三种抗风湿药物对类风湿关节炎病人关节软骨细胞NO合成及iNOS活性抑制作用

目的：比较雷公藤和地塞米松以及双氯芬酸钠对类风湿关节炎（RA）病人软骨细胞合成一氧化氮（NO）及诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS)表达的抑制作用。探讨三种抗风湿药物在治疗RA中对关节软骨的保护作用。方法：用胶原酶消化RA病人膝关节置换术后的离体软骨，并分离出软骨细胞进行体外培养，用白细胞介素（IL）－1刺激，同时加用不同浓度的雷公藤、地塞米松及双氯芬酸钠培养过夜，收集细胞培养上清，用Griess试剂测定NO含量。收集培养中的软骨细胞，利用L－14C－精氨酸向L－14C－瓜氨酸的转换，测定iNOS活性，提取细胞总RNA，采用Northern blot方法分析iNOS-mRNA的表达。结果：不同浓度的雷公藤（2、4、8、16mg/L)对关节软骨细胞NO的合成和iNOS活性均有抑制作用，最大抑制率可达81．1％和84．3％，而且抑制程度与药物剂量成正相关，雷公藤对iNOS-mRNA的表达也有相应的抑制作用。地塞米松对人软骨细胞NO合成，iNOS活性及iNOS-mRNA表达也有表明抑制作用，最大抑制率只能达50％，但无剂量相关，而双氯芬酸钠抑制作用只有12．9％，结论：雷公藤和地塞米松都对软骨细胞合成NO有抑制作用，但地塞米松的抑制作用有限，而双氯芬酸钠只有微弱的抑制作用。     

细胞因子对肺癌H460细胞MMP表达的影响及地塞米松的干预作用

目的 在肺癌H460细胞的三维立体培养过程中,直接观察细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和IL-1β]对肺癌H460细胞关于基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）和MMP-9表达的诱导作用及地塞米松的干预作用.方法 在肺癌H460细胞三维立体培养过程中加入细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β来诱导MMP的表达,同时加入地塞米松干预MMP-2和MMP-9的表达;用明胶酶谱法测定MMP-2、MMP-9,同时在培养5d后测定胶原含量大小.结果 TNF-α和IL-1β诱导培养在立体胶原内的肺癌H460细胞产生大量MMP-2和MMP-9,并促进其活化,引起大量胶原降解,地塞米松抑制了MMP-2及MMP-9的表达及活化,进而抑制了胶原的降解,对抗了细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β对胶原的降解作用.结论 细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β可诱导MMP的表达,MMP可直接降解肺内胶原,进而促进肺癌的侵袭或转移;地塞米松通过抑制MMP的表达与活化对抗MMP对肺组织的破坏作用,进而抑制了肺癌的侵袭与转移.     

大黄素对脂多糖诱导单核细胞分泌白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α的抑制作用

目的研究大黄素对内毒素诱导单核细胞分泌白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的抑制作用。方法采用人外周血分离培养单核细胞,25μg/ml内毒素作为刺激因子,观察0.1,0.5,1,5,10,25μg/ml 6种质量浓度的大黄素对单核细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α活性的影响,以酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的水平。结果大黄素对内毒素诱导单核细胞分泌IL-1β和TNF-α均有一定影响,大黄素浓度在0.5~10μg/ml可显著抑制LPS诱导单核细胞分泌IL-1β,并在1μg/ml时达到最大抑制作用;大黄素在较低浓度时(0.1,0.5μg/ml)对单核细胞分泌TNF-α具有显著抑制作用,但当浓度升高时,抑制作用减弱。大黄素对内毒素诱导单核细胞分泌IL-6没有明显影响。结论大黄素在一定浓度范围内对内毒素诱导单核细胞分泌IL-1β及TNF-α均有显著抑制作用,这可能是大黄素治疗牙周炎的机制之一。     

辛伐他汀抑制TNF-α诱导的血凝素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体表达

目的:观察辛伐他汀抑制TNF-α诱导血凝素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体(LOX-1)表达。方法:培养并鉴定牛主动脉内皮细胞,以TNF-α进行诱导,部分用辛伐他汀作干预,通过逆转录聚合酶链反应和Westernblot蛋白印迹分析检测LOX-1mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:TNF-α上调LOX-1表达(P<0.05),并呈浓度和时间依赖性(P<0.05);辛伐他汀明显抑制TNF-α诱导的LOX-1表达(P<0.05),且高浓度组较低浓度组的抑制作用更强(P<0.05)。结论:TNF-α可以通过LOX-1导致内皮功能障碍,辛伐他汀抑制TNF-α诱导LOX-1的表达可能是其非调脂抗动脉粥样硬化机制之一。     

