全髋关节置换术治疗人工股骨头置换术后并发症的临床分析

目的：探讨人工股骨头置换术后全髋翻修及效果。方法：于2005年4月-2007年10月对43例股骨头置换术后并发疼痛、松动、中心型脱位患者行全髋关节翻修术。结果：随诊8月～2年,术后髅关节功能依据Harris评分法,优31例,良9例,可3例,优良率93．02％。结论：全髋关节翻修术是治疗人工股骨头置换术后并发疼痛、松动、脱位的有效方法,效果可靠。     

全髋置换术用于人工股骨头置换术后翻修

目的 探讨人工股骨头长欺使用后髋关节疼痛原因及其行人全关节置换术翻修必要性。方法 对10例（10髋）人工股骨头置换术髌关节疼痛人行人工全髋关节置换术翻修并进行随访。结果 10例病人平均随访进行18个月,效果满意率90％。结论 假体松动,髋臼退行性疾病,髋臼底变薄,人工股骨头中心性脱位是造成髋关节疼痛的主要原因。全髋关节置换术翻修能明显改善这些病人的髋关节疼痛。     

髋关节置换术后翻修原因分析

１９７４年～１９９１年对２６４例老年股骨颈骨折、股骨头缺血坏死、髋关节骨性关节炎患者行髋人工关节置换，其中人工股骨头置换１５０例，全髋关节置换１１４例。术后因假体松动、下沉、脱位，髋臼磨损等原因，引起患者疼痛，功能障碍而行翻修术１５例，翻修率为５．７％，翻修时间为术后５年～１６年，平均７．４年。翻修手术为人工股骨头再置换术３例，全髋关节置换术１２例。翻修术后随访２年～６年，平均４．７年。按Ｊａｃｏｂｓ法评价，优１１例，占７３％；良３例，占２０％；可１例，占７％。翻修原因主要与假体松动、下沉，髋臼磨损，髋臼软骨切取不彻底，臼窝太浅，植入假体时存有血迹等有关。     

人工全髋关节置换术后翻修的假体选择

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术后翻修的假体选择. 方法 1995年1月～2002年6月进行全髋关节翻修术33例(33髋),其中男7髋,女26髋.翻修原因:无菌性松动22例,感染后松动8例(其中2例合并窦道形成);股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损3例,不伴有假体中心性脱位.对无菌性松动和股骨头磨损患者采用骨水泥固定型假体13例,生物固定型假体12例,股骨侧翻修假体均选择骨水泥固定型广泛涂层假体,8例感染患者均行一期骨水泥固定型全髋置换. 结果随访6个月～7年6个月,平均3年11个月.2例出现X线透亮带,但无临床不稳;4例遗留持续性疼痛,无假体脱位、断裂.本组Harris评分由术前的24～47分(平均38.6分),上升为术后的68～88分(平均82.4分),满意率87.9%. 结论无菌性松动是全髋关节置换术后翻修的主要原因.髋臼侧翻修假体可选择骨水泥型假体、也可选择生物型假体,股骨侧翻修假体均选择骨水泥固定型广泛涂层假体,感染后的翻修选择骨水泥假体较好.     

陶对陶界面全髋关节置换术后早期脱位

目的探讨现代陶对陶界面人工髋关节术后早期脱位的发生率和影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院骨科2009年6月至2012年12月间行陶对陶的人工髋关节置换术患者192例（212髋）的资料,其中初次行人工髋关节置换术175例（195髋）,人工髋关节翻修17例（17髋）,从股骨头假体的大小和所采用的手术入路以及髋臼的方位三方面,分析对人工髋关节置换术后发生脱位的影响。结果本组患者平均随访28个月（3~42个月）,术后脱位率为0.47%（1/212）,其中初次全髋关节置换术（totalhiparthroplasty,THA）术后脱位率为0,翻修THA术后脱位率为5.89%（1/17）;无骨溶解,无假体松动,无陶瓷破裂等其他并发症。结论现代陶对陶界面THA采用大直径的股骨头、改良Hardinge入路且髋臼位置恰当,可降低人工髋关节置换术后的脱位率。     

人工股骨头置换术后全髋关节翻修术的临床研究

目的探讨人工股骨头置换术后全髋关节翻修术的手术指征和技巧。方法回顾性分析1997年6月至2000年6月行人工股骨头置换术后全髋关节翻修术的56例患者的临床资料。其中男性31例,女性25例;年龄64—75岁,平均68岁。翻修原因中,人工股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损29例（51．8％）,髋臼磨损及股骨头中心性脱位14例（25．0％）,股骨柄松动12例（21．4％）,股骨柄断裂1例（1．8％）。Harris评分术前平均37分（28～40分）。所有病例均一期翻修,有骨质缺损者同时植骨。结果49例患者术后获得平均7年（5—8年）随访,7例失访。末次随访Harris评分平均88分（84～90分）。全部病例术后无伤口感染和神经血管损伤。5例患者出现并发症,其中扩髓时骨皮质不全骨折1例,术后下肢深静脉血栓3例,髋关节脱位1例。随访患者中无髋臼及股骨柄假体需要再度翻修。X线片显示人工关节假体位置正常,无松动感染征象。结论髋臼磨损及股骨头中心性脱位是人工股骨头置换术后全髋关节翻修的主要原因。中期临床随访结果显示,若手术指征正确,手术技巧娴熟,该翻修手术可以获得良好的临床效果。     

