腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术与直肠经肛门拖出切除术治疗直肠癌的效果比较

目的比较直肠癌患者经腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术与直肠经肛门拖出切除术后的治疗效果。 方法选取2014年7月至2016年12月进行腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术与直肠经肛门拖出切除术的不同手术方式患者共120例,按照不同手术方式分为镜下组和拖出组两组,每组各60例,镜下组行腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术,拖出组行直肠经肛门拖出切除术。采用SPSS 18.0软件对所有数据进行统计分析,术中术后指标以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用t检验;术后并发症发生率采用χ²检验;P<0.05差异有统计学意义。 结果术中出血量、住院时间相比,直肠经肛门拖出切除术患者少于腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术,P<0.05。术后肠功能恢复情况如术后1、3、6个月患者排便次数相比,拖出手术组明显恢复情况好于镜下组,P<0.05,差异具有明显统计学意义;术后并发症相比,中青年患者拖出手术组术后并发症发生率为6.7%(2/30),镜下手术组为30%(9/30),老年患者拖出手术组术后并发症发生率为6.7%(2/30),镜下手术组为26.7%(8/30),不同年龄段患者内部比较,P<0.05,差异具有明显统计学意义。 结论直肠经肛门拖出切除术的手术疗效和术后患者恢复情况均好于腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术,治疗效果满意,手术操作安全,具有临床推广意义。     

腹腔镜下经肛门拖出式前切术对低位直肠癌患者并发症及复发率的影响

目的分析腹腔镜下经肛门拖出式前切术对低位直肠癌患者并发症及复发率的影响,为临床治疗提供参考。 方法回顾性分析2014年4月至2017年10月期间接受腹腔镜下经肛门拖出式前切术治疗的低位直肠癌患者(观察组,n＝80)临床资料,同期腹腔镜下非肛门拖出式前切术治疗的低位直肠癌患者为对照组(对照组,n＝80)。数据统计采用SPSS21.0统计软件完成,术中术后计量资料用平均数±标准差表示,两组比较采用独立t检验;术后并发症和复发率比较采用χ²检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。 结果与对照组相比,观察组病理切缘距离明显增大[对照组(3.0±0.6) cm,观察组(3.9±1.1) cm, P<0.05]、局部复发率明显降低[对照组5.0% ,观察组1.3%, P<0.05],而并发症发生率、手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数和阳性淋巴结数目之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论腹腔镜下经肛门拖出式前切术治疗低位直肠癌简便易行,复发率低。     

Integration of transanal specimen extraction into laparoscopic anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a consecutive series of 179 patients

Background and objectives

This prospective study focused on patients with rectal cancer who underwent transanal specimen extraction after laparoscopic anterior resection with total mesorectal excision and specifically aims to investigate whether the transanal approach can be accepted as a safe and effective method for extracting the malignant specimen from the peritoneal cavity.

Patients and methods

A prospectively designed database of a consecutive series of patients undergoing laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal malignancy with various tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) classifications from April 1991 to May 2011 at the Texas Endosurgery Institute was analyzed. Patient selection for transanal specimen extraction and intracorporeal anastomosis was made on the basis of size of the pathology and distance of rectal lesions from the anal verge.

Results

179 anterior resections were completed laparoscopically with intracorporeal anastomosis and transanal specimen extraction. The operating time for the entire procedures including resection, anastomosis, and specimen extraction was 170.9 ± 51.2 min, blood loss during the procedures was 86.4 ± 37.7 ml, and distance of the lower edge of the lesion from the anal verge was measured to be 11.3 ± 7.3 cm. Postoperatively, three patients developed anastomotic leakage with a leak rate of 1.7 %, and the overall major complication rate after the procedures was 5.0 %. Length of hospital stay was 6.9 ± 2.8 days. Two-year follow-up showed development of anal stenosis in three patients (2.0 %) and erectile dysfunction in one patient (0.36 %) after surgery. Finally, 9 out of 179 patients who underwent laparoscopic anterior resection with transanal specimen extraction were confirmed to have cancer recurrence, with 2-year local recurrence rate of 5.0 %.

