金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株spa分型和耐药特征研究

目的研究临床分离金葡菌的耐药性和分子特征。方法对2011年511月在成都某医院分离的56株金葡菌进行抗菌药物敏感性检测,检测菌株携带mecA基因和pvl基因情况,并进行spa基因分型分析。结果56株金葡菌中,共检出耐甲氧两林金葡菌（MRSA）21株（37．5％）,其中mecA基因阳性20株（95．2％）;甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）35株（62．5％）。与MSSA相比,MRSA对利福平、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、环丙沙星、庆大霉素和四环素的敏感率显著降低（P〈0．05）,MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素、喹奴普丁达福普汀和呋喃妥因全部敏感。MRSA分为6个spa型别,以t030（66．7％）为主,MRSA～t030、MRSA—t002具有突出的多药耐药特征。MSSA共分为18个spa型别,以t189、t377和t034列前3位,分别占14．3％、／4．3％和1I．4％,并在脓液标本榆出I株新spa基因型new1。检出5株杀白细胞毒素（PVL）阳性菌株,其中3株为MSSA—t189。结论t030是医院MRSA临床分离株中的spa优势型别,具有突出的多药耐药特征,在医院内广泛传播。MSSA遗传多样性高,以t189、t377和t034列前3位。     

Molecular and epidemiological evidence for spread of multiresistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains in hospitals

The excision of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains results in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. In order to determine the proportion and diversity of multidrug-resistant MSSA (MR-MSSA) strains derived from MRSA strains, 247 mecA-negative isolates recovered in 60 French hospitals between 2002 and 2004 were characterized. The spa types of all strains were determined, and a subset of the strains (n = 30) was further genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. The IDI-MRSA assay was used to test the isolates for the presence of the SCCmec element, which was detected in 68% of all isolates analyzed. Molecular analysis of the samples suggested that 92% of the MR-MSSA isolates were derived from MRSA clones of diverse genetic backgrounds, of which the clone of sequence type 8 and SCCmec type IV(A) accounted for most of the samples. High variations in incidence data and differences in the molecular characteristics of the isolates from one hospital to another indicate that the emergence of MR-MSSA resulted from independent SCCmec excisions from epidemic MRSA isolates, as well as the diffusion of methicillin-susceptible strains after the loss of SCCmec. MR-MSSA could constitute a useful model for the study of the respective genetic and environmental factors involved in the dissemination of S. aureus in hospitals.     

六年间血流感染的金黄色葡萄球菌的分子特征分析

目的 分析上海三级甲等医院2004-2010年血流感染的金黄色葡萄球菌克隆分型特点以及随时间的变化趋势,检测不同克隆株耐药和毒力基因携带情况.方法 收集上海华山医院2004-2010年从不同患者血液样本中分离鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌103株,通过苯唑西林MIC测定和SCCrnec基因分型等方法对MRSA进行检测;按照国际通用的多位点保守基因测序(MLST)以及葡萄球菌A蛋白序列分析(spa typing)方法进行克隆株的鉴定分析,采用PCR方法对103株细菌的耐药以及毒力基因携带情况进行分析.结果 103株金黄色葡萄球菌共检出MRSA66株(64.1%),其中SCCmecⅡ型35株,SCCmecⅢ型29株,SCCmecⅣ型2株,MSSA 37株(35.9%).66株MRSA的克隆分型以ST5(33株)和ST239(29株)为主,另外还包括2株ST59.1株ST641,1株ST6;其他克隆型均为MSSA.从2009年开始ST5和ST239克隆株在血流感染中的分离率明显下降(ST5从52.9%降至15.4%;ST239从61.1%降至15.4%),而其他类型以及新出现的MSSA克隆株分离率明显增加(如2009年ST7分离率为41.7%;2010年新出现ST188及ST15等),2010年血流感染的MSSA为84.6%.103株金黄色葡萄球菌mupA耐药基因阳性19株(18.4%),qacA/B耐药基因阳性41株(39.8%),70.6%的ST239杀菌剂耐药基因qacA/B阳性.在这103株血流感染的金黄色葡萄球菌中发现5株动物来源的克隆株,分别为4株ST398以及1株ST9.22个毒力基因除了sasX、lukSF以及arcA外,同一克隆株无论MRSA还是MSSA其毒力基因携带情况无明显差异,但是不同克隆株携带毒力基因有明显的差异.结论 以ST5和ST239为主的MRSA在血流感染中的分离率明显下降,新的MSSA克隆株分离率明显增加,不同的克隆株耐药以及毒力基因的携带情况存在明显差别.     

