboptimal glycaemic control, children and adolescents and parents reported more family conflict. Adherence was not significantly associated with family conflict. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of considering the impact of individual psychological functioning on family conflict and also suggests a bidirectional relationship between conflict and glycaemic control.     

Nausea and vomiting

Opinion statement Nausea and vomiting are symptoms resulting from a triggered emetic reflex. Many endogenous and exogenous triggering factors can activate the emetic reflex, making understanding difficult and therapy challenging. The key to managing most cases of nausea and vomiting lies in a good history and a detailed physical examination. Most episodes of acute vomiting (lasting < 48 hours) have an evident triggering factor (eg, infection, viral illness, or food poisoning) and can be managed by removing the triggering agent and via supportive therapy. Chronic and unexplained nausea and vomiting can be a challenge. The cause is often obscure and requires special investigation. Functional gastroduodenal disorders such as cyclic vomiting syndrome, functional vomiting, and chronic idiopathic nausea should be considered if investigations are unrevealing. Knowledge regarding various emetic pathways and the specific neurotransmitters involved helps to target therapy. Histamine-1 receptor antagonists and muscarinic antagonists are suitable candidates for motion sickness and labyrinthine disorders. Phenothiazines, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, and benzodiazepines have a role in postchemotherapy and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cannabinoid and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists are best reserved for refractory cases of nausea and vomiting. Motilin agonists and metoclopramide are useful for treating impaired gastric motility disorders.     

北京地区1994-2005年腹泻病原菌的分布及其耐药趋势

目的 监测我院1994-2005年与腹泻有关的肠道致病菌的分布及耐药趋势,为本地区流行病学研究、疫苗制备及临床合理用药提供依据.方法 通过常规大便培养,筛出致病菌后经生化及血清学进一步鉴定到种、群或血清型,并以纸片扩散法测定抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 12年分离到肠道病原菌8426株,患者以男性为主,儿童和青年发病为多,每年7～9月为腹泻发病高峰.病原以志贺菌属居首位(占75.11%),其次是弧菌(占12.70%),再依次为沙门菌属、气单胞菌、致病及侵袭大肠埃希菌分别占6.28%、4.43%及1.25%.6329株志贺菌中,福氏志贺菌占75.62%,其次是宋内菌群(23.98%),痢疾志贺菌及鲍氏志贺菌分别占0.22%及0.01%.12年的变化趋势是,每年肠道病原菌总数在逐渐减少,特别是志贺菌、沙门菌减少明显,而弧菌及气单胞菌相对逐渐增多.各菌属及不同的血清型对抗菌药物的敏感率有差异,福氏志贺菌和气单胞菌属多重耐药较多,而宋内志贺菌和弧菌属对多数抗菌药物敏感.结论 北京地区感染性腹泻的病原种类多,随时间的变迁病原变化明显,耐药性不同,应重视监测.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article
Heroin Addiction: Treatment and Control in Britain By Gerry V. Stimson and Edna Oppenheimer.
Alcohol and Youth Edited by O. Jeanneret.
Alcohol and Youth: A Comprehensive Bibliography Compiled by Grace M. Barnes.
The English Public House in Transition Gwylmor Prys Williams and George Thompson Brake
The Clinical Management of Alcoholism Sheldon Zimberg, M.D.
Alcoholism and Homosexuality Edited by Thomas O. Ziebold and John E. Mongeon.
Drug Dependence and Alcoholism . Vol. 2. Social and Behavioral Issues. Edited by Arnold J. Schecter.     

