输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石

目的：探讨不切开输尿管口,直接输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石的手术技巧。方法：选取输尿管膀胱壁段结石患者32例,根据结石的分类,不切开输尿管口,采取盲法结合直视下输尿管镜钬激光碎石,术后留置双J管2～4周,3～6个月后复查B超、CT或者IVU。结果：32例患者均成功粉碎结石,其中10例发生输尿管黏膜轻微撕脱,1例发生输尿管黏膜下假道。留置双J管后随访,复查正常。结论：不切开输尿管口,采取盲法结合直视下输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管膀胱壁段结石是一种安全有效的微创治疗。     

改良输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的技巧探讨（附76例报告）

目的：探讨改良输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析我院于2011年9月～2012年10月行改良输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的76例患者的临床资料,观察采用F3输尿管导管引导碎石并冲洗术野,术前配合速尿静推,运用结石封堵器等手术技巧的临床疗效。结果：本组76例患者一次性碎石成功率94．7％（72／76）;上段结石碎石成功率91．3％（21／23）,中下段结石碎石成功率95．6％（43／45）,膀胱壁内段结石碎石成功率100％（8／8）;手术时间21～83min,平均33min,术后住院时间2～9d,平均3．9d。结论：改良输尿管镜钬激光碎石术是治疗输尿管结石安全、有效的手术方法,熟练掌握进镜技巧并采用F3输尿管导管引导冲洗术区,术前速尿的使用以及结石封堵器等应用,可以有效的提高碎石成功率,缩短手术时间及术后住院时间,并减少术中术后并发症。     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管上段结石129例体会

目的探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石疗效。方法回顾性分析输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石129例患者的临床资料。结果术中完全碎石120例,术中结石移入肾盂5例,留置双J管后行体外冲击波碎石治疗。4例输尿管严重扭曲致进镜困难,留置双J管后行ESWL治疗。结论输尿管上段结石采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石疗效肯定,术前严格选择适应证、术中熟练操作、灌注水流大小的调节、患者体位的调整及扭曲输尿管的处理,是手术成功的关键。     

钬激光治疗ESWL失败的输尿管上段结石78例分析

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy,ESWL）失败的输尿管上段结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗ESWL失败的输尿管上段结石78例患者资料。结果输尿管上段结石并发炎性息肉者67例（86%）,碎石同时钬激光消融息肉。有输尿管扭曲、狭窄者16例（21%）。一次碎石成功63例,成功率81%。1周内结石排净46例,其余17例4周内结石排净。无输尿管穿孔、撕脱等严重并发症。11例结石冲回肾盂,经EWSL或经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术成功。4例置镜失败,行开放手术治愈。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石安全有效,可作为ESWL治疗失败的输尿管上段结石首选治疗方法。     

斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜治疗双J管滞留致全程附壁结石5例报告

目的探讨斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜治疗双J管滞留致全程附壁结石的安全性及可行性。方法斜仰卧截石位,经尿道输尿管镜下钬激光击碎双J管膀胱段结石和输尿管内双J管附壁结石,经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术处理肾盂段双J管附壁结石和肾内新发结石。结果 5例均一期完成碎石并完整取出双J管,无一例术中改开放手术。手术时间平均65 min(40~130 min),术中无严重肾脏出血,无输尿管穿孔及撕脱。术后2例发热,无尿脓毒血症性休克发生。5例随访3~6个月,未见结石复发及输尿管狭窄形成。结论斜仰卧截石位经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗双J管滞留致全程附壁结石安全、有效,值得临床推广。     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管中下段结石疗效观察（附157例报告）

目的：评估经输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管中下段结石的临床效果。方法：对157例输尿管中下段结石行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术。结果：154例（160侧）均顺利完成输尿管镜钬激光碎石术,2例因输尿管扭曲严重,1例因输尿管腔严重狭窄,改行开放手术。术后所有患者肾积水情况明显减轻或消失,无严重并发症发生。结论：经输尿管镜钬激光术治疗输尿管中下段结石具有操作简单、安全有效、创伤小、术后恢复快等特点,可以作为治疗输尿管中下段结石的首选方法。     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石

目的 探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石1 1例患者临床资料,年龄34～81岁,平均52岁.5例为导尿管继发性结石,3例为膀胱造瘘管继发性结石,3例为猪尾管继发性结石.结果 11例患者手术均获成功,并成功拔出导尿管、膀胱造瘘管或猪尾管,未见并发症发生.结论 经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗导管继发性结石安全、有效,值得临床采用.     