Conclusions

Transanal specimen extraction in laparoscopic rectal cancer resection is a safe and effective approach with comparable local cancer recurrence rate and postoperative complication rates, suggesting it can be integrated into laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌拖出保肛术中J形端侧吻合的应用

目的 探讨J形端侧吻合在腹腔镜低位直肠癌拖出保肛术中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析8例低位直肠癌应用腹腔镜经肛门拖出切除J形端侧吻合术的情况,腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除,直肠经肛门拖出切除,J形端侧结直肠或结肠肛管吻合.结果 所有患者顺利完成手术,手术时间180～240 min、平均210 min.术中出血30～80 m...     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中拖出切除吻合术的临床应用

目的：探讨经肛门外翻拖出切除吻合技术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院近几年应用经肛门外翻拖出切除吻合技术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术35例患者的临床资料及治疗效果。结果所有手术标本远端阴性切缘≥2 cm,环周病理检查未见癌细胞侵润。术后无吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄或大便失禁等并发症。随访1个月~5年,无种植性肿瘤转移和局部复发患者。结论经肛门外翻拖出切除吻合术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中具有微创和安全可靠的临床效果。     

NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance

Background  

The feasibility and safety of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) transanal endoscopic rectosigmoid resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) was previously demonstrated in human cadavers and a porcine survival model. We report the first clinical case of a NOTES transanal resection for rectal cancer using TEM and laparoscopic assistance, performed by a team of surgeons from Barcelona and Boston with extensive experience with NOTES and minimally invasive approaches to colorectal diseases.     

直肠癌低位前切除术后早期吻合口出血的应对策略

目的:探讨直肠癌低位前切除术后早期吻合口出血的预防与处理.方法:回顾分析2018年1月至2020年6月收治的458例中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,患者行腹腔镜或达芬奇机器人直肠癌低位前切除术.结果:术后吻合口出血18例(3.9％),于术后3～18 h发现;出血量100～500 mL.5例经内镜下钛夹止血,8例经肛门吻合口...     

全腹腔镜下中低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术的应用分析

目的评价经肛拖出式腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的手术方法和疗效。 方法2015年4月至2017年4月,前瞻性选择武汉市普仁江岸医院收治的中低位直肠癌患者100例,按照随机数表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,各50例,分别进行腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除术与经肛拖出式全腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术治疗,对比两组患者的围手术期情况、炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）水平以及随访情况。 结果（1）观察组的手术时间、肠功能恢复时间、引流量、住院时间与治疗费用均显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。（2）两组患者术前TNF-α、IL-6水平差异无统计学意义。与术前相比,两组患者术后的TNF-α、IL-6水平均显著降低（P<0.05）,且观察组术后的TNF-α、IL-6水平显著低于对照组同期,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。（3）两组并发症总发生率、1年复发率和病死率比较,差异均无统计学意义（χ²=0.154、0.519、0.852,均P>0.05）。 结论经肛拖出式全腹腔镜直肠前切除术治疗中低位直肠癌效果理想,可显著改善手术相关指标,减少机体炎性反应,值得推行。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛门拖出切除吻合术近期疗效分析(附11例报告)

目的:评价腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛门拖出切除吻合技术的近期疗效。方法:回顾分析11例腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除、经肛门拖出切除、结-直肠吻合、预防性末端回肠造瘘手术的临床资料。结果:11例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无一例中转开腹,无辅助切口,保肛率100%。手术时间平均(162.3±31.01)min,术中出血量平均(31.82±14.88)ml,术后平均(2.00±0.63)d恢复胃肠功能并进流质饮食,平均住院(12.27±1.56)d。术后1例发生吻合口漏。结论:腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除、经肛门拖出切除吻合技术治疗低位直肠癌创伤小、安全、可行,近期疗效满意。     

Colon perforation caused by transanal decompression tube after laparoscopic low anterior resection: A case report

