Comparison between self-reported hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV antibody status and oral fluid assay results in Irish prisoners

Self-reported hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV infection status was compared with the results of oral fluid assays of antibodies to these viruses in prisoners from nine of the 15 prisons in the Republic of Ireland. A total of 1205 out of 1366 prisoners completed a confidential questionnaire and 1193 provided analysable oral fluid specimens for testing for antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), HCV (anti-HCV), and HIV (anti-HIV). The self-reported prevalence of hepatitis infection (hepatitis B: 5%; hepatitis C: 19%) was lower than that derived from oral fluid assays (anti-HBc: 9%; anti-HCV: 37%). The self-reported prevalence of HIV infection was similar to that found by oral fluid assay (2%). Many discrepancies were found between self-reported results and the results of oral fluid assays. Of those who reported being positive for HBV, HCV, or HIV, 48%, 5%, and 58%, respectively, tested negative on the oral fluid assay. Of those who reported a previous negative test result for HBV, HCV, or HIV, 10%, 37%, and 2%, respectively, had positive oral fluid assays. Self-reports of hepatitis and HIV infection status are unreliable and should not be used as a basis for planning preventive and treatment services for prisoners. All prisoners should have the opportunity to be tested for HBV, HCV, and HIV infection.     

杭州地区妊娠晚期孕妇病毒性肝炎感染的调查研究

目的:调查杭州市2958例妊娠晚期孕妇乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)、戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)的感染状况。方法:对杭州市2958例妊娠晚期孕妇的血清乙型肝炎标志物、HCV抗体、HDV抗体、HEV抗体的检测结果进行统计分析。结果:2958例妊娠晚期孕妇中乙型肝炎总感染率40.16%,HCV抗体阳性率0.40%,HDV抗体阳性率0.20%,HEV抗体阳性率2.60%。结论:杭州地区妊娠晚期孕妇病毒性肝炎的感染以乙型肝炎位居第一、戊型肝炎次之,丙型肝炎及丁型肝炎感染率较低。应加强育龄女性易感人群乙肝疫苗的预防接种,开展和实施有效的预防措施来防止病毒性肝炎的感染,提高新生人口的素质。     

Prevalence of HIV,syphilis, hepatitis B,and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities

Although high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in correctional institutions has been established, data are sparse regarding the comorbidities of hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), all of which may complicate the management of HCV. This study sought to estimate the prevalence and correlates associated with HCV prevalence among entrants into the Maryland Division of Correction and the Baltimore City Detention Center. Participants included all newly incarcerated entrants between January 28 and March 28, 2002. Excess sera with identifiers removed from samples drawn for routine syphilis testing were assayed for antibodies to HIV and HCV and for HBV surface antigen and surface and total core antibodies. Separately, all HIV-positive specimens were tested using the serological testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion. Of the 1,081 immates and 2,833 detainees, reactive syphilis serology was noted in 0.6% of the combined population; HIV seroprevalence was 6.6%; HCV prevalence was 29.7%; and 25.2% of detainees and prisoners had antigen or core or surface antibodies to HBV. A multivariate analysis of predictors of HCV positivity indicated that detainees, women, whites, older age groups, those who were HIV seropositive, and individuals with past or present infection with HBV were significantly more likely to be positive for HCV. These data indicate that hepatitis C remains an important public health concern among entrants to jail and prison and is complicated with coinfections that need to be addressed for effective treatment.     