Potential vertebrate reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors of Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum in central Spain

Organisms in the genus Anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The type species, A. marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and only infects ticks and ruminants. A. phagocytophilum causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis, and genetically closely related strains show a wide host range, including ticks, ruminants, rodents, equids, canids, birds, and humans. Recent reports demonstrated that A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum co-exist in geographic areas and that concurrent infections occur in ruminants and ticks. In this study, we characterized A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum infections in wild and domestic animals, and ticks collected in central Spain by serology, PCR, and sequence of 16S rRNA genotypes. Species tested included humans, cattle, dogs, rodents, Iberian red deer, European wild boar, birds, and ticks. Species of hematophagous Diptera were analyzed as potential mechanical vectors of Anaplasma spp. A. marginale was detected in tabanids, ticks, cattle, and deer, while A. phagocytophilum was detected in ticks, deer, cattle, and birds. Concurrent infections of the two Anaplasma were found in cattle and deer. These results illustrate the complexity of the epizootiology of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum in regions where both pathogens co-exist and share common reservoir hosts and vectors. The increasing contact between wildlife, domestic animals, and human populations increases the risk of outbreaks of human and bovine anaplasmosis, and the difficulty of implementing surveillance and control measures.     

Divergent patterns of matrix metalloproteinase activity during wound healing in ileum and colon of rats.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled and increased extracellular matrix degradation during early anastomotic repair in the intestine may reduce wound strength increasing the risk of anastomotic dehiscence. AIMS: To characterise the metalloproteinases present in intact and anastomosed ileum and colon to study their role in matrix degradation after surgery. SUBJECTS: Tissue extracts of uninjured, and of anastomosed rat ileum and colon at postoperative days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 90, were used. METHODS: Metalloproteinases were identified by gelatin and casein zymography. Aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) treatment was used to activate latent metalloproteinases. RESULTS: Both uninjured ileum and colon contained a 60 and 67 kDa activity, but a 54 and 72 kDa gelatinase was present in ileum only, and a 51 kDa activity in colon only. APMA treatment converted the 60 kDa protease to 54 and 51 kDa forms and the 72 kDa protease to the 67 kDa form. These gelatinases may correspond to latent and active forms of MMP 1 and MMP 2, respectively. Additional metalloproteinases were observed after anastomotic construction. Both ileum and colon contained 95 and 230 kDa gelatinases, which were converted to 83 and 76 kDa forms by APMA. They may be the latent and active forms of MMP 9, respectively. Gelatinolytic activities of 25 and 28 kDa were only found in anastomosed ileum. Caseinolytic activities were only found in ileum extracts and those were most prominent at day 1, 2, and 3 after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The metalloproteinase pattern in ileum and colon differ considerably suggesting that matrix degradation after anastomotic construction may also vary.     

Sweet-talk: role of host glycosylation in bacterial pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal tract

Glycosylation is a key modification of proteins and lipids and is involved in most intermolecular and intercellular interactions. The gastrointestinal mucus gel is continuous and can be divided into two layers: a secreted loosely associated layer and a layer firmly attached to the mucosa. In addition, the membrane-bound glycosylated proteins and lipids create a glycocalyx, which remains adherent on each cell and is dynamic and responsive to the physiological state and environment of the cell. The secreted glycans form a mucus gel layer that serves as a physicochemical sensor and barrier network and is primarily composed of mucins and associated peptides. These glycans protect gut epithelial cells from chemical, biological and physical insults and are continuously renewed. Pathogens colonise and invade the host epithelial cells using protein-protein and glycan-lectin interactions. During the process of colonisation and infection, the glycosylation state of both host and pathogen change in response to the presence of the other. This complex modulation of glycan expression critically determines pathogenesis and the host response in terms of structural changes and immune response. In addition, by influencing host immunity and gut glycosylation, the microbiota can further effect protection against pathogens. In this review, the roles of host glycosylation in interactions with two prevalent bacterial pathogens, Campylobater jejuni and Helicobacter pylori, are discussed to illustrate important concepts in pathogenesis.     