IntroductionThe effectiveness of transanal decompression tube (TDT) to prevent anastomotic leakage after rectal surgery has been widely accepted in recent years. However, a rare complication of intestinal perforation due to TDT has been also reported.Presentation of caseA 88-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer. An abdominal drainage tube adjacent to the colorectal anastomosis and a TDT were placed. The patient experienced abdominal pain, nausea and elevated inflammatory markers on postoperative day 6. Enema and computed tomography demonstrated colonic perforation due to the TDT, and emergency laparotomy was performed. Perforation of the anterior sigmoid colon located at the proximal side of the colorectal anastomosis was seen, and the TDT was exposed to the abdominal cavity. Therefore, primary closure of the perforation site, peritoneal lavage, drainage tube placement and transverse colostomy was performed.DiscussionIn our case, TDT seemed to compress the anterior wall of the colon and lead to perforation. The looseness of the remaining oral intestinal tract depressed in the pelvis was compressed by the TDT.ConclusionTDTs should be very carefully placed to avoid complication. The length and looseness of the oral intestine and the relationship between the TDT to be inserted might be important.     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除经肛门套入式吻合保肛术首例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除经肛门套入式吻合保肛术的可行性和安全性。方法腹部手术：按4孔法Trocar,用超声刀剪完成清扫肠系膜根部其周围淋巴结,系膜下动静脉根部结扎切断,直肠游离至尾骨尖肿瘤远端5cm。肛门手术：采用5针悬吊法暴露术野,距齿状线上缘1cm处环型切开,沿黏膜下锐性向上剥离至提肛肌平面,切断直肠,将直肠肿瘤及远端乙状结肠一并从肛门移出体外切除,行套入式近端结肠全层与直肠黏膜及肠黏膜下用可吸收线间断缝合。结果手术时间为160min,腹部手术约为120min,经肛门套入式吻合操作40min,术中失血量约为60ml,术后3d肠蠕动恢复肛门排气,术后第6天进流质饮食,术后第7天拔出腹腔引流管,各Trocar口愈合良好。术后病理：直肠高中分化腺癌,癌组织浸润肠壁深肌层,淋巴结未见转移癌（0/29）,T2N0M0;术后未发生并发症。术后腹部手术真正微创、无切口美观,随访4周一切良好。结论腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除经肛门套入式吻合保肛术式安全可行。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治套入式吻合保肛术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治套入式吻合保肛术式的安全性和可行性.方法 2011年3～4月间北京军区北京总医院对5例低位直肠癌患者施行腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛门切除套入式吻合保肛术.用超声刀完成肠系膜根部周围淋巴结清扫,肠系膜下动静脉根部结扎切断,直肠游离至尾骨尖肿瘤远端5 cm;采用5针悬吊法暴露肛门术野,距齿状线上1 cm处环形切开,沿黏膜下锐性向上剥离至肛提肌平面,切断直肠,将直肠肿瘤及远端乙状结肠一并从肛门移出体外切除,行套入式近端结肠全层与直肠黏膜及黏膜下吻合.结果 5例患者腹腔镜手术均获成功,平均手术时间178 min,平均术中出血量76 ml;平均淋巴结检出数目14枚.术后3 d肠蠕动恢复,无一例出现术后并发症,腹部及肛门未见手术切口及明显瘢痕,平均术后住院时间12 d.结论 腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治套入式吻合保肛术安全、可行,腹部无手术切口.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the safety, feasibility and clinical outcomes of laparoscopic sphincter-preserving proctectomy for low rectal cancer using transanal telescopic anastomosis. Methods Five patients underwent laparoscopic sphincter-preserving proctectomy for low rectal cancer using transanal telescopic anastomosis between March 2011 and April 2011 at the General Hospital of Beijing Military Command. After lymph node dissection around the mesentery using harmonic scalpel, the root of the inferior mesenteric vessel was ligated and transected. Rectal dissection was further carried out until 5 cm distal to the lower margin of the tumor. A circumferential incision was made 1.0 cm above the dentate line using 5 support stitches for exposure. The submucous layer was striped upward to the level of the levator ani, and rectum was transected. Rectum and sigmoid colon were extracted transanally and removed. Finally, colonanal anastomosis was made using telescopic technique. Results Five patients underwent the procedure successfully. The mean operative time was 178 minutes. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 76 ml. The mean lymph nodes retrieval was 14. Bowel function recovered after a mean of 3 days. There were no postoperative complications. No obvious scars were seen in the abdomen or the anus. The mean hospital stay was 12 days. After one year of follow-up, all the patients survived cancer-free. Conclusions Laparoscopic anterior resection with sphincter preservation by transanal telescopic anastomosis for low rectal cancer is feasible and safe. Abdominal incision is minimal. However, the long-term outcomes require further investigation.     

Current experience and future directions of completely NOTES colorectal resection

Clinical implementation and widespread application of natural orifice translumenal surgery (NOTES) has been limited by the lack of specialized endoscopic equipment, which has prevented the ability to perform complex procedures including colorectal resections. Relative to other types of translumenal access, transanal NOTES using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) provides a stable platform for endolumenal and direct translumenal access to the peritoneal cavity, and specifically to the colon and rectum. Completely NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection using TEM, with or without transgastric endoscopic assistance, was demonstrated to be feasible and safe in a swine survival model. The same technique was successfully replicated in human cadavers using commercially available TEM, with endoscopic and laparoscopic instrumentation. This approach also permitted complete rectal mobilization with total mesorectal excision to be performed completely transanally. As in the swine model, transgastric and/or transanal endoscopic assistance extended the length of proximal colon mobilized and overcame some of the difficulties with TEM dissection including limited endoscopic visualization and maladapted instrumentation. This extensive laboratory experience with NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection served as the basis for the first human NOTES transanal rectal cancer excision using TEM and laparoscopic assistance. Based on this early clinical experience, NOTES transanal approach using TEM holds significant promise as a safe and substantially less morbid alternative to conventional colorectal resection in the management of benign and malignant colorectal diseases. Careful patient selection and substantial improvement in NOTES instrumentation are critical to optimize this approach prior to widespread clinical application, and may ultimately permit completely NOTES transanal colorectal resection.     

