《医学图像处理》课程建设的实践

作为上海市重点建设课程、上海市精品课程（候选）和上海理工大学医学影像工程专业的核心课程,加强医学图像处理的课程建设对培养合格的医学影像工程专业人才具有重要意义。本文针对医学影像工程专业的特点及发展趋势,就如何进行医学图像处理的课程建设进行了深层思考,并提出了比较详细和可行的课程建设规划。在本文中,我们从教材建设,教学大纲的改革,教学内容的改革,包括理论教学和实验教学两部分的改革,教学方法的改革,学生科技创新项目建设,课程网站建设,师资队伍建设与规划等方面对我们在医学图像处里课程建设的实践进行了详细的总结。从我们的医学图像处理课程建设和专业建设的实践及工作过程中的调研来看,当前医学影像工程专业的人才需求非常旺盛,作为一门交叉学科,医学图像处理课程具有不同于其他传统学科专业建设的特点,从实践过程中探讨这一专业的成熟建设方法和内容将会很好的推动该学科的快速发展,并使之与社会需求条件紧密结合起来。     

解剖结构及手术插图课程实践及体会

医学插图作为一种重要的视觉传达方式,在医学出版物中扮演重要的作用。医学插图专业强,专业人员插画技能培养和训练非常重要。3年前,作者在国内首次开设医学插画这门课程,经过摸索与探讨,不断完善课程的教学方法,获得体会。现将教学过程、教学内容及教学思考做一次总结分析,帮助大家尽可能明确了解手术插图课程的基本教学思路和实践成果。     

医学放射生物学课程教学实践

医学物理的教育理念打破学科界限，医学放射生物学作为交叉学科间的桥梁课，在医学物理专业教学中起着至关重要的作用。本文针对医学物理的专业特点和培养目标，提出医学放射生物学课程建设做到理论课、实验课与实践课相结合。课程教学中强调教学内容新颖、因材施教、教材建设科学规范。     

地方高等医学院校临床专业医学基础课程现状及改革策略

医学课程体系改革是医学教育目前面临的最重要课题之一,在医学教育改革与发展中处于非常的重要地位。作为医学教育中的基础医学教育,是为学生后继临床学习打基础的阶段。因而作为地方高等医学院校的基础医学院也面临着一个课题,即如何优化医学基础课程设置和结构,改革教学内容,教学方法,紧密结合地方高等医学院校功能定位设置课程。本文试图在分析地方高等医学院校临床专业医学基础课程存在的主要问题,提出地方医学院校临床专业基础医学课程改革的策略。     

专业背景下的课程教学方法研究

不同于中小学的通识教育,大学注重专业教育。大学课程的设置主要以培养具有专业理论和技术的专门人才为目标。不同专业设置同一门课程的目的和角度有一定的差别。对基础课程的教学需要体现专业特色。本文以生物医学工程专业的“信号与系统”课程为例,探讨专业背景下的课程教学方法。本专业的特点是医学与工程技术结合,将工程技术应用于解决医学问题。作为一门基础课程,“信号与系统”对生物医学工程专业学生后续课程的学习和专业素质的培养起着重要的作用。在教学当中,需要适当补充应用于医学研究中的信号与系统实例。根据生物医学工程专业信号与系统课程教学的特点,分析了如何利用与医学密切相关的信号分析实例上好绪论课,合理安排教学计划与内容。阐述了如何以学生容易理解的方式讲解重点难点内容。探讨了利用启发式教学提高学生分析能力的方法。将医学信号分析融入课程实验,强调了Matlab在培养学生知识运用能力方面的重要性。最后,讨论了传统教学与多媒体教学的优缺点。     

医学专科人体解剖学课程的教学改革与实践

现代医学教育改革对基础医学课程的教学产生了很大的影响,尤其是三年制医学专科层次的人体解剖学课程受到的冲击最大。因此,三年制医学专科层次人体解剖学课程的教学内容、知识结构和教学方法都必须进行相应的调整。本文就医学专科人体解剖学课程的教学目的、教材建设、教学内容、实验教学和考试命题等方面的教学改革进行了初步探索与尝试。     

专业特色突出的医学基础实验教学体系的构建及实践

<正>医学实践教学是理论教学的支撑和延伸,是以能力培养为目的的医学专业教育的核心部分。基础实验教学是医学实践教学的一个重要组成,其核心和任务是培养和训练生物医学基本技能、科学思维和分析能力以及科学探索精神;引导学生树立严谨的科学作风,学习正确的基本技能。目前国内各医学专业基础实验教学,已经普遍得到重视,各个医学院校经过系统的改革,课程建设体系和教学内容、教学方法等得到了很大程度的改善,但由于各方面原因,基础实验课程专业特色     

