Mtwo根管预备系统根管治疗约诊间痛的临床分析

目的:采用Mtwo根管预备系统进行根管预备,观察约诊间痛的情况,探讨发生约诊间痛的影响因素。方法:选取临床因龋病或隐裂引起牙髓炎的患者共97例,其中男37例,女60例,年龄15～62岁。随机分为2组,机动组采用Mtwo根管预备系统,手动组采用不锈钢K锉预备根管。比较2组术后患牙约诊间痛的情况。采用SPSS13.0软件包中的非参数Mann-Whitney U检验进行2组间疼痛情况比较,采用Fisher精确χ2检验比较2组约诊间痛发生率。结果:采用Mtwo机动预备系统的约诊间痛发生率显著低于K锉常规法(P=0.027)。结论:与手动不锈钢K锉相比,Mtwo机动根管预备系统可以降低根管预备后约诊间疼痛的发生率。     

逐步后退法和逐步深入法根管预备后约诊间痛发生的比较

目的 比较2种根管预备方法约诊间痛的发生情况。方法 对144例患者的23l颗患牙分别采用逐步后退法和逐步深入法进行根管预备，观察各自约诊间疼痛的发生情况。结果活髓牙中，分别有14．7％(逐步后退法组)和13．1％(逐步深入法组)发生约诊间痛，两组间无显著性差异。死髓牙中，分别有28．0％(逐步后退法组)和15．5％(逐步深入法组)发生约诊间痛，逐步后退法组明显高于逐步深入法组。结论 对死髓牙患者，采用逐步深入法进行根管预备可以减少约诊间痛的发生。     

不同处理步骤对根管治疗诊间及术后疼痛的影响

目的观察不同根管治疗方法处理患牙后诊间急症和根充后疼痛的发生率。方法选择200例40岁以上患者共200颗牙髓坏死的磨牙随机分为A、B、C、D、E组,分别按照不同的根管治疗处理步骤进行治疗,A组开放2 d,封药1周,再行根管预备、根管充填;B组开放2 d,根管预备后封药1周,再行根管充填;C组开髓、拔髓后封药1周,根管预备后封药1周,再行根管充填;D组开髓、拔髓后封药1周,再行根管预备、根管充填;E组开髓、拔髓、根管预备后封药1周,再行根管充填。观察5组的约诊间疼痛和根充后疼痛的发生情况。结果 A、B组均未发生诊间痛,C、D组先行开髓,拔髓后诊间痛发生率最高分别为20.0%和22.5%,其中D组最高。结论对于易发生诊间疼痛和根充后疼痛的患者及患牙先行开放2 d,再行根管治疗可有效减少诊间急症和根充后疼痛的发生。     

两种根管预备方法对根管治疗约诊间痛的临床观察

目的：探讨两种根管预备方法对约诊痛的影响。方法：对246个患牙（其中活髓牙141个,死髓牙105个）,随机分为逐步后退法组126个牙,采用不锈钢K锉逐步后退法进行根管预备;逐步深入法组120个患牙采用Pro—Taper手用锉逐步深入法进行根管预备,比较两种预备方法约诊间疼痛的发生情况。结果：活髓牙中,逐步后退法组有16．9％,逐步深入法组有10％的患牙发生约诊间痛,两组间差异无显著性;死髓牙中,逐步后退法组有32％、逐步深入法组有12％的患牙发生约诊间痛,逐步后退法明显高于逐步深入法。结论：对死髓牙,采用ProTaper手用锉逐步深入法预备根管可以减少根管治疗约诊间痛的发生。     

K3根管预备系统根管预备后发生约诊间痛的临床分析

目的：采用K3根管预备系统进行根管预备,观察约诊间痛的情况,探讨发生约诊间痛的影响因素。方法临床选取因龋病或隐裂引起牙髓炎的患者共138例,其中男65例,女73例,年龄18~66岁。随机分成2组,分别采用大锥度K3机用镍钛器械（实验组）和02锥度手用不锈钢K锉（对照组）预备,比较2组根管预备后,患牙约诊间痛（EIAP）发生的情况。结果采用K3机动预备系统预备的患牙约诊间痛发生率显著低于K锉常规法（P=0.02）,两组差异有统计学意义。其中,多根管患牙在2组的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,单根管患牙无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论与手动不锈钢K锉相比,K3机动根管预备系统可以降低根管预备后约诊间疼痛的发生率。     

