肌电图评价肌萎缩侧索硬化389例嗅鞘细胞脑内移植的效果

背景：肌萎缩侧索硬化尚缺乏有效治疗手段，细胞学治疗是研究的重要方向之一。目前研究表明，嗅鞘细胞、骨髓基质细胞、脐血间质干细胞等具有一定临床疗效。 目的：观察嗅鞘细胞脑内移植治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化的肌电图改变，分析肌电图检查对肌萎缩侧索硬化疗效的评定价值。 设计、时间及地点：病例自身对照观察，于2003-09/2007-12在北京市虹天济神经科学研究院及北京康复中心神经外科完成。 对象：选择389例接受胚胎嗅鞘细胞脑内移植治疗的肌萎缩侧索硬化患者。 方法：局麻下作双额发际内2.0~3.0 cm，旁开中线2.5~2.9 cm，长约0.5 cm小切口2个，两侧共缓慢注射细胞数2×104/μL嗅鞘细胞悬液100 μL。移植前及移植后三四周分别采用丹麦Keypoint-4型肌电/诱发电位仪检查患者肌电图。 主要观察指标：每例患者检查8~12块肌肉，包括四肢近、远端肌肉以及舌肌、胸锁乳突肌。移植前后肌电图主要对比自发电位、运动单位电位以及大力收缩时募集波型的改变。 结果：①389例患者中332例（85.3%）肌电图检查显示不同程度改善，主要有3类：a.自发电位减少：122例出现不同程度此项改变。b.300例出现数量不等的肌肉募集波型由低级向高级转变，电位密度明显增加，如单纯相转变为混合相；混合相转变为干扰相。c.移植前未能测到运动单位电位而术后新出现者51例。②51例（13.2%）肌电图无变化，移植前后肌电图大致相同。③6例（1.5%）比移植前差，主要变化为自发电位增多或肌肉大力收缩时募集波型减弱。 结论：嗅鞘细胞移植近期能改善肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的神经功能，延缓病情的进行性恶化。肌电图检测用于胚胎嗅鞘细胞移植治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化疗效评定具有较好的应用价值，通过移植前后肌电图改变可以较客观反映治疗的有效性。     

嗅鞘细胞与脊髓损伤的治疗

摘要：嗅鞘细胞是一种特殊类型的神经胶质细胞,起源于嗅基底膜,分布在嗅球、嗅神经,并可伴随嗅神经轴突迁徙入脑。尽管目前嗅鞘细胞移植技术治疗脊髓损伤的疗效已经被大量基础实验证实,并且已经开始了初步的临床试验,但其在移植后作用的主要机制仍然需要继续探讨。脊髓的再生与修复是一个非常复杂的过程, 目前还有许多问题有待解决, 如嗅鞘细胞移植治疗的主要机制、嗅鞘细胞移植时机的选择、嗅鞘细胞纯度对移植效果的影响、嗅鞘细胞植入的方法等。     

嗅鞘细胞移植对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎治疗作用的研究进展及展望

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎因其临床表现及组织病理学改变与临床多发性硬化极为相似,目前被公认为是研究MS的最佳动物模型。嗅鞘细胞能分泌多种神经营养生长因子,具有促进受损轴束再生,髓鞘化修复以及功能恢复的作用,这些功能特点为探索嗅鞘细胞移植治疗某些脱髓鞘性病变提供了理论依据。相信随着嗅鞘细胞移植的进一步研究,脱髓鞘疾病的治疗会有一个光明的前景。     

嗅鞘细胞移植治疗中枢神经系统损伤的理论研究及临床应用

进行中枢神经系统损伤修复的候选胶质细胞包括嗅鞘细胞、少突胶质前体细胞和许旺细胞。少突胶质前体细胞很难获得大量移植用供体细胞,许旺细胞很难穿透胶质瘢痕,从应用方面均不如嗅鞘细胞。离体培养中嗅鞘细胞极强的可塑性可能会使嗅鞘细胞适时改变自身形态,以适应体内复杂的微环境,有利于神经再生。嗅鞘细胞移植后对脊髓后根损伤后再生有一定作用,其作用大小可能与嗅鞘移植物的成分有关,细胞制备技术和混合细胞移植能影响嗅鞘细胞移植物的效果。虽然胎脑的免疫原性很低,但合理应用免疫抑制剂会使嗅鞘细胞的移植效果有所改观。嗅鞘细胞除了重建损伤通路外,还可能通过轴突发芽、在非突触部位释放单胺类物质、改善病变部位环境并帮助附近的残余神经纤维保存功能和活性等机制对中枢神经的功能发生作用。嗅鞘细胞的细胞生物学和移植后行为学的深入研究都会加快人们对脊髓损伤的理解,并对脊髓损伤的修复治疗产生重要的理论指导意义。     

