晚期肺癌患者血CD4+CD25+调节T细胞水平的变化

为探讨晚期肺癌患者CD 4CD 25去调节T细胞水平的变化及其与其它T细胞亚群和NK细胞的相互关系,对86例肺癌组患者和64名对照组测定和比较CD 4CD 25调节T细胞、T细胞亚群(CD 3、CD 4、CD 8、CD 8CD 28)和NK细胞的水平,探讨其临床意义.CD 4CD 25细胞和T细胞亚群均用流式细胞仪检测.结果表明,晚期肺癌患者血CD 4CD 25细胞明显高于对照组(18.4%±6.2%vs7.1%±0.4%,P<0.01),CD 4细胞、CD 8CD 28细胞和NK细胞明显低于对照组(32.4%±8.7%vs44.9%±8.4%,P<0.01;7.4%±3.5%vs16.5%±2.7%,P<0.01;10.2%±4.1%vs18.5%±7.2%,P<0.01),CD 8细胞明显高于对照组(36.7%±7.5%vs31.8%±5.1%,P<0.01).CD 4CD 25细胞与CD 8CD 28细胞、NK细胞呈明显负相关.表明CD 4CD 25细胞增多是晚期肺癌患者免疫功能紊乱的一个证据.     

乙型肝炎患者免疫功能的检测及其临床意义

研究乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞和血清免疫球蛋白的变化及临床意义.采用流式细胞仪检测150例乙肝患者和30名健康者(对照组)外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3 CD4 、CD3 CD8 )、NK细胞,免疫散射法检测血清免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)变化.结果表明各临床类型乙肝患者NK细胞降低,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);慢性乙型肝炎组、慢性重型乙型肝炎组、肝硬化组外周血CD3 CD4 、CD3 CD8 T细胞均下降,其中慢性重型乙型肝炎组外周血CD3 CD8 与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),急性乙型肝炎组外周血T细胞亚群变化不明显(P>0.05);各临床类型乙型肝炎患者血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA随着病情的进展逐渐升高,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).因此认为慢性乙肝患者存在细胞免疫和体液免疫功能紊乱,免疫功能的检测对乙肝的诊断、治疗及预后的判断有着一定临床意义.     

晚期肺癌患者调节性T细胞和IL-10表达的变化

探讨晚期肺癌患者的CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞（Treg）、IL-10及其他T细胞亚群表达的临床意义。检测晚期肺癌患者92例和正常对照者64名的IL-10（ELISA法）、CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞及其他T细胞亚群（流式细胞仪法）。结果显示：肺癌组血清IL-10明显大于对照组（278±34ng/L vs 122±65ng/L,P〈0.01）、CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞明显大于对照组[（17.8±5.2）%vs（7.1±0.4）%,P〈0.01]、CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋CD28＋和NK细胞明显小于对照组[（58.4±7.8）%vs（78.2±6.4）%,P≤0.05;（34.4±7.6）%vs（44.9±8.4）%,P〈0.01;（9.4±3.6）%vs（16.5±2.7）%,P〈0.01;（9.4±3.6）%vs（18.5±7.2）%,P〈0.01]。CD8＋T细胞明显高于对照组[（37.8±6.5）%vs（31.8±5.1）%,P〈0.01]。CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞、IL-10与CD8＋CD28＋细胞、NK细胞呈明显负相关。这些结果表明,CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞与IL-10增多为晚期肺癌患者免疫功能受损的表现。     

传染性单核细胞增多症患儿外周血淋巴细胞亚群的分布及意义

探讨传染性单核细胞增多症(infectious mononucleosis,IM)患儿外周血中淋巴细胞亚群的分布及临床意义。采用流式细胞术检测131例IM患儿和50例体检健康儿童外周血中淋巴细胞亚群的表达,131例IM患儿中有26例患儿收集到对应的丙种球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)治疗后全血,流式细胞术检测淋巴细胞亚群在IM患儿IVIG治疗前后分布比例的差异。结果显示,与健康对照组相比,IM患儿CD3~+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的表达水平明显增高(均P<0.000 1),CD4~+T细胞、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞及CD4~+/CD8+T细胞比值水平明显降低(均P<0.000 1)。IM患儿急性期CD4~+、CD8~+T细胞及CD4~+/CD8~+T细胞比值升高及降低水平与患儿外周血异型淋巴细胞升高的百分率呈现正相关趋势。与IVIG治疗前相比,IM患儿IVIG治疗后外周血CD3~+T细胞和CD8~+T细胞的表达水平有所减低,但仍高于健康对照组(均P<0.01),治疗后CD4~+T细胞、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞及CD4~+/CD8~+T细胞比值水平增高,但其中治疗后CD4~+T细胞、B淋巴细胞及CD4~+/CD8~+T细胞比值水平仍显著低于健康对照组(均P<0.01)。综上所述,检测淋巴细胞亚群对IM患儿的细胞免疫状况评估、辅助诊断和指导治疗具有重要的临床意义。     