荧光原位杂交技术在膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断中的价值

目的通过与尿液脱落细胞学检查相比,评估荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）在膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断中的价值。方法选取正常人群中20例和150例膀胱肿瘤患者,同时进行尿脱落细胞检测和FISH检测,并与最终病理结果比较,来确定两种检测方法的敏感性和特异性的差异。结果FISH和尿脱落细胞学检测在诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌上的总的敏感性为86．70％vs35．30％,特异性为95％vs95％。在各个临床分期中的敏感性为T1（84．30％vs34．70％）,T2-T4（96．60％vs37．90％）,在不同病理分级中的敏感性为G1（64．5％vs19．40％）,G2（90．10％vs47．90％）,G,（100％vs52．90％）。FISH诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌的总敏感性以及各个临床分期和病理分级上的敏感性均高于尿脱落细胞学检测,并具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。特异性与尿液脱落细胞学检查相同。结论作为早期诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌的方法,FISH具有无创、安全、高敏感性和高特异性的特点。     

The communication of information about older people between health and social care practitioners

AIM: to provide an evidence base for strategies, and effectiveness of the transfer of patient information between hospital and community for older people with physical illness. DESIGN: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative literature. SEARCH STRATEGY: literature from medical, health-related and social science databases as well as work in progress from national databases, the Internet, British PhD theses and other grey literature and policy documents. SELECTION CRITERIA: literature relating to similar healthcare systems published between January 1994 and June 2000 on hospital discharge planning. Empirical studies from peer reviewed sources; theoretical papers from non-peer reviewed sources; research papers from non-peer reviewed sources and professional documents. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: extracted data from empirical studies under the headings of location, sector, research questions and study design and duration. We made structured summaries of all other data sources and used them to supply context and background. We categorized literature and analysed it in terms of method and analysis, quality and strength of evidence and its relevance to the research questions. We synthesized the results and presented them in terms of answers to our research questions. RESULTS: a database of 373 potentially relevant studies and of these, 53 were accepted for further analysis. Thirty-one were empirical studies, most of which were qualitative or a combination of qualitative and quantitative in design. The most effective strategy for transferring information is the appointment of a 'key worker', who can provide a point of contact for workers from hospital and community. Nevertheless, problems have arisen because both settings are under pressure and pursuing different goals. Neither setting is fully aware of the needs, limitations and pressures of the other. CONCLUSION: raised awareness and the establishment of common goals are the first steps needed to bridge the divide between health and social care staff in hospital and the community.     

Macrophage functions in lean and obese adipose tissue

Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes influence both metabolism and inflammation. Obesity-induced changes to macrophages and adipocytes lead to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. This paper reviews the various functions of macrophages in lean and obese adipose tissue and how obesity alters adipose tissue macrophage phenotypes. Metabolic disease and insulin resistance shift the balance between numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators of macrophages and create a feed-forward loop of increasing inflammatory macrophage activation and worsening adipocyte dysfunction. This ultimately leads to adipose tissue fibrosis and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes have therapeutic implications for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.     

GenSalt: rationale, design, methods and baseline characteristics of study participants

Hypertension is a complex disorder influenced by genetic and environmental determinants and their interactions. The objectives of the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity (GenSalt) are to localize and identify genes related to blood pressure (BP) responses to dietary sodium and potassium intervention. GenSalt utilizes a family feeding-study design. Each family was ascertained through a proband with untreated prehypertension or stage-1 hypertension in rural China. A medical history, lifestyle risk factors and responses to cold pressor tests, were obtained at baseline visits while BP, weight, blood and urine specimens were collected at baseline and follow-up visits. The dietary intervention included a 7-day low-sodium feeding (51.3 mmol/day), a 7-day high-sodium feeding (307.8 mmol/day) and a 7-day high-sodium feeding with an oral potassium supplementation (60 mmol/day). Microsatellite markers for genome-wide linkage scan and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in candidate genes will be genotyped. Overall, 3153 participants from 658 families were recruited for GenSalt. The mean systolic and diastolic BPs were 128.0 and 80.3, 111.6 and 71.0, 112.6 and 72.6, 106.6 and 65.3 and 136.7 and 75.0 mm Hg for probands, siblings, spouses, offspring and parents, respectively. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were 232.5 and 38.6, 222.9 and 38.2, 213.1 and 37.8 and 207.3 and 36.0 mmol/24-h for probands, siblings, spouses and offspring, respectively. Our study will identify novel genes that influence significantly the effect of dietary sodium and potassium intake on BP. This information is useful for development of targeted intervention for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.     