Prevalence of macrolide-resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates from 24 European university hospitals

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to study the prevalence of the macrolide resistance genes ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA/msrB, ereA and ereB, in 851 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 75 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium that were erythromycin resistant. The isolates were from 24 European university hospitals. In S. aureus, the ermA gene was more common in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates (88%) than in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates (38%), and occurred mainly in strains with constitutive MLS(B) expression. In contrast, ermC was more common in MSSA (47%) than in MRSA (5%), occurring mainly in strains with inducible expression. The ereB gene was only found in MRSA isolates expressing a constitutive MLS(B) phenotype (1%). The ereA gene was not detected. Macrolide resistance by efflux due to the msrA/msrB gene was only detected in MSSA isolates (13%). In contrast to S. aureus, erythromycin resistance in E. faecium was almost exclusively due to the presence of the ermB gene (93%).     

Identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Comparison of a new molecular genetic test kit (GenoType MRSA) with standard diagnostic methods

Results obtained from 188 isolates of staphylococci using standard diagnostic methods for identifying MRSA were compared with those achieved with a newly available molecular genetic test kit, the GenoType, Version 1, MRSA (Hain Lifescience GmbH, Nehren, Germany). The GenoType MRSA detects the mecA gene and, in addition, a highly specific sequence for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse hybridization. There was a 100% overall correlation between the results of conventional and molecular genetic testing. 143 isolates were tested positive for MRSA, 10 isolates were identified as oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains (MSSA), and 35 isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci of various species. However, five of the 143 MRSA strains yielded ambiguous results with the first line standard tests and therefore required additional testing leading to delay of definitive diagnosis. As expected, mecA could not only be detected in MRSA strains, but also in coagulase-negative staphylococci. The reliable identification as S. aureus from the same isolate is therefore an essential prerequisite for MRSA diagnosis. The GenoType MRSA fulfills this requirement by parallel detection of a S. aureus-specific sequence and the mecA gene. Molecular genetic testing with the GenoType MRSA kit needs much less time than conventional microbiological methods. Therefore genetic testing provides not only a considerable advantage with respect to reliability but also to speed.     

In vivo deletion of the methicillin resistance mec region from the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus strains

Two sets of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from two patients exhibited similar susceptibility profiles except for oxacillin susceptibility (MSSA) or resistance (MRSA). SMA:I macrorestriction and inter-IS256 PCR analysis showed patterns closely related to the Belgian epidemic MRSA clone 1 in each pair of MSSA/MRSA strains. Loss of one large SMA:I DNA fragment and concurrent gain of a smaller fragment in the MSSA isolates was observed. The mecA sequence present in the MRSA was absent in the MSSA variant. Therefore, in vivo deletion of the mec region may occur in some lineages of S. aureus more frequently than previously thought.     

Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residential care homes for the elderly in Hong Kong

This territory-wide study evaluated the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in residential care homes for elderly (RCHEs) in Hong Kong. MRSA colonization was assessed by taking swab culture from anterior nares and active skin lesions. Of 487 RCHEs surveyed, 80 MRSA strains were recovered from 1563 residents, giving a prevalence of 5.1%. Twenty-four isolates had SCCmec II, 2 had SCCmec III, 17 had SCCmec IV, 36 had SCCmec V, and 1 had a composite SCCmec type. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing clustered 75 isolates into 7 clones (HKU10 to 50, HKU80, and HKU90). Two predominant types, HKU30 and HKU50, which together account for 75% of all MRSA strains, were found in 13 and 15 of the 18 geographic districts in Hong Kong, respectively. The main features for HKU50 strains were spa t1081/ST45-IV or V, capsular type 8, agrIV, and hla, seg, sei positive. On the other hand, HKU30 strains had spa t002/ST5-II, capsular type 5, agrII, and were hla, seg, sei positive. HKU30 strains were often multidrug resistant (MDR, involving ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline). In contrast, HKU50 strains exhibit both multidrug resistance (MDR) (involving ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, but not gentamicin) and non-MDR patterns.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in hospitals in Fukuoka City area]

Bacteriological and clinical studies were carried out on 280 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in hospitals in Fukuoka city area from September 1990 to March 1991. Of all S. aureus strains studied 116 (41.4%) were methicillin-resistant. The proportion of MRSA in S. aureus isolates from outpatients was 10% (11/109), 69.2% (90/130) in those from inpatients. The average age of patients with isolated MRSA was 70.5 +/- 16.9 years and that of patients with isolated MSSA, 44.2 +/- 29.3. MRSA strains were recovered mainly from sputum and pus. The isolation rate did not vary significantly with hospitals of different size (number of beds). Of all MRSA strains 48 (41.3%) produced coagulase type VII. As for drug susceptibility, MRSA strains with coagulase type VII were more sensitive to clindamycin and more resistant to minocyclin compared to MRSA with other coagulase types.     