羧甲基壳聚糖对白细胞介素-1β刺激的软骨细胞增殖能力和表型的保护作用

目的评价羧甲基壳聚糖对重组人白细胞介素-1β（rhIL-1β）刺激下的软骨细胞表型、细胞增殖能力的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法体外培养兔关节软骨细胞,用rhIL-1β刺激,同时加入不同浓度的羧甲基壳聚糖,培养24 h后,通过噻唑蓝（MTT）、流式细胞仪检测细胞增殖能力,以Na235SO4蛋白掺入试验检测蛋白多糖的合成,以Greiss反应测定上清液中一氧化氮（NO）浓度,通过反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法分析软骨细胞Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原,蛋白多糖聚糖体（Aggrecan）及诱导性一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）mRNA的表达.结果羧甲基壳聚糖能明显拮抗IL-1β对软骨细胞增殖的抑制作用,恢复软骨细胞合成蛋白多糖的能力,减少软骨细胞NO的合成,提高Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖聚糖体mRNA的表达,抑制Ⅰ型胶原、iNOS mRNA的表达,且羧甲基壳聚糖对软骨细胞的保护作用呈剂量依赖性.结论羧甲基壳聚糖能维持IL-1β刺激下的软骨细胞的增殖能力和表型.     

骨关节炎软骨细胞和滑膜细胞金属蛋白酶活性的影响因素

目的 探讨几种细胞因子、生长因子和药物等刺激物对骨关节炎软骨细胞及滑膜细胞金属蛋白酶活性的影响。方法 骨关节炎患者的单层软骨细胞和膜细胞均以白细胞介素-1β、转化生长因子-β1、肿瘤坏死因子-α、双氯芬酸钠、多西环素和地塞松分别处理72h。应用酶谱分析细胞培养上清液中酶活性。结果 单层软骨细胞产生金属蛋白酶-9和-2,而滑膜细胞仅产生金属蛋白酶-2。白细胞介素-1β,肿瘤坏死因子-α和双氯芬酸钠均能显著增强金属蛋白酶-9活性,其中以白细胞介素-1β作用最强,与肿瘤坏死因子-α或双氯芬酸钠有协同作用。多西环素、转化生长因子-β1和地塞米松均能抑制金属蛋白酶-9和-2活性,并与白细胞介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α和地塞米松均能抑制金属蛋白酶-9和-2活性,并与白细胞介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α和双氯芬酸钠起拮抗作用。多西环素为最强的抑制物。结论 白细胞介素-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α可能为破坏关节软骨的重要细胞因子,转化生长因子-β1则为保护因子,多西环素则可能成为骨关节炎的有效治疗药物。     

白细胞介素-1β诱导关节软骨细胞发生过早衰老的机制

目的 研究软骨降解因子白细胞介素(IL)-1β是否诱导关节软骨细胞发生过早衰老,以及caveolin-1是否介导IL-1β诱导的细胞衰老.方法 培养的关节软骨细胞在IL-1β(10 ng/ml)刺激后,流式细胞术分析细胞周期,染色法测定与衰老相关的β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)活性,测定累计的细胞群倍增次数反映细胞增殖寿命,Southem印迹测定平均端粒长度,细胞转染caveolin-1的反义寡核苷酸和外源性caveolin-1基因改变细胞内caveolin-1的表达水平,caveolin-1蛋白表达量采用Westem印迹分析.结果 IL-1p可诱导关节软骨细胞停滞在G0/G1期的比例明显升高,而处于S期的细胞比例减少.IL-1β单次刺激可使软骨细胞变得大而平、细胞内SA-β-Gal活性增高,IL-1β反复刺激可使细胞内平均端粒长度缩短加速、增殖寿命缩短.反义寡核苷酸抑制caveolin-1表达,可以阻抑IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞衰老;外源性基因增高细胞内caveolin-1表达,可诱导关节软骨细胞发生过早衰老.结论 IL-1β可诱导关节软骨细胞发生应激诱导的过早衰老和端粒依赖的复制性衰老,该作用是由caveolin-1介导的.提示IL-1β可能通过增高关节软骨细胞内caveolin-1表达,诱导细胞发生过早衰老,从而促进骨关节炎进展.     