调(牙合)对根管预备后疼痛的影响

目的 研究调(牙合)对于根管预备后疼痛的影响,寻找对于调(牙合)这一治疗措施比较敏感的症状和体征.方法 150例需进行根管治疗的磨牙病例,随机分成3组:调(牙合)组、非功能尖调(牙合)组和空白对照组.术后就根管预备后疼痛情况完成问卷调查.X<'2>检验,分析3组疼痛程度有无差异,并按照患者术前体征和症状的不同,分析不同条件下3组间的疼痛差异.结果 调(牙合)组和非功能尖调(牙合)组及空白对照组间疼痛差异有统计学意义.在患牙存在叩痛、自发痛、根尖无透射区和活髓牙的条件下,调(牙合)组与其他两组的疼痛差异有统计学意义.结论 调(牙合)能够减少患牙根管预备后疼痛的发生.对于调殆这一治疗措施较为敏感的术前因素包括叩痛、自发痛、根尖无透射区和活髓.     

Incidence and Related Factors Associated with Postpreparation Pain after Intracanal Procedures in a Dental Teaching Hospital

目的:了解根管预备后疼痛发生率,并对一些可能与疼痛发生有关的因素进行分析.方法:选取2001年7月至2002年2月间武汉大学口腔医院牙体牙髓科完成的非一次法根管治疗纪录表,将相关信息输入计算机后作Chi-square test和logistic回归分析.结果:根管预备后疼痛发生率为11.5%.单因素分析和logistic回归发现身体状况、年龄、牙位于上颌或下颌、术前有无叩痛及牙髓活力为影响疼痛发生率的主要因素.结论:根管预备术后疼痛发生率较低;根管预备术后疼痛发生率受多种因素影响.     

不同预备方法对根管预备后约诊间痛的影响

目的　评价不同预备方法预备根管对约诊间痛(EIAE)发生率的影响。方法　临床选取前磨牙103颗,随机分成两组,分别采用冠-根向法(大锥度K3机用镍钛器械,实验组)和常规法（02锥度手用不锈钢器械,对照组）预备,比较两组根管预备后,患牙约诊间痛(EIAE)发生的情况。结果　实验组根管预备后EIAE发生率为7.55%,对照组为 22.00%,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论　冠-根向预备法比常规法能有效降低EIAE的发生。     

调对根管预备后疼痛的影响

目的研究调对于根管预备后疼痛的影响,寻找对于调这一治疗措施比较敏感的症状和体征。方法150例需进行根管治疗的磨牙病例,随机分成3组:调组、非功能尖调组和空白对照组。术后就根管预备后疼痛情况完成问卷调查。χ2检验,分析3组疼痛程度有无差异,并按照患者术前体征和症状的不同,分析不同条件下3组间的疼痛差异。结果调组和非功能尖调组及空白对照组间疼痛差异有统计学意义。在患牙存在叩痛、自发痛、根尖无透射区和活髓牙的条件下,调组与其他两组的疼痛差异有统计学意义。结论调能够减少患牙根管预备后疼痛的发生。对于调这一治疗措施较为敏感的术前因素包括叩痛、自发痛、根尖无透射区和活髓。     

根管治疗中一次法和多次法对术后疼痛的影响

目的:采用Mtwo根管预备系统进行根管预备,观察一次法根管治疗和多次法根管治疗术后疼痛的发生情况,探讨根管治疗术后疼痛的影响因素。方法:选择212例患者的212例患牙,随机分为2组,A组为一次性完成根管治疗,B组分次完成根管预备和根管充填,所有组内患牙均使用Mtwo根管预备系统进行根管预备,并于每次术后询问治疗后的疼痛情况,采用SPSS13.0软件包中的非参数Mann-Whitney U检验和χ2检验进行两组间疼痛情况的比较。结果:采用Mtwo根管预备系统进行根管预备,一次法完成根管治疗术后疼痛发生率(6.88%)和多次法完成根管治疗术后疼痛发生率(15.08%)没有显著性差异。结论:采用Mtwo根管预备系统进行根管预备后,一次法完成根管治疗和多次法完成根管治疗术后疼痛发生率相同,2组根管治疗术后疼痛均表现为无疼痛或轻度疼痛。     