调整课程设置 优化教学内容 培养医学物理专业人才

目的：通过对泰山医学院放射学院医学物理学专业建设内容进行详细阐述,展开对医学物理专业本科人才培养模式的探索,以期为我国医学物理本科人才培养提供一定的实践经验。方法：从医学物理学专业设置的历史背景出发,对人才培养方案、理论教学体系、实践教学体系、就业质量等方面的建设与取得的成果及建设特色进行详细的阐述。结果：通过修订教学计划、更新课程体系、优化教学内容、丰富教学方法,对人才培养方案、理论教学体系、实践教学体系进行调整与优化。结论：泰山医学院放射学院在＂医学物理人才培养方案与课程设置＂方面进行了有益的探索,增强了实践教学体系建设,提高了学生的实践动手能力,取得了一定的经验和成就,本科生的培养质量明显提高。     

促进医学遗传学教学改革提高教学质量

南昌大学医学院在《医学遗传学》教学实践和教学改革中,在师资培养、课程设置、教学内容、教学方法和考试方法等各个方面,探索提高.教学质量,培养高素质的医学人才。     

启发艺术在人体解剖学课堂教学中的应用

人体解剖学是医学各专业的入门、主干课程,是培养医学生医学形态学基本理论与基本技能的重要途径,是学习其他医学课程的基础。该课程的特点是专业名词多,知识容量大,枯燥,难记。教师要上好这门课,除了要熟练掌握本学科知识外,还要特别注意讲课时的启发。笔者以"女性生殖系统"为例,就启发艺术在中等医学职业教育人体解剖学课堂教学中的应用谈点体会。     

Cutaneous silent period in human FDI motor units

In this study, we aimed to use both the probability-based and the frequency-based analyses methods simultaneously to examine cutaneous silent period (CSP) induced by strong electrical currents. Subjects were asked to contract their first dorsal interosseus muscles so that one motor unit monitored via intramuscular wire electrodes discharged at a rate of approximately 8 Hz. Strong electrical stimuli were delivered to the back of the hand that created a subjective discomfort level of between 4 and 7 [0–10 visual analogue scale] and induced cutaneous silent period in all units. It was found that the duration of the CSP was significantly longer when the same data were analysed using frequency-based analysis method compared with the probability-based methods. Frequency-based analysis indicated that the strong electrical stimuli induce longer lasting inhibitory currents than what was indicated using the probability-based analyses such as surface electromyogram and peristimulus time histogram. Usage of frequency-based analysis for bringing out the synaptic activity underlying CSP seems essential as its characteristics have been subject to a large number of studies in experimental and clinical settings.     

Image reconstruction of anisotropic conductivity tensor distribution in MREIT: computer simulation study

We describe a novel method of reconstructing images of an anisotropic conductivity tensor distribution inside an electrically conducting subject in magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT). MREIT is a recent medical imaging technique combining electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce conductivity images with improved spatial resolution and accuracy. In MREIT, we inject electrical current into the subject through surface electrodes and measure the z-component Bz of the induced magnetic flux density using an MRI scanner. Here, we assume that z is the direction of the main magnetic field of the MRI scanner. Considering the fact that most biological tissues are known to have anisotropic conductivity values, the primary goal of MREIT should be the imaging of an anisotropic conductivity tensor distribution. However, up to now, all MREIT techniques have assumed an isotropic conductivity distribution in the image reconstruction problem to simplify the underlying mathematical theory. In this paper, we firstly formulate a new image reconstruction method of an anisotropic conductivity tensor distribution. We use the relationship between multiple injection currents and the corresponding induced Bz data. Simulation results show that the algorithm can successfully reconstruct images of anisotropic conductivity tensor distributions. While the results show the feasibility of the method, they also suggest a more careful design of data collection methods and data processing techniques compared with isotropic conductivity imaging.     

Finite-element method in electrical impedance tomography

In electrical impedance tomography (EIT), current patterns are injected into a subject and boundary voltages are measured to reconstruct a cross-sectional image of resistivity distribution. Static EIT image reconstruction requires a computer model of a subject, an efficient data-collection method and robust and fast reconstruction algorithms. The finite-element method is used as the computer model. The paper describes the finite-element analysis software package developed, including an interactive graphical mesh generator and fast algorithms for solving linear systems of equations using sparse-matrix and vector techniques. Various models of irregularly shaped subjects are developed using mesh-design tools, including automatic mesh generation and optimisation using the Delaunay algorithm. Even though the software package is customised for use in electrical impedance tomography, it can be used for other biomedical research areas, such as impedance cardiography, cardiac defibrillation and impedance pneumography.     