嗅鞘细胞静脉移植治疗脊髓损伤

背景：嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤在众多疗法中效果较佳,成为最有前景的治疗方法之一。目前移植方法为局部移植,存在操作复杂、创伤大、重复移植治疗困难等缺点。寻找一种简单易行且疗效好的移植方法成为各国学者研究的热点。 目的：分析嗅鞘细胞静脉移植治疗脊髓损伤的可行性和疗效。 方法：制备Wistar大鼠脊髓半切模型,随机分4组：嗅鞘细胞髓内局部移植组、嗅鞘细胞静脉移植组、D/F12静脉移植组和空白对照组。定期行CBS功能评分及组织学检查,评价脊髓修复情况。 结果与结论：嗅鞘细胞髓内局部移植组、嗅鞘细胞静脉移植组的功能恢复和组织学改变优于D/F12静脉移植组和空白对照组,嗅鞘细胞髓内局部移植组、嗅鞘细胞静脉移植组间无显著差别。说明嗅鞘细胞静脉移植可向脊髓损伤部位迁移并修复脊髓损伤,其疗效与嗅鞘细胞髓内局部移植相当。     

脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗遗传性痉挛性截瘫2例

背景：遗传性痉挛性截瘫是一种具有临床及遗传异质性的神经系统遗传病,目前临床治疗无明显效果。 目的：观察脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗遗传性痉挛性截瘫的效果及安全性。 方法：将细胞总数为(2~6)×107个人胎儿脐带间充质干细胞通过静脉输注和腰穿鞘内注射途径移植到自愿接受干细胞移植的2例遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者体内。移植后定期随访观察患者临床症状及各项指标的变化并进行综合分析。 结果与结论：2例患者经脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗后临床症状均明显好转,双下肢肌张力明显降低,不需借助拐杖或他人帮助可独立行走,并且步态平稳,移植后各项生化指标正常,未出现严重的并发症和明显的不良反应。随访1年余2例患者的症状持续缓解无复发。说明脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗遗传性痉挛性截瘫近期疗效明显,可以改善患者的临床症状,延缓病情的进展。     

不同来源嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脑出血的比较

背景：嗅鞘细胞是目前已知用于移植细胞中惟一可以跨越周围神经系统与中枢神经系统边界的细胞。在众多的国内外文献中,大多以嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞作为观察对象;但采用嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植具有来源方便、损伤小、可自体取材等优势。 目的：比较嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞和嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植对脑出血后神经功能损伤恢复作用的差异。 设计、时间及地点：免疫组织化学水平的随机对照动物实验,于2005-10/2007-10在无锡市第三人民医院细胞实验室完成。 材料：选用健康雄性SD大鼠30只,按随机数字表法分为3组,对照组、嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞移植组及嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组各10只。 方法：分别获取人鼻中隔黏膜、人胚嗅球,进行嗅鞘细胞的分离培养纯化,取培养10 d的细胞用作细胞移植。取SD大鼠制备尾状核出血模型,嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞移植组及嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组各取10μL细胞悬液在立体定向下引导微量注射器向大鼠脑组织内匀速注射(1 μL/min),对照组注入等量培养基,注射点为右侧尾状核。 主要观察指标：观察两种来源嗅鞘细胞的体外培养情况。嗅鞘细胞移植后对动物行定期行为学评定,功能损伤越重,得分越高;并观察组织切片靶区域免疫细胞化学分析结果。 结果：从体外培养结果看,无论在形态上还是表型上,两者无明显区别。嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞移植组及嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组大鼠的Longa 5分制法及前肢放置试验评分在移植后第14,28,56天显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,两移植组差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）,移植组各时间段差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）。 结论：用于移植修复神经功能的两种嗅鞘细胞在细胞特性、移植效果方面均无明显差异。     

嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的临床研究现状

目的：对嗅鞘细胞生物学特性、培养纯化、嗅鞘细胞移植的可能机制及嗅鞘细胞移植在临床的应用等方面进行分析,介绍嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的研究现状。 资料来源：以olfactory ensheathing cells,spinal cord injury,嗅鞘细胞,脊髓损伤为检索词检索PubMed数据库(2000/2009),中国期刊全文数据库(2000/2009)。 资料选择：纳入标准：①文章所述内容应与嗅鞘细胞及脊髓损伤密切相关。②同一领域选择近期发表或在权威杂志上发表的文章。排除标准：①重复性研究。②Meta分析。 结局评价指标：嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展。 结果：嗅鞘细胞具有与许旺细胞和星形胶质细胞相似的特征。目前嗅鞘细胞移植的动物实验主要致力于提高轴突再生能力、替代细胞成分、阻止脱髓鞘病变和促进髓鞘再生等方面,移植的嗅鞘细胞具有促进感觉及运动功能恢复的客观结果,有些移植研究甚至已经进入了临床试验阶段。不过嗅鞘细胞移植由动物实验转化到临床应用还受到很多因素的影响,诸如移植剂量、细胞生长因子的活力,细胞移植的风险等,尤其是嗅鞘细胞移植后的近期及远期效果还需要进一步深入研究、评价,并且需要长时间的随访。有研究已经把用基因转染的嗅鞘细胞用于移植,在动物试验身上已经取得了满意的效果。 结论：随着基因工程技术发展以及嗅鞘细胞移植修复神经机制的深入研究,嗅鞘细胞移植必将为临床治疗脊髓损伤的患者带来康复的希望。     

嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓慢性压迫形态和脑源性神经营养因子表达的影响

背景：嗅鞘细胞是介于星形胶质细胞和许旺细胞之间的一类特殊的胶质细胞,具有切实有效的促进神经再生修复的作用,但其相关机制还没确定。 目的：观察嗅球成鞘细胞移植对脊髓慢性压迫损伤后脊髓功能形态和脑源性神经营养因子的影响,以及嗅鞘细胞移植后脊髓慢性压迫损伤动物脊髓功能的修复。 设计、时间及地点：对照动物实验，细胞学观察，于2005-11/2007-03在上海中医药大学脊柱病研究所完成。 材料：新生SD雄性大鼠采用酶消化法培养原代大鼠嗅鞘细胞，并将其制成细胞悬液。雄性3月龄SD大鼠以螺钉持续性压迫大鼠C4脊髓建立脊髓慢性压迫动物模型。 方法：造模后大鼠分为模型组、嗅鞘细胞组、DMEM/Ham’s F-12 培养液组、正常组，每组12只。嗅鞘细胞组在距离脊髓压迫区域上下0.5 mm处选4点注射,按1μL/点脊髓内注射109 L-1嗅鞘细胞，注入速度为1μL/ min。 主要观察指标：应用光学显微镜、电子显微镜观察脊髓形态的变化，采用免疫组织化学、PT-PCR 的方法检测脊髓组织脑源性神经营养因子的分泌，以改良的Gale联合行为评分法对脊髓功能进行评定， 结果：免疫组织化学检测显示，嗅鞘细胞移植能部分改善大鼠脊髓灰质神经细胞的凋亡程度，延缓白质神经纤维的减少，促进髓鞘的修复与再生。与模型组、DMEM/Ham’s F-12 培养液组比较， 嗅鞘细胞移植治疗后脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子表达明显增加（P < 0.01）。与模型组、DMEM/Ham’s F-12 培养液组比较，嗅鞘细胞移植能较大程度的改善大鼠脊髓功能（P < 0.05）。 结论：嗅鞘移植能够部分改善脊髓损伤后脊髓组织的病理形态，促进脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子的表达，减轻脊髓慢性压迫后的功能损害。     