Cross-sectional evaluation of post-operative pain and flare-ups in endodontic treatments using a type of rotary instruments

Abstract

Aim. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the general incidence of post-operative pain and flare-ups in patients who were endodontically treated by two endodontics specialists using rotary instruments (Hero 642, Micro Mega, France) with the same treatment protocol. Methods. Records of 382 teeth belonging to 268 patients treated by two endodontics specialists during a 6-month period were kept and evaluated. Post-operative pain between treatment visits was categorized using a pre-established scoring system. Ninety-five patients were males, whereas 173 were females. Results. Pulpal necrosis without periapicalpathosiswas determined as the most common indication for endodontic treatment (21.7%) followed by irreversible pulpitis and re-treatment without periapical lesions (18.3%, 18.3%, respectively). The general prevalence of post-operative pain and flare-ups was determined as 8.1%, whereas cases that could be classified as real flare-ups which were severe and required an unscheduled visit (scores 2 and 3) comprised 3.4% of the cases. No statistically significant correlation was determined between gender and post-operative pain and flare-up (p = 0.05). There was a significant correlation between number of appointments and the presence of pain and flare-ups. Teeth undergoing multiple visits had a higher risk of developing post-operative pain and flare-ups compared to those with single appointments with a statistical significance (p = 0.03). Conclusions. Teeth with pre-operative pain were more prone to developingpost-operative pain and discomfort with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.02). While no significant correlation was determined between tooth vitality and pain and flare-ups (p = 0.5), a statistically significant relationship existed between the presence of a periapicalpathosisand post-operative pain and flare-ups. Cases with a periapical lesion had a higher risk of developingpain and flare-upscompared to those with no periapical involvement (p = 0.0001). Future studies may focus on the influence of rotary instrumentation systems in more specific groups of cases. Meanwhile; microbiological as well as psychological aspects of flare-ups are topics that warrant further investigation.     

Factors associated with endodontic flare-ups: a prospective study

The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the incidence of flare-ups (a severe problem requiring an unscheduled visit and treatment) among patients who received endodontic treatment by the two authors in their respective practices during a period of one year, and also to examine the correlation with pre-operative and operative variables. The results showed an incidence of 1.58% for flare-ups from 1012 endodontically treated teeth. Statistical analysis using the chisquare test (P<0.05) indicated that flare-ups were found to be positively correlated with multiple appointments, retreatment cases, periradicular pain prior to treatment, presence of radiolucent lesions, and patients taking analgesic or anti-inflammatory drugs. In contrast, there was no correlation between flare-up, and age, sex, different arch/tooth groups and the status of the pulp.     

Post-operative pain and use of analgesic agents following various dental procedures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and duration of post-operative pain and the use of analgesic agents in adults with regard to gender, type of injection, dental procedure performed, and tooth history. METHODS: Frequency and duration of post-operative pain and use of analgesic agents were examined in 255 patients, aged 18-42 years, who received routine dental treatment, including amalgam and composite restorations, root canal treatment (instrumentation), root canal filling (obturation), posts, and extractions. Teeth were anesthetized by either local infiltration (for maxillary teeth) or inferior alveolar nerve block (for mandibular teeth). Information regarding post-operative pain and use of analgesic agents was obtained though a phone call, 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS: The overall incidence of post-operative pain was 40.4% (103 patients) of whom 36.9% (38 patients) reported a low level of pain. Pain-relieving medication was used by 32% of the patients who reported post-operative pain (12.9% of the population). Incidence and severity of post-operative pain were significantly correlated with specific dental treatment: the highest after root canal filling (52.8%, 21% reported a low level of pain) and lowest after restorations (36.1%, 42.4% reported a low level of pain). Post-operative pain was reported more often by females (52.2%) than males (33.7%) (P= 0.012). Incidence of post-operative pain was not correlated with depth and extension of the restoration performed. However, the severity of post-operative pain as indicated by analgesic usage was more frequent following deep restorations (over 3 mm).     