人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位的治疗

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位的治疗方法。方法1997年7月～2004年10月，共收治人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位23例，男9例，女14例；年龄53～79岁。行CT及X线片检查，了解假体松动情况及假体位置，并分析脱位原因。无假体松动者，麻醉下手法复位、行稳定性试验。手法复位成功且稳定者，胫骨结节牵引4～6周。手法复位失败或不稳定者，原入路切开，根据术前及术中情况，调整offset值及部分假体组件。稳定者，关节囊修补，胫骨结节牵引4～6周。仍不稳定或松动者采用翻修手术。结果23例患者，1例松动者采用全髋关节翻修；10例手法复位治疗成功；12例手法复位后不稳定或失败患者中，5例行切开复位关节囊修补，2例采用加长股骨头增加offset值，2例改用防脱位髋臼内衬，1例采用加长股骨头并调整异常髋臼内衬位置，2例仍不稳定者采用全髋关节翻修。患者均获随访1～5年，平均1．9年。均未出现再脱位。术后1年Harris评分72～94分，平均87分。结论人工全髋关节置换术后假体脱位，应根据脱位原因和术中稳定情况选择不同的治疗方法。     

经外侧入路行人工股骨头置换术132例分析

目的探讨人工股骨头置换术外侧入路的优缺点。方法对132例人工股骨头置换术均采用外侧入路进行,对手术结果进行探讨。结果所有病例随访6个月～9年,平均6年,全组无髋关节脱位,股骨柄松动、下沉20例,晚期感染1例,需行假体取出,无翻修病例。按“髋关节人工置换术疗效评定”标准,优良率86.4%。结论外侧入路具有手术创伤小、切口不易污染、患者对手术体位容易耐受、利于麻醉控制、术后患者早期活动不易脱位、并发症少等优点,是比较理想的人工股骨头置换术入路。     

人工髋关节置换术后翻修的原因分析及处理

[目的]探讨人工髋关节置换术后翻修的原因及处理方法。[方法]回顾性分析1993年4月～2015年5月在本科行人工髋关节翻修术患者405例,其中男性202例,女性203例,左侧224例,右侧181例,年龄28岁～93岁,平均(61.43±27.82)岁,总结翻修原因以及手术处理方法等。[结果]假体松动280例,其中柄松动87例,臼松动39例,柄和臼假体均松动154例;翻修前假体平均使用时间6个月～24年,平均(6.68±4.82)年。感染66例,其中16例一期旷置,待感染控制后二期再行假体置入;其余50例均行一期翻修假体置入。关节不稳所致脱位15例,均为闭合复位失败或保守治疗失败, 3例行单纯切开复位, 3例更换内衬和股骨头,1例更换股骨侧假体,3例更换髋臼侧假体,3例行全髋翻修。聚乙烯衬垫磨损但假体无松动14例,8例予以更换内衬和股骨头,4例更换髋臼侧假体和股骨头,2例行全髋翻修。股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损11例,5例仅置换髋臼侧,更换股骨头假体,6例行全髋翻修。股骨柄假体周围骨折11例,以捆绑带固定或钢板螺钉固定或更换加长柄假体结合内固定等治疗。假体机械断裂6例,予以更换假体。股骨柄假体偏心距过大导致疼痛1例,予以更换股骨柄假体。髋臼螺钉位置不当导致坐骨神经症状1例,予以调整髋臼假体和螺钉位置。[结论]假体松动是人工髋关节翻修最常见原因,其次为感染、脱位、聚乙烯磨损、股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损、假体周围骨折等;人工髋关节翻修的方案需根据假体失败的原因、患者具体情况以及医生的经验等因素综合考虑。     

31例人工髋关节翻修术临床分析与体会

[目的]探讨人工髋关节置换术后假体松动和关节疼痛的原因与翻修策略.[方法]对31例人工髋关节置换术后出现假体松动和关节疼痛的患者实施后外侧入路全髋关节翻修术.[结果]31例假体翻修术后患者随访10～26个月,平均18.7个月,主观满意度89%,无1例假体脱位.关节活动度好,术前症状改善率94%,影像学表现假体位置良好,其周围无透亮影等松动征象.[结论]翻修术前应对人工髋关节疼痛部位、时间、活动度及影像学资料仔细评估,术中对人工假体与骨水泥取出技巧以及翻修假体的选择是成功关键.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.