输尿管镜用于中下段输尿管结石治疗的临床分析

目的探讨输尿管半硬镜联合钬激光碎石、套石蓝取石在输尿管中下段结石治疗中的安全、有效性。方法回顾分析2004～2011年间800例输尿管中下段结石患者的临床资料并比较各类输尿管镜联合不同碎石、取石技术的治疗效果,其中气压弹道碎石340例,钬激光碎石460例。结果输尿管半硬镜下钬激光碎石联合套石蓝取石术放镜成功率100%、平均手术时间（34.2±10.3）min、结石移位率1.3%、管壁损伤率1.1%、中转开放术率0.4%、术后残石率0.9%,主要技术指标均优于传统输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术。结论输尿管半硬镜联合钬激光碎石、套石蓝取石技术治疗输尿管中下段结石便捷、安全、高效,值得临床推广。     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石1015例疗效分析

目的总结输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗1015例输尿管结石的临床体会。方法 2004年11月~2013年12月采用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石1015例,680例输尿管中下段结石仅用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石,在335例输尿管上段结石中,对前期186例碎石中漂入肾盂内结石或6 mm碎石同期用输尿管软镜碎石或分期ESWL,后期146例应用NTrap网蓝预防输尿管上段结石漂入肾盂,当有结石或6 mm碎石漂入肾盂时同期用输尿管软镜或分期ESWL碎石。结果输尿管中下段结石碎石成功率97.5%(663/680)。输尿管上段结石单纯输尿管镜钬激光碎石成功率60.2%(112/186);对漂入肾盂结石或碎石同期应用输尿管软镜碎石,碎石成功率88.2%(164/186);输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石前辅以NTrap网篮成功碎石率89.9%(134/149)。进镜失败6例,输尿管穿孔3例,假道7例,输尿管撕脱1例,尿脓毒血症2例,肾周血肿1例。756例(输尿管上段结石255例,下段结石501例)随访6~12个月,临床症状均消失,B超复查190例,肾盂、肾盏扩张消失176例,明显好转14例,无结石复发,其中24例漂入肾盂≤6 mm碎石,经药物治疗排出碎石5例,19例无变化。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管中下段结石安全、有效,对输尿管上段结石辅以NTrap网篮或输尿管软镜有助于提高成功碎石率。     

输尿管镜碎石术治疗输尿管结石临床分析(附100例报告)

目的:探讨输尿管镜碎石术(URL)治疗输尿管结石的操作方法和临床疗效。方法:采用输尿管镜下气压弹道与钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石100例。结果:输尿管上、中、下段结石排净率分别为58%、83%和100%;并发症发生率为8%(8/100例),主要为术中输尿管穿孔3例和术后血尿、高热5例。结论:输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术和钬激光碎石术均是治疗输尿管结石的安全有效的方法,其中钬激光碎石术适应证更广泛。     

钬激光治疗泌尿系结石

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。方法采用输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗168例输尿管结石,其中输尿管上段结石27例,中段结石33例,下段结石108例;经尿道膀胱镜钬激光技术治疗膀胱结石12例。术后4～6周复查计算各自结石排净率(排净例数／例数)。结果输尿管上、中、下段结石的排净率分别为93％(25／27)、94％(31／33)、94％(102／108),并发症为5％(8／168);而膀胱结石的排净率为100％,无并发症。结论输尿管镜钬激光是治疗输尿管结石的有效、安全方法。     

尿流改道后输尿管结石的处理（附8例报告）

目的：评价尿流改道后输尿管结石的治疗方案。方法：回顾性分析8例尿流改道后输尿管结石的处理方法,术前泌尿系腹部平片、泌尿系彩超、肾输尿管膀胱CT平扫明确为输尿管结石,所有患者对症治疗,随访观察1周,患者如结石未自行排出,行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）或逆行输尿管镜钬激光碎石。结果：2例患者输尿管结石自行排出;3例患者行ESWL,1例碎石后结石成功排出;5例行逆行输尿管软镜碎石成功。8例患者结石治疗后均未出现并发症。结论：尿流改道后输尿管结石的处理包括短期随访观察、ESWL及逆行输尿管软镜碎石治疗。逆行输尿管软镜碎石是安全有效的,可作为尿流改道患者输尿管结石的理想治疗方法之一。     

钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石(附1 216例报告)

