四种查体试验对冈上肌腱撕裂诊断的应用价值

目的探讨四种不同的查体试验对冈上肌腱撕裂的诊断价值。方法对2017年10月至2018年10月80例接受肩关节镜手术的患者资料进行回顾性分析,其中男33例,女47例;年龄32～76岁,平均52.5岁;右肩49例,左肩31例;病程3个月～2年,平均1.2年。患者术前均接受以下查体试验:0°位外展抗阻试验、Jobe试验、坠臂试验和"抱抬抗阻"试验。以术中关节镜诊断结果为"金标准",对四种试验对于冈上肌腱撕裂诊断的灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、准确度等进行综合性分析。结果经关节镜检查证实,80例患者中确诊为冈上肌腱撕裂36例。对于冈上肌腱撕裂者,0°位外展抗阻试验、Jobe试验、坠臂试验和"抱抬抗阻"试验的灵敏度分别为58.3%、72.2%、41.7%、86.1%,特异度分别为72.7%、63.6%、88.6%、70.5%,阳性预测值分别为63.3%、61.9%、75.0%、70.5%,阴性预测值分别为68.1%、73.7%、65.0%、86.1%,准确度分别为41.2%、52.5%、25.0%、55.0%,阳性似然比分别为2.14、1.98、3.66、2.92,阴性似然比分别为0.57、0.44、0.66、0.20。结论坠臂试验确定冈上肌腱撕裂最有效,"抱抬抗阻"试验对于发现和排除撕裂的冈上肌腱撕裂最有效,且位置固定,易于操作,诊断价值较高。     

关节镜下缝线桥技术治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的临床研究

目的探讨关节镜下缝线桥技术缝合巨大肩袖撕裂的临床疗效。 方法回顾分析2014年6月至2016年6月在广州市正骨医院收治并取得完整随访的38例采用关节镜下缝线桥技术修复的巨大肩袖撕裂患者的临床资料,排除无法取得随访、依从性差的患者,分析术前X线片、MRI检查,了解肩袖撕裂口大小、肩袖回缩程度、肌肉萎缩及脂肪浸润情况,应用SPSS 17.0统计学软件配对t检验对术前与术后半年随访时视觉模拟评分系统(VAS)评分和美国加州大学肩关节评分系统(UCLA)评分进行比较。 结果本组患者38例,男23例,女15例,平均年龄(66±6)岁,所有患者均获半年以上的随访,随访时间(12±5)月。所有患者在关节镜下均发现有2条或以上的肌腱撕裂,关节镜下见15例患者冈上肌腱和冈下肌腱撕裂,8例冈上肌、冈下肌和小圆肌腱撕裂,10例冈上肌腱、冈下肌腱撕裂和肩胛下肌腱撕裂,5例冈上肌腱和肩胛下肌腱撕裂。术前VAS评分为(6.7±1.6)分,术后6月随访时为(2.4±1.7)分,术前与术后6月随访的VAS评分差异均有统计学意义(t ＝10.123,P<0.01);术前UCLA评分为(7.9±1.2)分,术后6月随访时为(23.4±5.1)分,术前与术后6月随访的UCLA评分差异均有统计学意义(t ＝－18.979,P<0.01);术后的UCLA、VAS评分均明显升高。术后半年MR检查结果,5例患者出现小型再撕裂,裂口均<3 cm,术后再撕裂患者与无再撕裂患者的VAS评分和UCLA肩关节评分无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。 结论关节镜下缝线桥技术修复巨大肩袖撕裂取得较好的短期疗效,是1种合理、有效的治疗方法。     