咖啡酸苯乙酯对ox-LDL诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞炎症因子分泌的抑制作用

目的研究咖啡酸苯乙酯(CAPE)对ox-LDL诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞炎症因子分泌的影响及其可能机制。方法用不同浓度CAPE预处理THP-1源性巨噬细胞2 h,再用40 mg/L ox-LDL处理24 h,ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α,IL-6以及MCP-1的分泌情况;用40 mg/L ox-LDL分别处理THP-1源性巨噬细胞不同时间,Westernblot检测细胞COX-2蛋白表达的情况;最后,采用Western blot分析CAPE对ox-LDL诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞COX-2蛋白表达、IκB-α降解及其NF-κB核转位的影响。结果 40 mg/L ox-LDL可诱导THP-1源性巨噬细胞TNF-α,IL-6以及MCP-1分泌增多,而CAPE明显抑制了ox-LDL诱导的细胞炎症因子分泌,呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05);随着ox-LDL处理时间的延长,THP-1源性巨噬细胞COX-2蛋白表达逐渐增高,以24 h最为明显(P<0.05),而CAPE能抑制ox-LDL诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞COX-2蛋白表达上调,并可抑制ox-LDL诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞IκB-α降解及其NF-κB核转位。结论 CAPE对ox-LDL诱导的巨噬细胞炎症因子分泌应具有抑制作用,作用机制可能与其抑制NF-κB激活,下调COX-2蛋白表达有关。     

透明质酸对游离脂肪酸引起的人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞表达IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的影响

目的 探讨透明质酸(HA)对游离脂肪酸(FFA)引起的人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(HA-VSMC)表达白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的影响。方法 培养HA-VSMC,用不同浓度(0、100、200、400μmol/L)FFA和不同浓度FFA+高分子量HA(HMW-HA)或低分子量HA(LMW-HA)处理细胞24、48 h。噻唑蓝法检测FFA和FFA+HA对HA-VSMC存活率的影响;Ed U染色检测细胞增殖活性;酶联免疫吸附法检测培养上清IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α含量;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测IL-6、IL-8和TNF-αmRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果(1)FFA在400μmol/L内呈浓度依赖性诱导HA-VSMC增殖;(2)HMW-HA、LMW-HA均对FFA诱导的HA-VSMC增殖有抑制作用,且HMW-HA抑制作用强于LMW-HA;(3)FFA显著促进HA-VSMC IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的分泌,且有明显的时间和浓度依耐性;HA可以抑制上述作用;(4)实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果显示,FFA+HMWHA组、FFA+LMW-HA组IL-6、IL-8、TNF-αmRNA及蛋白表达水平均低于FFA组(均P0.01),其中FFA+HMW-HA组又低于FFA+LMW-HA组(P0.01)。结论 (1)FFA诱导HA-VSMC IL-6、IL-8、TNF-αmRNA和蛋白表达升高;(2)HA对FFA引起的HA-VSMC IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达有抑制作用,且HMW-HA抑制效果强于LMW-HA。     

透明质酸对白细胞介素-1 β诱导软骨细胞基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制因子mRNA表达的影响

目的 研究透明质酸对重组大鼠白细胞介素-1β(rrIL-β)诱导体外软骨细胞基质金属蛋酶(MMP)及其抑制因子(TIMP) mRNA表达的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法 体外分离、培养大鼠软骨细胞成功后,加入不同浓度的透明质酸(10、20、40 μg/m1),1 h后,以10 ng/ml IL-1β刺激,培养24 h后,以反转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测MMP-3,9,13及TIMP-1 mRNA的表达,通过Griess反应测定上清液中一氧化氮(NO)浓度.结果 透明质酸可明显下调IL-1β诱导下软骨细胞MMP-3,9,13 mRNA的表达,但对TIMP-1 mRNA的表达无明显影响.不同浓度透明质酸对IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞高表达NO的抑制作用呈剂量依赖性.结论 透明质酸能抑制IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞MMP-3,9,13 mRNA的表达,上调TIMP-1/MMPs的比值,其保护作用可能与其抑制软骨细胞NO产量有关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.