电穿孔疗法用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展

近年来，电工技术已广泛用于生物医学工程研究中，而将脉冲电场用于肿瘤治疗的研究横跨生物医学工程、电工新技术、计算机技术和微电子技术等领域，是一门新兴的边缘学科。国内外的专家对在脉冲电场作用下细胞膜发生电穿孔的现象进行了深入的研究与临床试验，研究结果表明细胞膜电穿孔能促进化疗药物的运送，从而有效提高了化疗药物的杀伤力。研究者们还大量地探索了高 电场强度的陡脉冲促使肿瘤细胞发生不可逆性电击穿（IREB）而最终死亡等现象的研究。     

Numerical analysis of recurrence plots to detect effect of environmental-strength magnetic fields on human brain electrical activity

Environmental magnetic fields may activate the neuroendocrine stressor system leading to some human diseases. The stressor theory predicts that the fields can trigger changes in brain electrical activity, like known stressors. We exposed subjects to 1 and 5 μT, 60 Hz while recording electroencephalograms (EEGs) from six derivations, and used a novel method based on numerical analysis of recurrence plots computed from the signals to detect brain electrical potentials evoked by onset and/or offset of the field. The EEGs were also analyzed using linear methods (time averaging). Evoked potentials occurred in all 22 subjects (family-wise error rate less than 0.05 for each subject); the average latency was 250 ms, as expected based on earlier studies using stronger magnetic fields. Field-induced changes in brain electrical activity were not found using time averaging. Control procedures and measurements obtained from electrical phantoms reasonably excluded recording artifacts or chance as explanations for the effects. Onset and offset of magnetic fields produced immediate changes in brain electrical activity, suggesting that the fields were detected by sensory transduction, like ordinary somatic stressors.     

Skeletal muscle function in man: force, relaxation rate, endurance and contraction time-dependence on sex and age

Two different methods for estimating muscle function were compared; hand grip strength (HGS) and adductor pollicis muscle function after electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Fifty-two 'normal' subjects, who were divided into four groups, according to sex and age, were investigated. Technical modifications of the latter method are presented for the measurement of human skeletal muscle function, independent of the motivation of the subject. Maximal voluntary force, as measured with a hand dynamometer, was higher in males than in females. Young males were stronger than males over 50 years old, and young females were stronger than old women. The statistical analysis of the muscle function variables after electrical stimulation showed that young females developed relatively more force at low stimulating frequencies than females over 50 years old. Females had a significantly longer contraction time to tetany compared to males. The relaxation rate after tetanic stimulation was independent of sex and age. Endurance was reduced in old males compared to females in the same age-group and to young males.     

Medical student appraisal of interactive computer-assisted learning programs embedded in a general pathology course

Computer-assisted learning programs (CALs) were embedded in a course on general pathology for medical students at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. Students' reactions to the programs were evaluated. Students completed written questionnaires and were interviewed and observed as they used the CALs. Students liked the CALs and felt that they were integrated with other parts of their teaching and aided them in understanding the subject material. Different question styles were variably appreciated. The most useful aspects of the CALs were the interactive parts (questions and answers), summaries, pictures, learning at the individual's own pace, and question practice, especially with MCQs. Students found the CALs an effective learning tool, particularly when linked with other course components as a complement to, rather than a replacement for, other learning methods.     

How is electrical stimulation of the brain experienced,and how can we tell? Selected considerations on sensorimotor function and speech

ABSTRACT

Electrical stimulation of the nervous system is a powerful tool for localizing and examining the function of numerous brain regions. Delivered to certain regions of the cerebral cortex, electrical stimulation can evoke a variety of first-order effects, including observable movements or an urge to move, or somatosensory, visual, or auditory percepts. In still other regions the subject may be oblivious to the stimulation. Often overlooked, however, is whether the subject is aware of the stimulation, and if so, how the stimulation is experienced by the subject. In this review of how electrical stimulation has been used to study selected aspects of sensorimotor and language function, we raise questions that future studies might address concerning the subjects’ second-order experiences of intention and agency regarding evoked movements, of the naturalness of evoked sensory percepts, and of other qualia that might be evoked in the absence of an overt first-order experience.     

《医用仪器电气安全技术课程设计》教学改革探讨

该文论述了医用仪器电气安全技术课程设计教学改革的必要性和重要性,阐述了课程设计的内容和的特色,提出了目前课程内容教学中存在的问题及相应对策。教学与科研相结合,以学校为基础、医院为辅助的特色教学基地,以及以小组为主体的"绩效"考核评估方式等三个方面探讨课程设计改革的内容和成效,说明教学过程中课程设计对培养学生实际动手能力有着积极作用。     

Development of instruction in hospital electrical safety for medical education

Although hospital electrical safety is receiving increased attention in the literature of engineers, it is not, at present, reflected in the curricula of medical schools. A possible reason for this omission is that biomedical and/or clinical engineers knowledgeable in electrical safety are not usually trained to teach. One remedy for this problem is to combine the knowledge of engineers with that of instructional developers to design a systematic curriculum for a course in hospital electrical safety. This paper describes such an effort at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA). A biomedical engineer and an instructional developer designed an instructional module in hospital electrical safety; the engineer taught the module, and both evaluated the results. The process and outcome of their collaboration are described. This model was effectively applied in the classroom as a four-hour segment in hospital electrical safety for first-year medical students at UTHSCSA. It is hoped that an additional benefit of this system will be that it offers an opportunity for continuing improvement in this kind of instruction at other medical schools and hospitals.