关节镜下带线锚钉双排修复创伤性与退变性冈上肌肌腱中撕裂的中期疗效比较

目的比较关节镜下带线锚钉双排修复术治疗创伤性与退变性冈上肌肌腱中撕裂的中期疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年8月陆军军医大学第一附属医院运动医学中心关节镜下带线锚钉双排修复术治疗的23例创伤性和退变性冈上肌肌腱中撕裂患者资料。根据撕裂原因分为2组:创伤性组8例(创伤性冈上肌肌腱撕裂), 男5例, 女3例;年龄(46.1±4.3)岁;撕裂大小(1.3±1.0)cm2。退变性组15例(退变性冈上肌肌腱撕裂), 男4例, 女11例;年龄(59.9±8.1)岁;撕裂大小(4.1±1.1)cm2。术前、末次随访时均采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价肩关节疼痛程度, 采用美国肩肘外科协会评分(ASES)、Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分(Constant评分)和简明肩关节功能测试(SST)评价肩关节功能, 同时记录末次随访时肩关节主动活动范围较术前改善幅度。结果创伤性组与退变性组患者术前一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05), 具有可比性。创伤性组、退变性组患者术后分别获(40.3±11.2)、(36.4±12.4)个月随访。末次随访时退变性组前屈活动度及内旋...     

关节镜下应用自体富集骨髓联合肩袖缝合术治疗冈上肌腱撕裂的临床疗效

目的探讨关节镜下应用自体富集骨髓联合肩袖缝合术治疗全层冈上肌腱撕裂的临床疗效。方法回顾我科2016年2月～2017年4月收治的28例全层冈上肌腱撕裂病例,均采用关节镜下应用自体富集骨髓联合肩袖缝合术治疗。采用Jobe试验、0°外展抗阻试验、坠臂试验,美国肩肘协会评分(ASES评分),Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分及患肩MRI对冈上肌腱愈合情况进行评估。结果术后3个月,Jobe试验、0°外展抗阻试验、Constant-Murley评分较术前均有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);而坠臂试验、ASES评分及冈上肌腱未愈合数较术前差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后6个月及术后1年,Jobe试验、0°外展抗阻试验、Constant-Murley评分、ASES评分及冈上肌腱未愈合数较术前均有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),而坠臂试验改善无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论关节镜下应用BMAC联合肩袖缝合术治疗冈上肌腱撕裂,术后关节功能恢复好,再撕裂率低,但远期效果尚需长期随访验证。     

穿线套索固定法与转全层缝合修复冈上肌腱关节侧部分撕裂的疗效比较

目的:比较关节镜下穿线套索固定法与转全层缝合修复冈上肌腱关节侧部分撕裂的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2015年7月至2018年11月,采用穿线套索固定法修复冈上肌腱关节侧部分撕裂21例(A组),年龄45～62(53.2±6.4)岁;男12例,女9例.采用转全层缝合修复冈上肌腱关节侧部分撕裂24例(B组),年龄40～64(...     

肩峰形态影像学分型在肩袖损伤诊治中的应用价值研究

目的 ：提出一种肩峰撞击理论以及肩关节Rockwood位片的肩峰形态分型法,探讨该分型法在肩袖损伤诊治中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年12月因肩峰撞击症或肩袖撕裂行肩关节镜手术的101例患者,其中男34例,女67例;年龄34～76(56.31±9.63)岁;病程2～12个月,平均6个月。术前常规拍摄肩关节“三位片”,包括肩关节前后位、Rockwood位以及冈上肌Outlet位。基于肩峰撞击理论以及Rockwood位片将肩峰形态分为3型：Ⅰ型（平坦型）、Ⅱ型（隆起型）、Ⅲ型（撞击型）。两位观察者分别对101例患者的肩关节Rockwood位片按照新分型法、对冈上肌Outlet位片按照传统肩峰形态分型法进行分类统计;冈上肌腱损伤依据关节镜下所见分为无撕裂、部分撕裂、全层撕裂。分别对新分型法、传统分型法进行一致性检验（Kappa值）,采用秩和检验比较新肩峰分型法3种肩峰形态的平均肩肱距（acromiohumeral distance,AHD）,采用Spearman秩相关性检验以及Gamma法分析比较新肩峰分型法与冈上肌腱撕裂程度之间的相关性。结果：观察者间一致性检验新肩...     