嗅鞘细胞移植损伤脊髓组织的超微结构变化

背景：脊髓损伤后神经功能难以自行恢复,嗅鞘细胞具有外周性和中枢性两种胶质细胞的成鞘功能,是修复受损神经最有前途的种子细胞。嗅鞘细胞移植到受损脊髓后的组织学和超微结构的变化可能帮助解释嗅鞘细胞发挥修复作用的机制。 目的: 验证嗅球源性嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤功能恢复的促进作用,并观察移植的嗅鞘细胞对神经元和轴突组织和超微结构的影响。 方法：将已制备脊髓模型的Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,对照组不做任何注射操作,DMEM/F12组注射DMEM/F12培养基,嗅鞘细胞组注射嗅鞘细胞悬液。每周进行肢体活动BBB评分,8周后取脊髓标本进行组织学和免疫组织化学观察,评价脊髓损伤的修复情况,并观察嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓组织和超微结构的影响。 结果与结论：3组动物均出现后肢运动功能的恢复,嗅鞘细胞组优于对照组和DMEM/F12组,在4周后更为明显。组织学观察可见,在嗅鞘细胞组可见有神经纤维通过损伤处。损伤处附近,嗅鞘细胞组脊髓腹侧的神经纤维和神经元形态较好,损伤较轻。而对照组和DMEM/F12组神经纤维和神经元损害严重。嗅鞘细胞组的caspsase-3阳性细胞数少于对照组和DMEM/F12组。超微结构观察可见,嗅鞘细胞组的神经纤维和细胞形态均优于对照组和DMEM/F12组。结果表明嗅鞘细胞移植对大鼠脊髓损伤修复有明显的促进作用,并可恢复损伤神经的部分功能,对受损神经纤维和神经元有保护作用。     

Energetics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases

Mitochondria have been linked to both necrotic and apoptotic cell death, which are thought to have a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence shows that nuclear gene defects affecting mitochondrial function have a role in the pathogenesis of Friedreich's ataxia, Wilson's disease and hereditary spastic paraplegia. There is also accumulating evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction might have a role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. If this is so, a number of therapeutic targets are implicated that might result in novel treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.     

SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN: A Follow-up of 32 Patients

Thirty-two patients admitted to the University Clinic of Neurology, Copenhagen, in the years 1960-67, had isolated spastic paraplegia of unknown etiology. Twenty-four patients were followed up after five to twelve years of observation (mean observation time 8.9 years). The remaining eight patients had died. A diagnosis was reached in eight of the re-examined patients and two of the deceased patients. Six patients had multiple sclerosis, and one had possible multiple sclerosis. One patient had spino-cerebellar degeneration, one amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and one an intraspinal meningeoma. The undiagnosed patients at follow-up still had an isolated spastic paraplegia, which in most cases had gradually progressed. The possibility that some of these patients might be suffering, from multiple sclerosis or hereditary spastic paraplegia is discussed. The necessary examinations are evaluated and it is concluded that air myelography should always be carried out in patients with spastic paraplegia of unknown origin.     

Classification and clinical features of motor neurone diseases and motor neuropathies in adults

The term motor neurone disease encompasses combined upper and lower motor neurone disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), pure lower motor neurone disorders (spinal muscular atrophies, multifocal motor neuropathies, post irradiation lumbosacral radiculopathy, post-polio syndrome, hereditary bulbar palsy) and pure upper motor neurone disorders (primary lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, neurolathyrism, Konzo). The chief clinical and electrophysiological criteria for these different disorders are discussed, with particular attention to diagnostically distinctive characteristics of each. Age of onset, and inheritance are considered as additional diagnostic features. Received: 8 July 1998 Accepted: 23 July 1998     

The fly as a model for neurodegenerative diseases: is it worth the jump?

Neurodegenerative diseases are responsible for agonizing symptoms that take their toll on the fragile human life. Aberrant protein processing and accumulation are considered to be the culprits of many classical neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, tauopathies, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia and various polyglutamine diseases. However, recently it has been shown that toxic RNA species or disruption of RNA processing and metabolism may be partly to blame as clearly illustrated in spinal muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia 8 and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the fruit fly or Drosophila melanogaster has taken its place at the forefront of an uphill struggle to unveil the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of both protein- and RNA-induced neurodegeneration, as well as discovery of novel drug targets. We review here the various fly models of neurodegenerative conditions, and summarise the novel insights that the fly has contributed to the field of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration.     