Integrating hepatitis, STD, and HIV services into a drug rehabilitation program

BACKGROUND: Considering the difficulties in providing screening and vaccination services for inmates in short-stay incarceration facilities, an evaluation was conducted of the integration of prevention services in an alternative sentencing drug rehabilitation program (alternative to incarceration) in San Diego CA. METHODS: During the period April 1999 to December 2002, clients were asked to complete a brief risk-assessment questionnaire, and were offered hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) serologic testing, STD screening, and HIV counseling and testing. RESULTS: Of the estimated 1125 rehabilitation program enrollees, 930 (83%) participated in the integration program services. Most clients were male (64%), were aged >30 years (64%), and few (7%) reported previous HBV vaccination. Of the 854 clients eligible for hepatitis B vaccination, 98% received the first dose, 69% the second dose, and 42% completed the series. Eleven percent of clients had prior HBV infection, and 14.7% had HCV infection, with positivity rates being highest among those with a history of injection drug use-HBV, 19%, and HCV, 36%. HIV infection was rare (prevalence, 0.3%), and STDs were uncommon (chlamydia prevalence, 2%, and gonorrhea prevalence, 0.6%). Total annual cost of integration services (excluding HIV testing) was dollar 31,994 equating to dollar 122 per client served. CONCLUSIONS: Alternative sentencing drug rehabilitation programs provide a venue to efficiently deliver integrated hepatitis and other prevention services. Considering the vast number of high-risk persons in drug rehabilitation, probation, parole, and inmate release programs, an opportunity exists to greatly expand hepatitis services.     

艾滋病合并感染现况及对CD4的影响研究

目的:研究艾滋病感染者和艾滋病人(HIV/AIDS)合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒(TP)的流行现况及对艾滋病抗病毒治疗的影响。方法:选取HIV/AIDS的病例采用ELISA法,分别对标本进行乙肝表面抗原、丙肝抗体、梅毒抗体检测,艾滋病抗病毒治疗后患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞的观察。结果:719例HIV/AIDS合并感染乙肝的有80例(11.13%),丙肝46例(6.40%),梅毒114例(15.86%)。接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗的326例患者中,单纯HIV感染的有232例,其中T淋巴细胞CD4<300/mm3者110例,占47.41%;合并多重感染的HIV患者有94例,其中T淋巴细胞CD4<300/mm3的有49例,占52.13%;两组比较差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:HIV合并感染TP、HCV和HBV率较高,易对T淋巴细胞CD4产生不同程度的影响。     

Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of four blood-borne viral infections among illicit drug injectors with up to 6 years of injecting experience. METHODS: We analyzed data from 716 volunteers recruited in 1988 and 1989. Test results for hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV), and human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV) were examined across six sequential cohorts defined by duration of drug injection. RESULTS: Overall, seroprevalence of HCV, HBV, HIV, and HTLV was 76.9%, 65.7%, 20.5% and 1.8%, respectively, and 64.7%, 49.8%, 13.9%, and 0.5%, respectively, among those who had injected for 1 year or less. Among the newest initiates, HCV and HBV were associated with injecting variables, and HIV was associated with sexual variables. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of HCV, HBV, and HIV infections among short-term injectors emphasizes the need to target both parenteral and sexual risk reduction interventions early. Renewed efforts at primary prevention of substance abuse are indicated.     

Occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses in the Amsterdam police force, 2000-2003

OBJECTIVES: To assess and evaluate the rate and outcome of occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Amsterdam police force. METHODS: Retrospectively, all accidents with risk for viral transmission reported to the Municipal Health Service between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003 were described and analyzed in 2004. RESULTS: Over a 4-year period, 112 exposures with a viral transmission risk were reported (the estimated exposure rate was 68/10,000/year). Of these exposures, 89 (79%) sources were tested, finding 4% HBV-positive, 4% HIV-positive, and 18% HCV-positive. Immunoglobulin for HBV infection was given 44 times; HIV post-exposure prophylaxis was prescribed 16 times and 13 of 16 discontinued the course within a few days because the transmission source tested HIV-negative. No seroconversions were seen in persons exposed. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of exposure is low. The majority of the sources could be traced and tested. However, a comprehensive and effective protocol is essential in minimizing the risk of occupational HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in police officers, even if HBV vaccination is provided.     

Association between heroin use, needle sharing and tattoos received in prison with hepatitis B and C positivity among street-recruited injecting drug users in New Mexico, USA.