肩袖部分撕裂的关节镜治疗

目的评估应用肩关节镜下冈上肌肌腱肱骨大结节止点重建术治疗EllmanⅢ级肩袖部分撕裂的临床疗效。方法本组15例(15侧),术前MRI提示肩袖损伤,术中关节镜均证实肩袖部分撕裂超过6 mm,其中关节侧9例(右肩6例,左肩3例),滑囊侧6例(右肩4例,左肩2例),全部滑囊侧及6例关节侧肩袖撕裂合并肩峰撞击征。全部病例均行关节镜下肩袖清创、带线锚钉冈上肌肌腱肱骨大结节止点重建,撞击征阳性病例同时行肩峰成形术。结果平均随访30个月(20～44个月),应用JOA评分标准进行肩关节功能评价,术前平均61.3分,术后94.5分(P0.01)。JOA评价体系中疼痛、功能、活动范围及肩关节提升部分明显优于术前,而外展力量、外旋及内旋部分评分则改善不明显。随访期末按JOA评价标准:优12例,良2例,可1例,术前存在肩峰撞击征的12例,末次随访评价撞击试验阴性。结论关节镜下冈上肌肌腱肱骨大结节止点重建术是治疗EllmanⅢ级肩袖部分撕裂的有效方法。     

肩胛下肌腱撕裂的分型和治疗

肩胛下肌是肩袖肌群中最大、最强壮的肌肉,位于肩胛骨前面,呈三角形。起自肩胛下窝,肌束向上经肩胛关节的前方,止于肱骨小结节。而肩袖撕裂主要分3类,第一类:冈上肌腱损伤为主,约占69.3%;第二类:前上肩袖损伤为主(冈上肌腱、肩胛下肌腱);第三类:后上肩袖损伤为主(冈上肌腱、冈下肌腱)。前上肩袖或后上肩袖撕裂的患者功能较差、肩关节力有平衡丧失、肱骨头稳定性差。自2011年至2013年821例肩关节损伤的患者中,51%的患者存在肩胛下肌腱的损伤,其中80%的撕裂小于长轴的1/3,20%的患者是大的撕裂。并在解剖研究中发现,在第一个关节面的撕裂占全部损伤的34%。肩胛下肌腱撕裂分为5个类型:Ⅰ型:磨损或纵向撕裂,可合并CIST(隐藏的肩胛下肌腱撕裂);Ⅱ型:分为2个亚型,ⅡA型第一关节面的撕裂范围50%,可合并CIST,ⅡB型第一关节面的撕裂范围50%;Ⅲ型:第一关节面完全撕裂;Ⅳ型:撕裂面积超过第一关节面;Ⅴ型:完全撕裂(包括肌肉)。CIST患者一般会出现肩关节前方疼痛,应与肌腱炎区分,且一般长头肌腱损伤合并CIST。根据分型可确定治疗方案,Ⅰ型一般不需要修复,ⅡA型需要根据病情严重程度判断,ⅡB型是否需要修复尚存争议,Ⅲ型与Ⅳ型一般需要进行修复,Ⅴ型发病率较少,需要权衡修复利弊。且急性撕裂和慢性损伤的急性撕裂均需要早期修复。镜下修复需要注意锚钉的固定位置,第一、二关节面均可,且要注意肌腱的缝合,肩胛下肌腱撕裂后向内下方回缩,复位时应向外、向上牵拉。而较大的撕裂也可考虑做切开修复。如今肩胛下肌腱损伤越来越多,需不断提高诊断的准确性,改善修复技术。     