目的探讨钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石的疗效及其安全性。方法应用输尿管肾镜和膀胱镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗1216例泌尿系结石，其中输尿管结石1006例（上段302例，中段364例，下段340例），膀胱结石210例。结果l例输尿管上段结石因前列腺增生症致置镜困难改体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL）治疗。l006例输尿管结石单次碎石成功率95．5％（961／1006）），其中上、中、下段结石单次碎石成功率分别为89．4％（270／302）、96．4％（351／364）和100％（340／340），术中发生6例输尿管穿孔。膀胱结石单次碎石成功率为100％（210／210），无出血和膀胱穿孔发生。881例输尿管结石术后随访0．5—40个月，平均18．6月，输尿管上、中、下段结石排净率分别为91．1％（224／246）、98.5％（318／323）、100％（312／312），总结石排净率为96．9％（854／881）；6例发生输尿管狭窄。187例膀胱结石术后随访0.5～31个月，平均12．4月，结石排净率98．4％（184／187）。结论钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石疗高效、微创、安全，是输尿管结石和膀胱结石首选治疗方法。     

钬激光腔内碎石术治疗输尿管、膀胱结石

目的 探讨经输尿管肾镜或膀胱镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管、膀胱结石的疗效。方法 我科2002年12月～2004年11月，经输尿管肾镜或膀胱镜下钬激光治疗输尿管、膀胱结石322例。直接经尿道插入F8/9.8输尿管镜或F22膀胱镜，直达结石位置，自镜身操作腔道插入光纤，激发激光粉碎结石至3mm以下，合并息肉或狭窄者汽化切割或切开，术毕常规留置导尿管1～3d，留置双J管2～6周拔除。行钬激光前列腺剜除术（holmium laser enucleation of the prostate，HoLEP），或经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral resection of the prostate，TURP），或经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（transurethral vaporization of the prostate，TUVP）的病例，留置三腔气囊导尿管压迫前列腺窝，1周后拔除。结果11例膀胱结石一次性碎石成功；311例输尿管结石，单次碎石成功率97．1％（302／311）。手术时间10～150min，平均38min。术中输尿管黏膜出血22例，无输尿管穿孔、撕裂等并发症。术后6例发热（1．9％）。肉眼血尿时间1～3d。术后住院1～5d，平均3．2d；术后结石排净时间14～35d，平均28d。结论 通过腔道钬激光碎石术治疗泌尿系结石安全、高效。     

输尿管导管在膀胱镜下钬激光碎石术中的引流作用

目的探讨膀胱镜下钬激光碎石术中输尿管导管的引流作用。方法回顾性分析了男性膀胱结石35例的临床资料,均采用膀胱镜下钬激光碎石术,将1条前端剪断的5F输尿管导管插入膀胱镜中做水循环通道用,钬激光光纤从另l通道中穿过,见到结石予以钬激光碎石。前列腺增生（BPH）患者同期行经尿道电切术（TURP）。结果本组35例均一次手术成功,碎石时间15～90min,平均45min。术中术后无膀胱穿孔和结石残留等并发症发生,结石清除率为100％。结论膀胱镜下应用输尿管导管能加快水循环,清晰视野,使钬激光碎石效率提高、尿道损伤的机会减小,是一种治疗膀胱结石有效、快速、安全的方法。     

A comparison of holmium:YAG laser with Lithoclast lithotripsy in ureteral calculi fragmentation

PURPOSE: Among various intracorporeal lithotriptors, Lithoclast (EMS, Switzerland) has become the widely used tool for the treatment of urinary stones. Recently, the holmium:YAG laser has been used with a wide range of potential urological applications, including intracorporeal lithotripsy of urinary calculi. The purpose of the present study is to compare Lithoclast with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy in ureteral calculi fragmentation. METHODS: Out of 51 patients with ureteral calculi, 26 underwent Lithoclast lithotripsy and 25 holmium:YAG lithotripsy using a 8/9.8F rigid ureteroscope. There were no changes to the ureteroscopes, video monitors, baskets or irrigation devices during the study period. RESULTS: There were no differences in patient age, sex, stone size and location of stones between these groups. The immediate stone-free rates were 96.0% in the holmium:YAG group and 73.1% in the Lithoclast group (P < 0.05). The 3-month stone-free rates were 96.0% and 84.6%, respectively (P = 0.350). The mean operation time and mean period of postoperative hospitalization in the holmium:YAG group (49.8 min and 1.0 days, respectively) were shorter than those of the Lithoclast counterpart (76.9 min and 2.5 days, respectively). Post-treatment complications, such as ureteral perforation, were encountered in only two patients who underwent Lithoclast. CONCLUSIONS: Holmium:YAG lithotripsy was associated with shorter operation time and postoperative hospitalization period. These data also suggest that holmium:YAG lithotripsy was safe and more effective than Lithoclast lithotripsy in the aspect of immediate stone free rate. We believe that holmium:YAG laser is an excellent treatment modality for managing ureteral calculi.     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭的有效性和安全性。方法:应用输尿管镜直视下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭患者12例。结果:术后患者血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)均恢复正常或接近正常,尿量恢复正常,结石排净率92%(11/12)。结论:输尿管镜下钬激光治疗上尿路结石性梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭具有安全、疗效可靠、损伤小、能同时处理双侧输尿管病变的优点,是急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭的有效治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石失败的输尿管结石89例报告