Race/Ethnicity Differences between Alcohol, Marijuana, and Co-occurring Alcohol and Marijuana Use Disorders and Their Association with Public Health and Social Problems Using a National Sample

Background: Alcohol and marijuana are commonly used and misused in the United States, both singly and together. Despite this, few studies examine their co-occurring use and the corresponding association with public health and other problems. Moreover, there is a lack of investigation into differences in these associations on the basis of race/ethnicity. Methods: The present study estimated the frequency of alcohol use disorder, marijuana use disorder, and co-occurring alcohol and marijuana use disorder and their associated public health and social problems in Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. This cross-sectional study included 13,872 individuals and used data from the 2005-2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Frequency was calculated and multinomial regression was used to assess associations between substance use disorder and psychosocial, adverse consequences such as history of being arrested, substance use treatment, and sexually transmitted infection. Results: Alcohol use disorder was comparable between, and most prevalent among, Whites and Hispanics compared to African Americans, whereas marijuana use disorder was greatest among African Americans compared to other race/ethnicities. Co-occurring alcohol and marijuana use disorders were most prevalent for African Americans versus Whites and Hispanics, and similar in Whites and Hispanics. In general, major depressive episode was more prevalent for respondents with co-occurring use disorders or single marijuana use disorders. However, race/ethnicity differences in associations between substance use disorder and psychosocial correlates and adverse consequences were observed. Conclusions: Findings have implications for race/ethnicity appropriate integrated prevention and treatment of single and co-occurring use disorders and psychiatric comorbidities. (Am J Addict 2012;21:435-444).     

急性低氧及高二氧化碳刺激对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者外周动脉硬度及血压的影响

目的 探讨急性低氧及高CO2刺激对OSAHS患者外周动脉硬度和血压的影响.方法 选取2006年1月至12月到北京大学人民医院睡眠中心进行多导睡眠呼吸生理监测者,试验组包含呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥10次/h的OSAHS患者28例,男22例,女6例,平均年龄(40±14)岁;对照组包含26名AHI<5次/h的健康志愿者,男20名,女6名,平均年龄(40±15)岁,均排除高血压、糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病及其他心、肺、血管疾病.两组均按相同方法测定四肢血压及心脏-踝血管指数(CAVI),以清醒平卧休息时为基础值,通过重复呼吸法利用特制的密闭呼吸回路分别进行急性高CO2、低氧、低氧合并高CO2吸入刺激,每次刺激结束后立即重复测定四肢血压及CAVI值.计数资料的对比采用χ2检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用t检验.结果 两组间基础状态下收缩压、舒张压、平均压及CAVI值比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.720、1.891、1.828及0.103,均P>0.05).给予高CO2刺激后两组CAVI均呈下降趋势,但试验组[(7.3±1.2)m/s]下降的程度与基础状态[(7.3±1.3)m/s]比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.333,P>0.05),对照组[(7.0±1.4)m/s]出现明显下降(t=2.587,P<0.05);两组的收缩压均明显升高.给予低氧刺激后两组CAVI均呈升高趋势,试验组[(7.3±1.1)m/s]改变不明显,对照组[(7.6±1.6)m/s]明显升高,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.882,P<0.01),血压没有明显改变(t值分别为-0.434及-0.400,均P>0.05).给予低氧合并高CO2刺激后两组CAVI均呈升高趋势,对照组[(7.5±1.7)m/s]明显升高,但程度较单纯低氧刺激时低,血压的改变与单纯高CO2刺激时类似.结论 CO2升高及低氧均可影响外周动脉硬度.OSAHS患者对低氧和高CO2刺激的反应性明显低于健康对照组.     