关节镜下修复巨大肩袖撕裂14例

目的探讨关节镜下修复巨大肩袖撕裂的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2015年10月～2017年12月同一位医生独立实施肩关节镜手术修复14例巨大肩袖撕裂的资料。术前及术后随访时测量肩关节活动度,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)、加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California Los Angeles,UCLA)评分、牛津大学肩关节评分(Oxford Shoulder Score,OSS)和臂肩手功能障碍评分(Disability of Arm,Shoulder and Hand,DASH)进行肩关节疼痛与功能评价。结果关节镜下确认12例有冈上肌腱和冈下肌腱撕裂,其中1例合并肩胛下肌腱完全撕裂,1例合并小圆肌腱撕裂;另2例分别为冈上肌腱合并肩胛下肌腱上部撕裂,以及冈上肌腱合并肩胛下肌腱完全撕裂。全部行肩袖修复术(关节镜下完成13例,中转切开手术1例),5例行肩峰成形术(其中4例为Ⅲ型肩峰),2例行肩胛下肌腱止点重建术,2例行肱二头肌长头肌腱固定术。均获随访,随访时间7～25个月,(16.8±6.2)月。1例于术后3个月发现锚钉松脱而确认修复失败,但因疼痛和功能有一定程度改善,病人基本满意。末次随访时,VAS(0.7±1.1 vs.4.0±2.2)、校正DASH(4.6±7.0 vs.50.7±22.9)、OSS(14.0±2.8 vs.32.5±9.7)、UCLA评分(33.6±3.1 vs.17.9±3.3)均较术前有显著性改善(P0.05)。UCLA评分优12例,良1例,差1例,优良率92.9%(13/14)。患肩主动外展活动度(160.0°±43.0°vs.107.5°±58.8°)、主动前屈活动度(158.6°±39.4°vs.112.5°±60.2°)、主动外旋活动度(54.6°±16.2°vs.24.6°±21.5°)均较术前显著改善(P0.05)。6例获得MRI随访,除失败的1例,其余5例均结构性愈合[术后(11.2±7.5)月]。结论关节镜下修复巨大肩袖撕裂是一种微创、有效的治疗方式,能显著减轻肩关节疼痛,改善肩关节功能。     

关节镜下双滑轮缝线桥修补冈上肌腱撕裂的早期疗效

目的 探讨关节镜下双滑轮缝线桥修补冈上肌腱撕裂的早期疗效。方法 回顾分析2020年9月—2022年7月收治且符合选择标准的38例冈上肌腱撕裂患者,均采用关节镜下双滑轮缝线桥修补。其中男15例,女23例;年龄43～77岁,平均61.5岁。左肩15例,右肩23例。7例有外伤史,余31例无明显诱因。患者主要临床症状为肩关节上举疼痛,抱抬抗阻试验（+）。出现症状至入院时间6～19个月,平均10.3个月。记录术前及术后3、12个月肩关节前屈、外展和外旋活动度;术前及术后12个月采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、美国加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节评分和美国肩肘外科医师协会（ASES）评分评价肩关节疼痛及功能。术后3～6个月MRI评估肌腱愈合情况、肌腱连续性和张力,末次随访时统计患者满意度。结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、神经损伤等并发症发生。38例患者均获随访,随访时间12～34个月,平均23.3个月。术后12个月VAS评分、UCLA肩关节评分及ASES评分均优于术前（P<0.05）。术后3、12个月肩关节外旋活动度均较术前明显改善,术后12个月较3个月时进一步改善,差异均有统计学...     

Hug-up试验在老年冈上肌腱损伤诊断中的价值评价

目的探讨Hug-up试验在老年冈上肌腱损伤诊断中的价值。 方法回顾性分析2019年3月11日至2020年6月10日以肩袖损伤为诊断入院行肩关节镜手术治疗的老年患者90例,分别行物理检查：Hug-up试验、改良Hug-up试验、Jobe试验、坠肩试验、0°外展抗阻试验。由专人记录结果,以术中关节镜检查结果为金标准,通过对比分析Hug-up试验对老年冈上肌腱部分损伤的灵敏度、特异性、准确度等进行综合性探讨。 结果经关节镜检查证实,90例患者中确诊为冈上肌腱全层断裂70例,部分断裂9例,其他肩袖组织损伤或合并伤11例,冻结肩或合并有冻结肩症状61例。灵敏度：Hug-up试验=0°位外展抗阻试验>改良Hug-up试验> Jobe试验>坠肩试验,特异度：改良Hug-up试验= Hug-up试验>坠肩试验>0°位外展抗阻试验> Jobe试验,准确度：0°位外展抗阻试验> Hug-up试验>改良Hug-up试验> Jobe试验>坠肩试验。 结论Hug-up试验对于老年冈上肌腱损伤敏感性、特异性均较高,在合并喙肩韧带损伤或炎症及冈下肌小圆肌病变的情况下容易出现假阳性,但相较于其他体格检查方法,其易于操作,且位置固定,患者容易配合,检查结果在患者间及检查者间的可重复性高、误差率低,对于门诊老年冈上肌腱损伤的快速诊断具有重要价值。     