Transanal approach after preoperative imatinib treatment of a rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors with external anal sphincter invasion: A case report

Introduction and importanceRectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, and preserving anorectal function can be challenging. We report the case of a patient with rectal GIST with external anal sphincter invasion, treated via the laparoscopic and transanal approaches.Case presentationA 61-year-old man with locally advanced GIST in the right anterolateral wall of the lower rectum was examined. Lower endoscopy revealed a 50-mm submucosal tumor located 4 cm from the anal verge. On immunohistochemistry, the biopsy specimen tested positive for CD34 and C-KIT, and the patient was diagnosed with GIST. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed external anal sphincter infiltration. Because of the large tumor size and proximity to the anal verge, preserving the anus was challenging, and colorectal resection was avoided. Instead, neoadjuvant therapy with imatinib was administered to facilitate local resection of the tumor. Post-treatment MRI showed a reduction in tumor size (30 × 20 × 30 mm), and surgery was performed. We identified an appropriate resection line for diplomatic sphincter resection of the infiltrated area by laparoscopy alone. Thus, we performed a hybrid surgery using the laparoscopic and transanal approaches. The patient had an unremarkable postoperative course and was discharged on postoperative day 23.Clinical discussionNo study has reported cases of rectal GIST with external anal sphincter invasion wherein anal function was preserved. Here, imatinib was administered preoperatively, and hybrid surgery was performed using the transanal and laparoscopic approaches.ConclusionPreoperative treatment and surgery preserved anorectal function in a patient with a massive rectal GIST.     

TaTME approach as a rescue during a laparoscopic TME for high rectal cancer. A case report

Introduction and importanceIn the last years, transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) has been described in rectal cancer treatment, especially in challenging patients, difficulties in pelvic exposure and limitations of instrumentation improving not only dissection but also the preservation of autonomic pelvic nerves and the achievement of a restorative procedure.Here we report a case report of anterior laparoscopic rectal resection for adenocarcinoma of the high-mid rectum converted to transanal approach.Case presentationA 69-year-old male presented hepatic nodules during radiological follow-up for prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy (70 Gy). The biopsy of the lesion demonstrated the presence of a metastatic lesion of an adenocarcinoma, with suspected intestinal origin. Then, we perform an endoscopic examination, which showed the presence of a rectal lesion, which cause a bowel stenosis extended from the middle part to the upper part of the rectum.After chemoradiotherapy, an anterior rectal resection was performed. During surgery we could not perform the resection of the rectum due the thickness and fibrosis of the tissue, despite we used different branded mechanical stapler. So, we decided to complete the surgical treatment starting a TaTME procedure with resolution of the problem.Clinical discussionTaTME is a relatively new technique that had already become a valid option in the treatment of low rectal cancer, and, nowadays, also in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. As reported in literature, this technique has a number of advantages, especially in narrow pelvis and it is very useful in low rectal surgery.ConclusionThis case report aims to describe the possible use of TaTME procedure as a rescue also when this approach is not the first choice.     

腹部无辅助切口腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的效果分析

目的探讨腹部无辅助切口完全腹腔镜下经肛门直肠外翻拖出式直肠癌根治术的手术方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年6月采用腹腔镜手术治疗的低位/超低位直肠癌患者87例,其中22例患者采用最新的腹部无辅助切口完全腹腔镜下经肛门直肠外翻拖出式直肠癌根治术治疗(无辅助切口组)、采用传统腹腔镜手术方法治疗65例(传统组),对比两组的手术效果。数据分析采用SAS 10.0软件处理,围手术期指标采用均数±标准差(x珋±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验;总生存率、复发率、并发症率比较采用χ2检验;P值0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果无辅助切口组患者的手术出血量、胃肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间、住院费用均显著的低于传统组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者的清扫淋巴结数目、手术时间、术后并发症率、排便习惯改变率、2年生存率、2年复发率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹部无辅助切口完全腹腔镜下经肛门直肠外翻拖出式直肠癌根治术与传统腹腔镜手术的效果无差异,但是具有手术创伤更小、术后恢复更快的优势。     

Palliation for rectal cancer. Resection? Anastomosis?