Comparison of automated repetitive-sequence-based polymerase chain reaction and spa typing versus pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Automated repetitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (DiversiLab, bioMérieux, St. Laurent, Quebec, Canada) and single locus sequence typing of the Staphylococcus protein A (spa) gene with spa-type assignment by StaphType RIDOM software were compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as the "gold standard" method for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) typing. Fifty-four MRSA isolates were typed by all methods: 10 of known PFGE CMRSA type and 44 clinical isolates. Correct assignment of CMRSA type or cluster occurred for 47 of 54 (87%) of the isolates when using a rep-PCR similarity index (SI) of ≥95%. Rep-PCR gave 7 discordant results [CMRSA1 (3), CMRSA2 (1), CMRSA4 (1), and CMRSA10 (2)], and some CMRSA clusters were not distinguished (CMRSA10/5/9, CMRSA 7/8, and CMRSA3/6). Several spa types occurred within a single PFGE or repetitive PCR types among the 19 different spa types found. spa type t037 was shared by CMRSA3 and CMRSA6 strains, and CMRSA9 and most CMRSA10 strains shared spa type t008. Time to results for PFGE, repetitive PCR, and spa typing was 3-4 days, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively. The annual costs of using spa or repetitive PCR were 2.4× and 1.9× higher, respectively, than PFGE but routine use of spa typing would lower annual labor costs by 0.10 full-time equivalents compared to PFGE. Repetitive PCR is a good method for rapid outbreak screening, but MRSA isolates that share the same repetitive PCR or PFGE patterns can be distinguished by spa typing.     

High-dose daptomycin plus fosfomycin is safe and effective in treating methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis

We describe 3 patients with left-sided staphylococcal endocarditis (1 with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA] prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis and 2 with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] native-valve endocarditis) who were successfully treated with high-dose intravenous daptomycin (10 mg/kg/day) plus fosfomycin (2 g every 6 h) for 6 weeks. This combination was tested in vitro against 7 MSSA, 5 MRSA, and 2 intermediately glycopeptide-resistant S. aureus isolates and proved to be synergistic against 11 (79%) strains and bactericidal against 8 (57%) strains. This combination deserves further clinical study.     

痰标本中金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性监测

目的回顾性分析痰标本中金葡菌的临床分布和耐药情况,为制订预防控制措施提供依据。方法对2009年1月至2012年9月临床分离的276株金葡菌进行分析,细菌鉴定采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌培养鉴定仪,药敏试验结果按CLS1标准判断。结果耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）的检出率为79.0%（218/276）;临床分离的金葡菌主要分布为神经内科76株（27.5%）、ICU 70株（25.4%）、神经外科50）株（18.1%）、呼吸内科25株（9.1%）。金葡菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和奎奴普丁-达福普汀的耐药率均〈0.5%;MRSA对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率低于甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）;MRSA对其他大多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于MSSA。结论 MRSA的检出率和耐药率较高,临床应依据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from pet animals and their relationship to human isolates

OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from pet animals were characterized and compared with human isolates from clonal complexes most prevalent in Central Europe. METHODS: S. aureus isolates were investigated for their in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution. Resistance genes and the Panton-Valentine leucocidin gene lukF-lukS were identified by PCR. All isolates were characterized by SmaI macrorestriction analysis and spa typing to assess their genomic relationships. Representative isolates were additionally analysed by multilocus sequence typing and PCR-directed SCCmec typing. RESULTS: All pet isolates carried the resistance genes mecA and erm(C) and proved to be resistant to beta-lactams and MLS(B) antibiotics. In addition, all isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones. None of the pet isolates carried the Panton-Valentine leucocidin gene lukF-lukS. Macrorestriction analysis revealed that the pet MRSA isolates exhibited four closely related SmaI fragment patterns. Moreover, all isolates revealed spa type t032. Further analysis of representatives of the different PFGE types revealed the presence of multilocus sequence type ST22 in combination with a type IV SCCmec element. Thus, molecular typing results were similar for pet strains and human ST22 reference strains. CONCLUSIONS: Based on their strain characteristics, the MRSA isolates from pets investigated in this study closely resembled ST22 MRSA isolates which are widely disseminated in German hospitals. The results of this study indicate that cross-transmission of MRSA between pet animals and humans might have occurred.     