Comparing shoulder maneuvers to magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic findings in patients with supraspinatus tears

BACKGROUNDShoulder maneuvers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed to diagnose supraspinatus tendon tears regardless of arthroscopy exam. Although there are many studies on this subject, there is a lack of studies comparing the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of shoulder maneuvers and MRI to arthroscopic findings (intact, partial, or full thickness supraspinatus tendon tear).AIMTo compare the diagnostic values of shoulder maneuvers with MRI for supraspinatus tendon tears in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy.METHODSA total of 199 consecutive patients from four orthopedic centers met the eligibility criteria of shoulder pain persisting for at least four weeks. They were prospectively enrolled in this study from April 2017 to April 2019. Seven clinical tests (full can, empty can, drop arm, Hawkins’, painful arc, Neer’s sign and resisted external rotation) and MRI were performed, and all were compared with surgical findings. Full can, empty can and resisted external rotation tests were interpreted as positive in the case of pain and/or weakness. We assessed the Se, Sp, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio for overall, partial and full-thickness supraspinatus tears.RESULTSMRI had the highest Se for overall (0.97), partial (0.91) and full-thickness (0.99) tears; moreover, MRI had the highest NPV: 0.90, 0.88 and 0.98 for overall, partial and full-thickness tears, respectively. For overall supraspinatus tears, the Se and PPV were: Painful arc (Se = 0.85/PPV = 0.91), empty can (pain) (Se = 0.80/PPV = 0.89), full can (pain) (Se = 0.78/PPV = 0.90), resisted external rotation (pain) (Se = 0.48/PPV = 0.87), drop arm (Se = 0.19/PPV = 0.97), Neer’s sign (Se = 0.78/PPV = 0.93) and Hawkins’ (Se = 0.80/PPV = 0.88). MRI had the highest PPV (0.99). The Hawkin’s test had the highest false positive rate in patients with intact tendons (0.36). The Sp of the empty can and full can (both tests positive for pain and weakness), drop arm and MRI were: 0.93, 0.91, 0.98 and 0.96, respectively. For partial and full-thickness tears, the empty can test (positive for pain and weakness) had a Sp of 0.93, and the drop arm and MRI had the same Sp (0.98).CONCLUSIONPhysical examination demonstrated good diagnostic value, the drop arm test had a Sp as good as MRI for supraspinatus tears; however, MRI was more accurate in ruling out tears. The Hawkins’ test had high false-positive findings in patients with intact tendons.     

The accuracy of “subacromial grind test” in diagnosis of supraspinatus rotator cuff tears

Purpose:The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of a simple clinical test (subacromial grind test) in diagnosing supraspinatus tendon tears.Results:During arthroscopy, 17 patients had full thickness (FT) tears of supraspinatus tendon and 10 had partial thickness tears. For any supraspinatus tear, the sensitivity of the test was 63%, specificity 95%, positive predictive value 94%, negative predictive value 66% and overall accuracy 79%. For FT tears, the sensitivity was 82%, specificity 87%, positive predictive value 78%, negative predictive value 90% and overall accuracy 85%.Conclusion:We found that this is a useful single test for diagnosing FT supraspinatus tears.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV diagnostic study.     

Contribution of clinical tests to the diagnosis of rotator cuff disease: A systematic literature review

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic performance of clinical tests for degenerative rotator cuff disease, based on a systematic literature review.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase, and Pascal Biomed until the first half of 2006 inclusive for articles that reported at least the sensitivity and specificity of clinical tests for rotator cuff disease. Predictive values and accuracy were recorded where available. The results were discussed and validated.ResultsWe selected nine studies, of which three investigated tests for subacromial impingement syndrome and seven tests for rotator cuff tendinopathy. The Neer and Hawkins tests had good sensitivity but low specificity for subacromial impingement syndrome. For diagnosing tears of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus, the Jobe sign and the full can test showed similar performance characteristics to the Patte test and resisted external rotation with the elbow at the side flexed at 90°. For diagnosing tendinopathies with or without tears, active unresisted external rotation for the infraspinatus and the lift off test for the subscapularis were specific but lacked sensitivity. In one study, limitation of the range of active unresisted internal rotation was sensitive and specific for subscapularis tendon disease. The palm up test performed poorly for diagnosing long head of biceps disease.ConclusionsData on the diagnostic performance of clinical tests for rotator cuff tendon disease are fragmentary. However objective data exist to support the usefulness of some of these tests. Further studies are needed.     