Functions of the fibrinolytic system in human Ito cells and its control by basic fibroblast and platelet-derived growth factor

During liver fibrogenesis, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) proliferate and migrate under the influence of growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF). The plasminogen activation system regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) catabolism and cell movement. We evaluated the expression and biological functions of the plasminogen activation system in human HSC and its interaction with PDGF and b-FGF. Urokinase-plasminogen activator receptors (u-PAR) were measured by radioligand binding, cell cross-linking, immunoassay, and RNAse protection assay. u-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs) expression and activities were analyzed by zymography, immunoassay, and RNase protection assay. Cell migration and proliferation, studied in Boyden chambers and by microscopic counting, were evaluated after the addition of PDGF, b-FGF, and blockade with anti-u-PA, anti-u-PAR antibodies, and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (aODN) against u-PAR mRNA. We have shown that HSC produce u-PAR, u-PA, and PAI-1. PDGF and b-FGF up-regulate u-PA and u-PAR, but not PAI-1, and exogenous addition of u-PA stimulates HSC proliferation, chemotaxis, and chemoinvasion. Inhibition of u-PA/u-PAR with antibodies against u-PA or u-PAR and with u-PAR aODN inhibit the proliferative, chemotactic, and chemoinvasive activity of PDGF and b-FGF. These findings indicate that u-PA and u-PAR are required for the mitogenic and chemoinvasive activity of PDGF and b-FGF on HSC.     

Effects of cyromazin and methoprene on the developmental stages of Anopheles dirus, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera : Culicidae)

The effects of two chemical compounds, cyromazin and methoprene, on the developmental stages of Anopheles dirus, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were investigated under laboratory conditions, with the mean temperature of 24 degrees +/- 1 degree C and the relative humidity at 65-75%. Both compounds were tested against the second, third and fourth instar larvae. The concentrations of cyromazin used for An. dirus and Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 0.0008 to 0.5 mg/l; and for Ae. aegypti from 0.004 to 2.5 mg/l. The concentrations of methoprene used for An. dirus, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 0.00016 to 0.1 mg/l. The mortality rates were found to be relatively high in larval and pupal stages when treated with cyromazin and methoprene. The primary toxic effects of cyromazin were on the second stage larvae. The LC50 values for cyromazin on the second, third and fourth stage larvae were, respectively, 0.0027, 0.0042 and 0.0114 mg/l for An. dirus, and 0.1662, 0.2307 and 0.3005 mg/l for Ae. aegypti. Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most sensitive species to cyromazin with LC50 values for second, third and fourth stage larvae of 0.0015, 0.0068 and 0.0130 mg/l, respectively. The primary toxic effects of methoprene were in the fourth stage larvae. The LC50 values for methoprene on the second, third and fourth stage larvae were, respectively, 0.0110, 0.0041 and 0.0022 mg/l for An. dirus, and 0.0077, 0.0034 and 0.0025 mg/l for Ae. aegypti. Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most sensitive species to methoprene, with LC50 values for second, third and fourth stage larvae of 0.0013, 0.0008 and 0.0006 mg/l, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Reliability and validity of the swedish version of child health questionnaire

Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) is a North American self-administered instrument to assess physical and psychosocial health status for children (CHQ-CF) and their parents (CHQ-PF). We have determined reliability and validity of the CHQ on 45 children with JCA, who were treated as outpatients. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) ranged between .86 and .94 for the dimensions of the CHQ-CF and between .69 and .94 for the CHQ-PF. Significant correlations (p<.01) were obtained between 7 of the CHQ dimensions and the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) categories, and were particularly strong in the physical domain. Evidence of validity was found through significant correlations (p<0.01) between the CHQ and disease variables. Correlations between parents' and children's responses ranged between .366 and .786. CHQ was found to be valid and reliable for children with JCA and their parents. It seems particularly important to recommend that the children themselves are asked about their perceptions of health status and quality of life.