This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV-1 infections among injecting drug users (IDU) in New Mexico. Serological and behavioural surveys were conducted in conjunction with street-based outreach, education and HIV counselling and testing. High rates of antibody positivity for HCV (82.2%) and HBV (61.1%), and a low rate for HIV (0.5%) were found. In multivariate analyses, both HBV and HCV infection were positively associated with increasing age, increasing years of injection and heroin use. Receipt of a tattoo in prison/jail was associated with HBV (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.4, 3.8) and HCV (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.6, 7.5) infections. Prevention of bloodborne pathogens among IDUs should focus on young users, early in their drug use experience. Studies examining the relationship between tattooing and HBV and HCV infection are needed as are efforts to promote sterile tattooing, in prisons and elsewhere.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B,hepatitis C,syphilis and HIV in Georgian blood donors

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) virus and syphilis in the population of blood donors in Georgia has been investigated. Out of 4970 donors 7.3% had anti-HCV (6.9% confirmed), HbsAg was positive in 4.1% (3.4% confirmed), Seroprevalence of Syphilis was 2.3%. Three individuals had HIV. Prevalence of HCV and HBV in Georgia is higher than national prevalence estimates of viral hepatitis in neighboring countries.     

甲乙丙型肝炎病毒重叠感染情况分析

目的 了解甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)重叠感染情况。方法 应用ELISA法分别对283重叠感染者检测血清抗-HAV、抗-HCV和HBV-M,并比较各型临床类型各型病毒的感染情况。结果 肝炎病毒感染者中HBV的感染率最高86.9％,HAV和HBV的重叠感染最多42.8％,HBV和HCV重叠感染次之32.9％。结论甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎可以重叠感染。以HBV的感染为主,重叠感染加重病情。     

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among drug addicts in Bangladesh

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among 266 drug users attending a drug-addiction treatment centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 1996 to April 1997. Of the 266 addicts, 129 were injectable drug users (IDUs), and 137 were non-injectable drug users (non-IDUs). The seroprevalences of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV antibodies among the IDUs were 8 (6.2%), 41 (31.8%), 15 (11.6%), and 32 (24.8%), and among the non-IDUs were 6 (4.4%), 33 (24.1%), 9 (6.6%), and 8 (5.8%) respectively. None of the drug users were positive for anti-HIV antibody. Although the prevalence of HBV infection did not significantly differ between the IDUs and the non-IDUs, the prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher among the IDUs. Among the IDUs, the prevalence of both HBV and HCV infections was associated with sharing of needles and longer duration of injectable drugs used. The seroprevalence of HBV infection in both IDUs and non-IDUs was significantly higher among those who had a history of extramarital and premarital sex. The prevalence of HCV infection was not associated with sexual promiscuity. There was no association between the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections and age. Active preventive programmes focusing on educational campaigns among the youths against substance abuse should be undertaken.     

Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates

Thousands of millions of injections are delivered every year in developing countries, many of them unsafe, and the transmission of certain bloodborne pathogens via this route is thought to be a major public health problem. In this article we report global and regional estimates of the number of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections that may occur from unsafe injections in the developing world. The estimates were determined using quantitative data on unsafe injection practices, transmission efficiency and disease burden of HBV, HCV and HIV and the prevalence of injection use obtained from a review of the literature. A simple mass-action model was used consisting of a generalized linear equation with variables accounting for the prevalence of a pathogen in a population, susceptibility of a population, transmission efficiency of the pathogen, proportion of injections that are unsafe, and the number of injections received. The model was applied to world census data to generate conservative estimates of incidence of transmission of bloodborne pathogens that may be attributable to unsafe injections. The model suggests that approximately 8-16 million HBV, 2.3-4.7 million HCV and 80,000-160,000 HIV infections may result every year from unsafe injections. The estimated range for HBV infections is in accordance with several epidemiological studies that attributed at least 20% of all new HBV infections to unsafe injections in developing countries. Our results suggest that unsafe injections may lead to a high number of infections with bloodborne pathogens. A major initiative is therefore needed to improve injection safety and decrease injection overuse in many countries.     

Coinfections by HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in imprisoned injecting drug users

In order to know the prevalence and risk factors for coinfections by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among injecting drug users (IDUs), a cross-sectional study was carried out in two prisons of the province of Cantabria, northern Spain. Three hundred and sixty-two IDU inmates were recruited. All inmates were interviewed and their blood tested for HIV, HBV and HCV. Crude and multiple risk factor adjusted for (by polychotomous logistic regression) odds ratios were calculated. Prevalence of HBV-HCV coinfection (42.5%) was higher than HIV-HBV-HCV coinfection (37.3%), whereas monoinfections were very uncommon (overall: 13%). Long-term injectors and reincarceration were the foremost risk factors for both coinfections, showing a trend between the degree of association and the number of viruses infecting a patient. No significant relationship between coinfection status and sexual practices was observed. The results related to coinfections are consistent with previous studies of prevalence and risk factors for HIV, HBV and HCV, in indicating that the high rates of coinfections among IDU inmates emphasise the need to harm-reduction policy across prisons in Spain.     