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome

BACKGROUND: Several tests for making the diagnosis of rotator cuff disease have been described, but their utility for diagnosing bursitis alone, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, and full-thickness rotator cuff tears has not been studied. The hypothesis of this study was that the degree of severity of rotator cuff disease affects the diagnostic values of the commonly used clinical tests. METHODS: Eight physical examination tests (the Neer impingement sign, Hawkins-Kennedy impingement sign, painful arc sign, supraspinatus muscle strength test, Speed test, cross-body adduction test, drop-arm sign, and infraspinatus muscle strength test) were evaluated to determine their diagnostic values, including likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities, for three degrees of severity in rotator cuff disease: bursitis, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, and full-thickness rotator cuff tears. A forward stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to determine the best combination of clinical tests for predicting the various grades of impingement syndrome. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of the eight tests varied considerably. The combination of the Hawkins-Kennedy impingement sign, the painful arc sign, and the infraspinatus muscle test yielded the best post-test probability (95%) for any degree of impingement syndrome. The combination of the painful arc sign, drop-arm sign, and infraspinatus muscle test produced the best post-test probability (91%) for full-thickness rotator cuff tears. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of the impingement syndrome affects the diagnostic values of the commonly used clinical tests. The variable accuracy of these tests should be taken into consideration when evaluating patients with symptoms of rotator cuff disease.     

A comparative study of ultrasonography and arthrography in evaluation of the rotator cuff

Fifty patients with signs and symptoms of chronic impingement syndrome and/or rotator cuff tear were evaluated with shoulder arthrograms and ultrasonography. Ninety asymptomatic shoulders of a comparable age had ultrasonography to serve as a control group. All controls had normal ultrasonograms with no hypoechoic or sonolucent areas. The 50 symptomatic shoulder patients had the following: 28 had a normal arthrogram with either normal ultrasonograms or buckling of the supraspinatus tendon; eight had normal arthrograms, but ultrasonography indicated a thin (less than 4 mm) irregular supraspinatus tendon; 11 had complete rotator cuff tears visualized on both arthrography and ultrasonography (nine of these 11 patients had surgery confirming complete tears in all); two had a false-positive sonogram, and one had a false-negative sonogram. Thus, the ultrasonography's overall positive predictive value to detect a full-thickness rotator cuff tear was 85%, its negative predictive value was 97%, its sensitivity was 92%, and its specificity was 95%. Real-time ultrasonography is a diagnostically sensitive and specific noninvasive method to evaluate patients with shoulder impingement syndrome, leading to the recommendation that it be used as a primary imaging technique to obviate or supplement arthrography in evaluating rotator cuff disease. However, static ultrasonographic pictures, without real-time ultrasonography as a supplement, were not helpful.     

超声：可替代MRI评估肩胛下肌腱撕裂？

目的 探讨术前超声和MRI对肩胛下肌腱撕裂的诊断价值。方法 回顾性纳入2019年1月至2020年6月在我科初次行肩关节镜手术的111例,收集病人术前超声和MRI报告,与术中手术资料进行比较,分析超声与MRI诊断肩胛下肌腱撕裂的敏感性、特异性、准确性以及阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果 本组33.3％（37/111）病人术中证实有肩胛下肌腱撕裂。超声诊断出19例肩胛下肌腱撕裂,敏感性：51.35%,特异性：100.00%,阳性预测值：100.00%,阴性预测值：80.43%;在83.78%的病例中,超声能够准确地识别肩胛下肌腱撕裂。MRI诊断出13例肩胛下肌腱撕裂,敏感性：35.14%,特异性：100.00%,阳性预测值：100.00%,阴性预测值：75.51%,准确性：78.38%。对于Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂,超声诊断的敏感性：40.00%,特异性：100.00%,而MRI诊断的敏感性：13.33%,特异性：100.00%。结论 尽管有一定的局限,超声在预测肩胛下肌腱撕裂方面的效能明显优于MRI,是术前可供选择的一种有效检查。     

An analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the Hawkins and Neer subacromial impingement signs

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Neer and Hawkins impingement signs for the diagnosis of subacromial bursitis or rotator cuff pathosis. Eighty-five consecutive patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy by a single surgeon were documented prospectively for the positive and negative clinical and arthroscopic pathologic findings. The Neer sign was found to have a sensitivity of 75% for the appearance suggestive of subacromial bursitis; this compared with 92% for the Hawkins sign. For rotator cuff tearing, the sensitivity of the Neer sign was 85% and the sensitivity of the Hawkins sign was 88%. Specificity and positive predictive values for the two tests were low, being not much higher than pretest probability. The two tests had a high negative predictive value (96% for bursitis, 90% for rotator cuff tearing) when they were combined. The results are compared with those reported in the literature. We conclude that the Neer and Hawkins signs are sensitive for appearances suggestive of subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff partial or complete tearing with a high negative predictive value. However, they lack specificity in comparison with arthroscopic findings.     

Validity of the supraspinatus test as a single clinical test in diagnosing patients with rotator cuff pathology

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective blinded comparison of clinical examination and surgical findings of consecutive patients seen at a tertiary shoulder center. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the validity of the supraspinatus test in diagnosing rotator cuff pathology using arthroscopy or open surgery as reference standards. A positive supraspinatus test was defined as pain for all types of rotator cuff pathology and weakness for full-thickness tears. BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tenopathy is a very common condition. However, there have been relatively few studies documenting the validity of physical examination for this condition and further investigation of the measurement properties of these tests is warranted. METHODS AND MEASURES: One hundred two consecutive subjects were examined. Fifty subjects, ranging in age between 24 and 79 years (mean age, 50 years; SD, 14.4 years) and composed of 16 females and 34 males, underwent surgery. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the supraspinatus test was 62%, 41%, and 88% for "supraspinatus tendonitis or partial thickness tear," "full-thickness tear," and "large to massive tears," respectively. The specificity values were 54%, 70%, and 70% for the above conditions, respectively. The negative likelihood ratios varied from 0.17 to 0.84, and the positive likelihood ratios varied from 1.35 to 2.93, depending on the presence of pain or weakness. CONCLUSION: Application of the supraspinatus test in isolation is helpful in diagnosing large or massive rotator cuff tears. The change that this test makes in pretest probability of less extensive rotator cuff pathology is insignificant.     

The use of in-office, orthopaedist-performed ultrasound of the shoulder to evaluate and manage rotator cuff disorders

This study presents the use of in-office ultrasound, performed by an attending orthopaedic surgeon, as a means of evaluating the integrity of the rotator cuff. The results of 282 shoulder sonograms in patients ultimately treated surgically were included. Findings at surgery were recorded and compared with those documented during the ultrasound examination. Ultrasound findings included 118 full-thickness and 143 partial-thickness rotator cuff tears and 6 intact cuffs confirmed at surgery. One patient with a partial supraspinatus tear on ultrasound was intact at surgery, nine with complete supraspinatus tears had partial-thickness tears at surgery, one with an intact supraspinatus had a full-thickness tear at surgery, and four with partial-thickness supraspinatus tears had full-thickness tears at surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 94.1%, 96.1%, 96.6%, and 93.2%, respectively, for partial-thickness tears; 95.9%, 94.3%, 92.9%, and 96.8%, respectively, for full-thickness tears; and 99.6%, 85.7%, 99.6%, and 85.7%, respectively, when the rotator cuff was evaluated for damage (either partial- or full-thickness tears). This series documents the ability of an orthopaedic surgeon to image the rotator cuff effectively using portable ultrasound in the clinic setting, allowing for a more efficient implementation of the management plan.