肿瘤患者外周血中抑制性受体LAIR-1表达升高

目的:研究LAIR-1在肿瘤患者中的表达,探讨其在抗肿瘤免疫应答中的作用.方法:应用夹心ELISA检测肿瘤患者血清中可溶型sLAIR-1的水平;应用免疫荧光染色和流式细胞术分析,观察LAIR-1在患者PBMC中NK细胞、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞和B细胞上的表达.结果:肿瘤患者血清sLAIR-1水平为(4.6±3.2) μg/ L,明显高于正常人血清sLAIR-1 水平(3.9±3.0) μg/L,P<0.05.NK细胞,CD4 T细胞及CD8 T细胞表达LAIR-1水平上调.肺癌患者CD4/CD8比值明显低于正常人,B细胞百分率明显高于正常人.NK细胞、CD4 T细胞CD8 T细胞中LAIR-1的表达阳性率高于对照组.结论:在肿瘤患者LAIR-1分子表达水平高于正常人.肿瘤患者抑制性受体LAIR-1 表达水平的上调可能与肿瘤的免疫逃逸有关.     

急诊就诊的不稳定型心绞痛患者外周血T细胞亚群表达变化分析

目的:分析急诊就诊的不稳定型心绞痛患者(UAP)外周血T细胞亚群表达变化。方法:连续选择近期急诊就诊的UAP患者(UAP组,19例),入选对象接受了外周血T细胞亚群(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+)指标检测,并与同期住院稳定心绞痛患者(SAP组,17例)以及健康体检者(对照组,20例)相同指标测试结果比较。结果:UAP组血清CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+指标明显高于SAP组和对照组,而CD8+水平则明显低于后两者(P均<0.05～0.01)。结论:UAP患者存在明确的外周血T细胞亚群指标表达异常。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者淋巴细胞共刺激分子异常表达的研究

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者淋巴细胞共刺激分子的表达及意义.方法 采用流式细胞术检测SLE患者淋巴细胞CD28、CTLA-4、CD80和CD86的表达,并与对照组比较.结果 与健康对照者相比较,SLE患者CD3+细胞增加(P<0.05),CD3+CD4+细胞降低(P<0.05),CD3+CD8+细胞升高(P<0.05),CD4/CD8比例明显倒置(P<0.01),CD28表达降低,CTLA-4升高,CD86的表达显著高于正常人(P<0.01),CD80在SLE患者CD19+B细胞上的表达与正常人无异(P>0.05).结论 T细胞亚群改变及T、B淋巴细胞共刺激分子CD28、CTLA-4和CD86在SLE发病机制中起重要作用.     

帕金森病患者NK细胞亚群及T淋巴细胞亚群变化的临床意义

目的:探讨帕金森病(PD)不同年龄、不同病期、伴随症状患者外周血NK细胞亚群及T淋巴细胞亚群的变化及其临床意义。方法:应用先进的流式细胞仪(FCM)直接免疫荧光染色法检测47例PD患者外周血NK细胞亚群及T淋巴细胞亚群,并与健康人组进行对照与相关分析。结果:PD组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平较对照组均明显降低(P<0.05),而CD16+56水平则较对照组明显增高(P<0.05)。高龄、病情重及伴痴呆和抑郁的PD患者CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平降低更显著(P<0.05)。结论:PD发病过程中存在T细胞免疫功能低下及NK细胞免疫平衡失调,高龄、病情重及伴痴呆和抑郁的患者NK、T细胞免疫功能异常降低更明显,此为PD病理生理基础赋予新的内涵,亦为PD的免疫干预性治疗提供新的途径。     

HIV阳性并发恶性肿瘤患者T细胞亚群检测及意义

目的:观察患有恶性肿瘤HIV阳性患者CD3+,CD3+ CD4+,CD3+ CD8+,CD3+ CD4+/CD3+ CD8+比值变化的临床意义。方法:回顾分析2008-01/2010-02在本院就诊的各类肿瘤并HIV阳性患者35例检测其T细胞亚群水平对疾病的诊断及预后判断的意义。结果:观察组患者T细胞亚群水平与健康对照组比较外周血CD3+,CD3+ CD4+细胞比例及CD3+ CD4+/CD3+ CD8+比值明显低于健康对照组水平(P0.01),而CD3+ CD8+细胞比例明显高于健康对照组(P0.01)。结论:检测肿瘤HIV阳性患者的细胞免疫T细胞亚群水平,有助于对疾病的诊断及预后判断。     

结核性胸膜炎合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者免疫功能的变化及意义

目的 通过观察T淋巴细胞亚群、B细胞、NK细胞活性来探讨结核性胸膜炎合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者免疫功能变化.方法 采用流式细胞术分别测定45例结核性胸膜炎合并COPD患者(研究组)、45例COPD患者(COPD对照组)和45例健康体检者(健康对照组)外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、B细胞和NK细胞水平.结果 研究组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、B细胞和NK细胞表达率降低,与健康对照组差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);COPD对照组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、B细胞和NK细胞表达率与健康对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);研究组与COPD对照组的差异无统计学意义.结论 结核性胸膜炎合并COPD患者免疫功能明显低于正常健康人群,增强免疫治疗非常必要.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.