新的细胞壁锚定蛋白编码基因sasX在金黄色葡萄球菌中的分布

目的 研究细胞壁锚定蛋白编码基因sasX在金黄色葡萄球菌中的分布及对细菌耐药性的影响.方法 随机收集上海华山医院2004、2007和2010年从金黄色葡萄球菌感染的住院患者标本中分离鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌共300株,收集同时期社区健康人群的鼻咽拭子分离鼻腔内定植的金黄色葡萄球菌170株.按照国际通用的MLST以及葡萄球菌A蛋白序列分析(spa typing)方法进行克隆株的鉴定分析.通过苯唑西林MIC值测定方法对MRSA进行检测.采用PCR结合测序方法对金黄色葡萄球菌携带sasX基因情况进行分析,采用纸片琼脂扩散法药敏试验分析临床sasX阳性和sasX阴性金黄色葡萄球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 300株从金黄色葡萄球菌感染的住院患者标本中分离到的致病性金黄色葡萄球菌克隆分型以ST239(110株,36.7％)和ST5(122株,40.7％)为主.2004至2010年,sasX基因在致病性的金黄色葡萄球菌中的阳性率从17％上升至39％,sasX基因在健康人鼻腔内分离的金黄色葡萄球菌中阳性率平均为0.59％.ST239中sasX的阳性率从47.2％上升至83.8％.携带sasX基因的MRSA百分率从26.4％上升至50.8％,携带sasX基因的MSSA的比率只约占10％.sasX基因阳性组对部分目前临床常用的抗菌药物的耐药性高于sasX基因阴性组.结论 sasX基因主要存在于医院环境内致病性的金黄色葡萄球菌中,SasX可能是金黄色葡萄球菌在医院环境内持续感染毒力因子之一,sasX基因的存在与细菌的耐药有关.     

金黄色葡菌萄球耐药性监测

目的：监测成都市4家三级甲等医院临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）耐药性。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物对282株金葡菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）修正，并对菌株来源及科室分布进行分析。结果：282株金葡菌共筛出耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）94株，检出率为33.3％；甲氧西林 敏感金葡菌（MSSA）共188株。MSSA对青霉素和克拉霉素的耐药率分别为71.3％和54.8％，而对其抗菌药物敏感。MRSA对万古霉素、阿米卡星和利福平敏感性高（最强为万古霉素），而对其余多种抗菌药物耐药。MRSA来源最多为痰，其次为各种分泌物；科室分布依次为烧伤科、重症监护病房（ICU）、感染科等。结论：青霉素、大环内酯类药物不宜用于金葡菌感染。MRSA具有多重耐药性。MRSA感染首选糖肽类抗生素治疗。金葡菌是一种重要的病原菌，应长期进行耐药性监测，病室需做好消毒隔离。     

Chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or just an elevated MIC? An in vitro and in vivo assessment.

Chlorhexidine (Hibiscrub; ICI) is generally accepted to be effective as an antiseptic hand wash for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), but there is dispute whether the chlorhexidine MIC for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains is higher than that for MSSA strains and, indeed, whether it is relevant. In addition, the link between resistance to chlorhexidine, gentamicin, and "nucleic acid-binding" compounds (NAB; which code, in particular, for propamidine isethionate and ethidium bromide) requires clarification. We performed chlorhexidine MIC and rate of kill tests on a number of MSSA and MRSA isolates. Two gentamicin-resistant MRSA isolates without NAB plasmids were more susceptible (0.25 and 0.5 microgram/ml) than four of eight MSSA that we tested (range, 0.25 to 2 microgram/ml). Chlorhexidine MICs were higher (4 to 8 micrograms/ml) for seven distinct MRSA isolates with plasmids conveying resistance to gentamicin and NAB (GNAB). Curing of the GNAB plasmid from MRSA strains resulted in a fall in the MIC (1 to 3.3 micrograms/ml), but no consistent fall in killing by chlorhexidine was observed. No effect on the chlorhexidine MIC or killing was observed when we cured strains of methicillin resistance. GNAB plasmid transfer resulted in a rise in the chlorhexidine MIC for the strains but not consistent fall in killing by chlorhexidine. Ethical approval was granted for 10 volunteers to each have a methicillin-susceptible, GNAB-resistant, derived transcipient and its GNAB-susceptible isogenic parent applied to separate sites in an in vivo skin test; no significant difference was seen in survival rates after the application of chlorhexidine. These results suggest that chlorhexidine appears to be as effective as a hand-washing agent for MRSA isolates with or with out NAB plasmids as it is for MSSA isolates.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST80-IV clone in children from Jordan