Severe mental illness is a new risk marker for blood-borne viruses and sexually transmitted infections

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether severe mental illness (SMI) constitutes a risk for the acquisition of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), both locally and globally. METHOD: Database searches revealed 51 eligible studies for the review. Studies with samples of patients with SMI were analysed and compared with population data. RESULTS: Most studies were conducted in the United States and the majority examined levels of risk behaviours. The review revealed that many countries, including Australia, had not had any prevalence studies for STIs or any BBVs among patients with SMI. STIs, HIV and other BBVs, as well as risk behaviours, were more prevalent in patients with SMI, compared with population rates. Overall, a weighted mean of 4% of patients with SMI had HIV infection and 10-20% had hepatitis C virus (HCV). CONCLUSIONS: Severe mental illness appears to be a risk marker for the presence of STIs, HIV and other BBVs. HIV and HCV prevalences were elevated for those with risk behaviour histories, but rates also seem elevated for patients with SMI lacking such histories when compared with the general population. IMPLICATIONS: Programs are needed, particularly in the United States, for screening all patients with SMI for STIs and BBVs to kerb this epidemic. Such strategies could also be applicable in Australia, but there is less conclusive evidence.     

Prevalence and incidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among males in Rhode Island prisons

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated prevalence and intraprison incidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among male prison inmates. METHODS: We observed intake prevalence for 4269 sentenced inmates at the Rhode Island Adult Correctional Institute between 1998 and 2000 and incidence among 446 continuously incarcerated inmates (incarcerated for 12 months or more). RESULTS: HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus prevalences were 1.8%, 20.2%, and 23.1%, respectively. Infections were significantly associated with injection drug use (odds ratio = 10.1, 7.9, and 32.4). Incidence per 100 person-years was 0 for HIV, 2.7 for HBV, and 0.4 for HCV. CONCLUSIONS: High infection prevalence among inmates represents a significant community health issue. General disease prevention efforts must include prevention within correctional facilities. The high observed intraprison incidence of HBV underscores the need to vaccinate prison populations.     

成都市男男性行为人群艾滋病及其关联检测结果的分析

[目的]了解成都市男男性行为人群(MSM)人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、梅毒、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染状况。[方法]收集成都市MSM人群血液样本469份,进行HIV抗体、HBV标志物、HCV抗体及梅毒抗体测定,HIV抗体确珍阳性者,作CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞及CD4+/CD8+比值测定。[结果]469份样本HIV、梅毒、HBV及HCV感染率分别为14.93%(70/469)、8.53%(40/469)、67.16%(315/469)、0.64%(3/469);HIV合并梅毒感染3例,HIV合并HBV感染43例,HIV合并HCV感染1例,HIV合并梅毒及HBV感染5例;70例HIV感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞绝对值计数明显下降,CD4+/CD8+比值均呈倒置,单纯HIV感染组CD4T淋巴细胞计数值与HIV/HBV感染组比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.73,P=0.23),其余各组因样本量太小,与单纯HIV感染组CD4+计数均值比较不具统计学意义。[结论]成都市MSM人群HIV感染呈严重之势,HIV合并HBV、HIV合并梅毒的感染也较普遍,本次检测到的HIV感染者已基本进入艾滋病期,对他们的抗逆转录病毒治疗需要引起足够重视。     