There is no agreement regarding the proper management of patients with advanced carcinoma of the rectum. We performed a study to clarify whether palliative resection with or without primary anastomosis is worthwhile and safe. Among 679 patients managed for cancer of the rectum, 125 were considered incurable and underwent palliative procedures. High and low anterior resections were performed in nine and 57 cases, respectively, abdominoperineal resection in 26, Hartmann's procedure in three, simple diverting colostomy in 17, and transanal excision in 13. The overall postoperative mortality rate was 0.8%. Postoperative morbidity was 18% in abdominal operations and none in local excisions. Among patients treated by abdominal resections, only one required subsequent reoperation for colonic obstruction secondary to local recurrence. The median survival was 6.4 months for patients treated by diverting colostomy, 14.8 months for abdominally resected cases, and 14.7 months for transanal excisions. We conclude that palliative resection, often with primary anastomosis or local transanal excision, can be done safely in patients with incurable rectal cancer. We believe this approach improves the quality of the remaining life for these patients.     

Functional outcome after sphincter excision for ultralow rectal cancer

This article shows a prospective study investigating bowel function after transanal rectal resection with internal and external sphincterectomy for low rectal cancer. Eight patients underwent standard low anterior resection with colonic J-pouch anal anastomosis (LARJ), and eight patients underwent transanal rectal resection with internal and external sphincter resection (IESR). Manometry, manovolumetry, transit time study, and a questionnaire were performed before and after the operation. Six and 12 months after the operation, maximum resting pressure and squeezing pressure were significantly lower in IESR group than in LARJ group, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of constant sensation, maximum tolerable volume, or neorectal compliance. Although the functional score of the IESR group remained low at 6 months after the operation in comparison with the LARJ group, it improved at 12 months after the operation. Transanal rectal resection with internal and external sphincterectomy showed usefulness in preserving bowel function and avoiding permanent colostomy.     

Delayed transanal repair of persistent coloanal anastomotic leak in diverted patients after resection for rectal cancer

Aim Anastomotic leakage is a feared complication of colorectal surgery and can be devastating in low pelvic anastomosis. With the advent of nonoperative treatments for leakage, the question of management of persistent low colorectal and coloanal anastomosis arises. A review of patients who have undergone transanal repair of anastomotic leakage is presented. Method A review of all anastomoses performed in the Division of Colorectal surgery at two institutions, from January 2000 to June 2008, was performed. Anastomotic leakage was defined as the finding at reoperation of a dehiscence, or radiographic findings of extravasation from the anastomosis, or the identification of intra‐abdominal abscess formation at the site of the anastomosis, enterocutaneous fistula or rectovaginal fistula. Patients who underwent transanal repair of the leakage were identified. Results There were 663 low anterior resections performed during the study period. Of these, 36 experienced leakage of a low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. Of these 36 patients, five underwent transanal repair of the anastomotic leak. All had had a low anterior resection for rectal cancer (coloanal = 4; low colorectal anastomosis = 1). Four had had prior chemoradiation and ileostomy defunctioning at the initial operation. The fifth had an ileostomy created to treat a leak. Six transanal repairs were performed, including endorectal advancement flap (n = 3), dermal flap (n = 1), direct suture repair (n = 1) and debridement of an infected cavity (n = 1). At the time of the present assessment, four patients had undergone reversal of ileostomy after radiographic evidence of complete healing and the fifth patient has a persistent leak. Conclusion Transanal repair of a persistent low colorectal or coloanal anastomotic leakage is feasible in selected cases, even when chemoradiation has been performed.     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术的临床应用价值.方法 2009年6月～ 2011年9月,对45例低位直肠癌行腹腔镜经肛拖出切除吻合术,均行腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除,并行预防性回肠造瘘.结果 45例均完成手术,无中转开腹,切割圈均完整,无输尿管损伤.手术时间185 ～ 260 min,平均215 min,术中出血量50 ～250 ml,平均110ml.切除淋巴结15 ～ 20枚,平均16.5枚,术后病理9例有阳性淋巴结.术后回肠造瘘排气时间3～5d,平均3.5d,留置导尿3～4d.术后无切口感染、肠粘连、切口裂开,术后住院时间12～ 17 d,平均15 d.随访15～28个月,平均23个月,未发现局部复发及远处转移.回肠造瘘回纳后,肛门控便、控气功能良好.结论 腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术安全可行,为瘤体较小、组织学分型好的早、中期的低位直肠癌提供一种较好的术式选择.