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of infections that are becoming increasingly difficult to combat because of emerging resistance. In this study, 103 S. aureus, 41 MRSA and 62 methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates, were collected from children in Jordan. Genotyping based on spa and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 48 different spa types and identified distinct allelic profiles or STs, with the majority belonging to ST80. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of 15 different spa types revealed 8 different PFGE types, while SCCmec showed the predominance (53%) of subtype IV. Clustering SCCmec along with MLST revealed that ST80-MRSA-IV was the dominant type. Results obtained suggest that a significant amount of clonal spread is occurring in Jordan. The mechanism of spread of the ST80-IV clone is not known, and control measures are needed to reduce further spread of this or of other clones among children in Jordan.     

Imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Imipenem-cilastatin was evaluated for efficacy and toxicity as an antistaphylococcal agent in 23 patients; 11 of these patients were infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 12 were infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). There were 15 soft tissue, 5 endovascular, and 3 skeletal infections and a total of nine patients with bacteremia. As determined by in vitro susceptibility testing, the MICs for 90% of the MRSA and MSSA isolates tested were 6.25 and 0.39 micrograms/ml, respectively. Two MRSA isolates were resistant to a concentration of greater than 16 micrograms/ml. When 11 MRSA isolates and 7 MSSA isolates were incubated for 48 h the MICs for 90% of the isolates increased to greater than 50 micrograms/ml for the MRSA isolates and 6.25 micrograms/ml for the MSSA isolates. Three S. aureus isolates emerged resistant. Ten of 11 (91%) MRSA infections and 11 of 12 (92%) MSSA infections were clinically cured. Adverse reactions occurred in 25% of the imipenemcilastatin-treated patients. These reactions included gastrointestinal intolerance (7% of the patients), rash or pruritis (6%), eosinophilia (6%), thrombocytosis (4%), and a positive, direct Coomb test without hemolysis (3%). One of the two patients for whom therapy was discontinued because of gastrointestinal intolerance had antibiotic-associated colitis. Imipenem appears to be an effective antistaphylococcal agent against both MRSA and MSSA infections.     

A study of the regulating gene of femA from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates

The regulating gene of femA was studied in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). High-level MRSA, low-level MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were identified by agar diffusion. Beta-lactamases were detected by nitrocephin and the presence of the mecA gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only isolates that were both beta-lactamase-negative and mecA-positive were used. The femA gene and its 250 base pair (bp) upstream sequence were amplified by PCR and expression was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The 250 bp upstream sequence was labelled by BrightStar Psoralen-Biotin and detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Expression levels of femA in MSSA, low-level MRSA and high-level MRSA were 3.53 x 10(-3)% - 29.91%, 5.54 x 10(-3)% - 3.1 x 10(2)% and 13.88 - 5.50 x 10(4)%, respectively. EMSA detected a signal shift in 57 high-level MRSA isolates but not in four low-level MRSA and four MSSA strains. Expression of femA in high-level MRSA (non-beta-lactamase-producing) was higher than in low-level MRSA and MSSA. The femA regulating gene probably lies in the 250 bp upstream sequence in MRSA and high-level expression is essential for high-level methicillin resistance.     

金黄色葡萄球菌的药敏表型和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的SCCmec基因分型

目的研究从临床标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）的耐药性、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的发生率及其葡萄球菌盒式染体色mec（SCCmec）基因分型。方法采用纸片琼脂扩散法进行SA耐药性检测及MRSA测定,应用多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行SCCmec各基因型及PV杀白细胞素（PVL）基因型的检测。结果 102株SA中检出39株MRSA,检出率为38.2%（39/102）。甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）对克林霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、四环素3种抗菌药物耐药率较高,分别为39.7%、31.7%、22.2%;对庆大霉素及喹诺酮类耐药率较低,为6.3%~14.3%。而MRSA对克林霉素、β-内酰胺类抗菌药物100%耐药,对其他药物表现为多重耐药。未检出万古霉素耐药菌株。MRSA菌株的SCCmec基因型以SCCmecⅢ型为主,占71.2%,SCCmecⅣa占10.3%,未检测出PVL基因。结论临床分离的SA中,MRSA耐药率较MSSA高且表现为多重耐药,其SCCmec基因分型主要表现为SCCmecⅢ型,其次是SCCmecⅣa。