受血者受血前HIV、HBV、 HCV、梅毒感染及其重叠感染研究

目的研究受血者受血前人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、梅毒感染及其重叠感染现状与特点。方法对2007年10月-2008年6月间某院需输注血制品的9694例患者进行检测;采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清HBV标志物、血清抗HCV,双抗原夹心酶联免疫法检测血清抗HIV和梅毒抗体。结果9694例受血者受血前血清HBV标志物阳性1549例（15．98％）,抗HCV阳性59例（0．61％）,抗HIV阳性34例（0．35％）,梅毒抗体阳性495例（5．11％）。重叠感染者中,HBV与HCV57例（0．59％）,HBV与梅毒94例（0．97％）,HCV与梅毒3例（0．03％）;血清抗HIV阳性患者中,重叠感染HBV13例（0．13％）,HCV10例（0．10％）,梅毒4例（0．04％）;HIV、HBV和HCV重叠,HIV、HBV和梅毒重叠感染各2例（1．08％）,HIV、HBV、HCV和梅毒重叠感染1例（0．54％）。结论部分受血者在受血前就已有感染,特别是HBV和梅毒的感染率较高。对受血者于受血前进行全面检查不仅可避免相关医疗纠纷,还可为患者治疗和医务人员的职业防护提供帮助。     

Risk behaviors and HIV/AIDS prevention education among IDUs in drug treatment in Shanghai

We estimated seroincidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the prevalence of risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) who accepted inpatient detoxification by 14-day methadone tapering treatment in the Shanghai Drug Abuse Treatment Center. We also evaluated the effect of an HIV/AIDS prevention education intervention on those IDUs. Data including demographic characteristics, HIV, HBV and HCV seroincidence, sexual and injection-related risk behaviors were collected from 101 IDUs. All subjects received HIV/AIDS prevention education during inpatient detoxification treatment. An HIV-knowledge questionnaire was used to evaluate the effects of this intervention. We found that risk behaviors, including unsafe sex and unclean injection practices, were common among the subjects. The seroincidence of HBV and HCV infection rates was 56.4% and 46.5%, respectively, but no HIV-infected case was found among the subjects. After participating in the HIV/AIDS prevention intervention, subjects’ scores (M±SD) on the HIV-knowledge questionnaire were significantly improved from baseline (97.29±7.42 vs. 31.1±12.1). Our study confirmed that IDUs in Shanghai are a high-risk population for blood borne diseases such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C and HIV. HIV/AIDS prevention education increased HIV knowledge, improved understanding of HIV prevention methods and changed attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. Therefore, HIV/AIDS prevention education should to be an important component of drug treatment.     

武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况分析

目的 了解武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况及其相关因素。方法 在2010 - 2018年武汉市报告的确证HIV/AIDS病人中,选取其一般人口学特征、感染途径、HBsAg、AntiHCV检测结果等信息进行整理分析,采用多元logistic回归分析合并感染相关因素。结果 2010 - 2018年武汉市共报告HIV/AIDS病人5 128人,男4 630人（90.3%）,女498人（9.7%）。年龄范围14～89岁,年龄中位数33（25～48）岁。其中,HBsAg阳性率为9.4%（443人）,AntiHCV阳性率为3.3%（152人）,合并HIV、HBV、HCV三重感染率为0.3%（12人）。在HIV/AIDS病人中,本省人群感染乙肝的可能性是本市人群的1.317倍,已婚/同居以及离异/分居/丧偶者感染乙肝的可能性分别是未婚者的2.044、1.892倍（P＜0.05）。与2018年相比,2011 - 2013以及2015年报告的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性更高,经输血和静脉吸毒途径感染的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性分别是经性行为传播者的18.942倍、63.537倍（P＜0.05）。结论 武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况不容忽视,其感染乙肝、丙肝的相关因素并不相同,需积极进行评估。     

Hepatitis B and C infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among women of childbearing age in C?te d'Ivoire, West Africa.

Few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We have screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV markers 200 HIV-1-positive, 23 HIV-2-positive and 206 HIV-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. Taking into account the prevalence of 21.7% for HIV in this population, the overall prevalence of anti-HBV core antibody was 81.6%, that for hepatitis B surface antigen was 9.9% and for HCV antibody was 3.3%. HIV infection and other STDs were not associated with HBV or HCV markers. Moreover, HBV and HCV markers were not statistically associated. Our results confirm the high prevalence of HIV in Abidjan and the endemic situation of HBV infection. Furthermore, HCV infection is not infrequent in this developing country setting, not explained by sexual transmission.