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy,ESWL)失败的输尿管结石的临床效果。方法应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗ESWL失败的输尿管结石89例。69例合并息肉或被肉芽组织包裹,同时钬激光消融息肉;合并结石远端输尿管狭窄4例,开放手术切除狭窄段。结果一次碎石成功81例,成功率91%。1周内结石排净67例,其余14例2周内结石排净。4例结石被冲入肾盂,术后2周经ESWL后排出;4例输尿管镜置入失败,经开放手术治愈。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石具有安全高效性,可作为ESWL治疗失败的输尿管结石首选治疗方法。     

Endoscopic treatment of bladder calculi in post-renal transplant patients: a 10-year experience

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Urinary calculus formation following renal transplantation is an uncommon phenomenon. As a result of the growing number of renal transplants performed and the greater graft survival, there has been increased awareness of transplant-related complications, one of which is calculus formation. We report our experience in the management of bladder calculi after renal transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 500 consecutive renal transplant patients from 1992 through 2002 and encountered 7 who had bladder calculi postoperatively. Ureteroneocystostomy had been performed using polyglactic acid suture. Bladder calculi were treated endoscopically by litholapaxy, electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), or holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy. RESULTS: Three calculi were found incidentally at the time of stent removal, and the others were associated with hematuria (43%), urinary tract infection (14%), or irritative voiding symptoms (14%). Eighty-six percent of the calculi were close to the allograft ureteral orifice. CONCLUSION: While various forms of lithotripsy were employed in treating bladder calculi, Hol:YAG laser lithotripsy appeared to be both efficacious and safe. Both EHL and litholapaxy were complicated by mucosal bleeding necessitating Bugbee fulguration. Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy was not associated with mucosal bleeding, and fulguration was not required near the allograft ureteral orifice. In addition, ureteral stenting is not required. Bladder calculi may form over both absorbable and nonabsorbable suture material, and the ideal suture for the ureteroneocystostomy has yet to be found. Until then, the Hol:YAG laser should be the lithotrite of choice for bladder calculi following renal transplantation.     

Treatment of proximal ureteral calculi: holmium:YAG laser ureterolithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

PURPOSE: We compared the safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy with intracorporeal holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) for proximal ureteral calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 67 patients underwent 81 primary procedures, including in situ ESWL with a DoLi 50 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc.) or ureteroscopy combined with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for proximal ureteral calculi. RESULTS: Of the primary procedures 81 involved proximal ureteral calculi, including 35 done for calculi 1 cm. or greater. The initial stone-free rate in patients with calculi 1 cm. or greater was 93% for ureteroscopy combined with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy and 50% for in situ ESWL. The efficiency quotient for treating proximal ureteral calculi 1 cm. or greater was calculated as 0.76 for ureteroscopic lithotripsy and 0.43 for ESWL. For proximal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm. the initial stone-free rate was 100% and 80% for ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy and ESWL, respectively. The efficiency quotient was calculated as 0.81 for ureteroscopic lithotripsy and 0.72 for ESWL for treating proximal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm. There were no major complications in either group and all procedures were performed on an outpatient basis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that ureteroscopy combined with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy is an acceptable treatment modality for all proximal ureteral calculi and excellent results are achieved for calculi 1 cm. or larger. Although the stone-free rate was better for smaller stones with ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy, efficiency quotients were similar. Therefore, ESWL should remain first line therapy for proximal ureteral calculi less than 1 cm. because of less morbidity, and a lesser anesthesia and analgesic requirement.