Arginase deficiency with new phenotype and a novel mutation: contemporary summary

In areas without expanded newborn screening, instead of presenting neonatally, patients with arginase deficiency typically present with spastic paraplegia in early childhood. Diagnosis of this rare neurometabolic disease poses the first challenge because it is often misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy during initial stages. We describe arginase deficiency in a 20-year-old woman with spastic paraplegia, progressive dystonia, dementia, peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, liver cirrhosis, and non-B/non-C hepatocellular carcinoma. A novel homozygous mutation NM_000045.2 (ARG1):c.673del (p.Arg225GlyfsX5) was detected. We suggest that all children presenting with progressive neurodegeneration or spastic paraplegia in the absence of risk factors for cerebral palsy should be screened for inborn errors of metabolism, including arginase deficiency. For monitoring urea cycle defects, noninvasive imaging screening for liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma can help ensure early detection, with potential treatment implications.     

Infantile onset of hereditary spastic paraplegia poorly predicts the genotype

Age of symptom onset of hereditary spastic paraplegia varies from infancy to the eighth decade. Infantile onset of hereditary spastic paraplegia without a positive family history may cause difficulties in reaching the correct diagnosis and misdiagnosis as a diplegic form of cerebral palsy is particularly common. Infantile onset of hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by mutations in the spastin gene (SPAST) is very rare and previously was mostly associated with codominant mutations in this gene. We present a kindred with infantile onset of spastic paraplegia in three successive generations caused by confirmed de novo novel mutation 1537G>A (G471D) in SPAST. Several family members were previously diagnosed as having cerebral palsy. Infantile onset of hereditary spastic paraplegia may be caused by mutations in multiple genes, and this phenotype does not reliably predict the genotype. Pediatric neurologists need to be aware of relatively frequent de novo mutations in hereditary spastic paraplegia genes and a possibility that this condition presents in infancy without a positive family history.     

Motor neuron disease associated with copper deficiency

Copper deficiency in humans is a rare cause of myeloneuropathy that usually presents with a spastic ataxic gait, hyperreflexia, and distal sensory loss similar to that seen in patients with subacute combined degeneration. We describe three copper-deficient patients, two of whom were referred with a presumptive diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, who had progressive asymmetric weakness or electrodiagnostic findings of proximal and distal denervation suggestive of lower motor neuron disease. Copper replacement resulted in stabilization or mild improvement in weakness. The clinical spectrum of human copper deficiency should include lower motor neuron disease in addition to a syndrome of spastic ataxia.     

Hereditary spastic paraplegia and axonal motor neuropathy caused by a novel SPG3A de novo mutation

Mutations in the SPG3A gene (atlastin protein) cause approximately 10% of autosomal-dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia. Most patients with an SPG3A mutation present with a pure phenotype and early-onset disease, although complicated forms with peripheral neuropathy are also reported. We report a new heterozygous S398F mutation in exon 12 of the SPG3A gene causing a very early-onset spastic paraplegia in association with motor axonal neuropathy in a 4-year-old girl resembling diplegic cerebral palsy.     

De novo occurrence of novel SPG3A/atlastin mutation presenting as cerebral palsy

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the SPG3A gene (atlastin protein) cause approximately 10% of autosomal-dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia. For many subjects with an SPG3A mutation, spastic gait begins in early childhood and does not significantly worsen even over many years. Such subjects resemble those with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. To date, only 9 SPG3A mutations have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the SPG3A coding sequence in an individual with childhood-onset spastic gait, who, prior to the birth of her similarly affected child, had no previous family history of hereditary spastic paraplegia. METHODS: The SPG3A coding sequence was analyzed in DNA samples from the proband, her affected child, her unaffected parents, and control subjects by polymerase-chain-reaction amplification of each exon followed by direct DNA sequencing. Seventeen microsatellite polymorphisms were amplified and analyzed to confirm reported paternity. RESULTS: We identified a novel SPG3A mutation (L157W) in the proband and her affected child. This mutation was absent in the proband's unaffected parents. Results of microsatellite polymorphism analysis were consistent with paternity as reported. These results indicate that this novel SPG3A mutation arose de novo in the proband. CONCLUSIONS: We report the de novo occurrence of a novel SPG3A mutation in a subject with childhood-onset, nonprogressive, spastic diplegia who had no previous family history of hereditary spastic paraplegia until the birth of her similarly affected son. Although rare, the occurrence of a de novo hereditary spastic paraplegia gene mutation must be considered in subjects with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy for whom no other cause is identified. This is extremely important for correct genetic counseling because recurrence risk may be as high as 50% when a mutation is detected.