Incidence and factors related to flare-ups in a graduate endodontic programme

Aim  To investigate the incidence and factors related to endodontic flare-ups in nonsurgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) cases completed by graduate endodontic residents at University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Methodology  Residents at University of Pennsylvania enter all clinical patient records into an electronic database called PennEndo database. Analysis of records of 6580 patients treated from September 2000 to July 2005 revealed a total of 26 patients with flare-ups (0.39%). Patients were categorized to have undergone flare-up when they attended for an unscheduled visit and active treatment, and when they suffered from severe pain and or swelling after initiation or continuation of NSRCT. SAS software was used to develop a logistic regression model with flare-up as a dependent variable. Independent variables included in the model were: history of previous pain, one vs. two visit NSRCT, periapical diagnosis, tooth type, rotary versus hand instrumentation, and lateral versus vertical compaction of gutta-percha.
Results  The odds for developing a flare-up in teeth with a periapical radiolucency were 9.64 times greater than teeth without a periapical radiolucency ( P  = 0.0090). There was no statistically significant difference in flare-ups between one and two visits NSRCT. The odds of developing a flare-up increased 40 fold when NSRCT was completed in three or more visits. However, this result may have been confounded by addition of an unscheduled visit in patients suffering from flare-ups. Other independent variables did not have any statistically significant correlations.
Conclusions  A low percentage of patients experienced flare-ups during NSRCT procedures. The presence of a periapical lesion was the single most important predictor of flare-ups during NSRCT.     

Flare-ups in endodontics and their relationship to various medicaments

The purpose of this research is to investigate the frequency of endodontic flare-ups using a visual analogue scale. Definitions of flare-ups vary widely as does their reported frequency. A flare-up was defined as an increase of 20 or more points on the visual analogue scale for a given tooth, within the periods of 4 h and 24 h after the initial treatment appointment. The data from a previous study were used to determine the incidence of flare-ups after using three modalities (Ledermix, calcium hydroxide and no medication) to manage patients presenting for relief of pain of endodontic origin. A statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in flare-up rates at both the 4-h and 24-h periods between the three modalities. Further research is required using the above definition of a flare-up and standardising treatment protocols.     

Interappointment emergencies in teeth with necrotic pulps

The incidence of interappointment emergencies in symptomatic and asymptomatic teeth with necrotic pulps was evaluated, and severity of flare-ups was determined by a quantitative method using a flare-up index. There were no significant differences in the incidence of flare-ups attributable to gender, age, diameter of lesion, taking analgesics, placebos, or no medication, or preoperative symptomatic or asymptomatic tooth diagnoses (p > 0.05). There were significantly more painful flare-ups in mandibular teeth than in maxillary (p < 0.05).     

Tooth exfoliation and necrosis of the crestal bone caused by the use of formocresol

A 68-year-old woman received a formocresol pulpectomy of the right lower lateral incisor. The temporary restoration was lost within hours. The next day, the patient suffered continuous pain, the gingiva sloughed, and the alveolar bone was exposed. Four days after treatment, the patient complained of moderate pain. Six days after the pulpectomy, the tooth spontaneously exfoliated. At this time she was referred to our hospital. The clinical diagnosis was chronic alveolitis. Treatment consisted of irrigation of the area. Three weeks after the pulpectomy, the dull pain had subsided, but the alveolar bone of the area showed increased mobility. Five weeks after the pulpectomy, the mobility of the alveolar bone was more significant and a sequestrectomy was performed with the patient under local anesthesia. The sequestrum of necrotic bone was approximately 10 x 5 x 5 mm in size. The patient has been symptom-free for 2 years since the sequestrectomy.     

心理干预加无痛麻醉对降低去髓术患者牙科焦虑症的疗效观察

目的:探讨减轻慢性牙髓炎患者去髓术治疗过程中牙科焦虑症(Dental anxiety,DA)的方法。方法:200例慢性牙髓炎患者,书面告知去髓术方法,疗效以及可能出现的并发症等后,随机分为4组。A组:在碧兰麻醉下行去髓术;B组:无痛麻醉(Single tooth anesthesia,STA)下行去髓术;C组:进行心理干预后在碧兰麻醉下行去髓术;D组:心理干预后在STA无痛麻醉下行去髓术。采用改良牙科焦虑量表(Modified dentalanxiety scale,MDAS)测量4组患者不同治疗时期DA水平的变化,并对去髓术治疗前后测量数据进行统计学分析。结果:复诊时4组患者的DA值均呈下降趋势,其中以D组下降最为明显,其次为B、C组。同一组内治疗前后DA值均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:心理干预与STA无痛麻醉同时应用可显著降低去髓术治疗中的牙科恐惧。