树鼩皮层局部脑缺血时海马细胞微环境及氨基酸含量动态变化的研究

目的：揭示血栓性脑缺血后，海马神经细胞微环境及其细胞外液兴奋性与抑制性氨基酸含量的动态变化，并探讨其相互关系及可能的机制。方法: 建立光化学反应诱导树鼩局部脑缺血模型，进行微灌流并收集海马细胞外液，用高效液相色谱-PITC衍生法和IL-1306型血气分析仪分别测量天冬氨酸（Asp）、谷氨酸（Glu）、甘氨酸（Gly）和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）含量和微环境相关指标pH值、PCO2、PO2和HCO3－的变化。结果: 局部脑缺血后，海马细胞外液中上述各种氨基酸的含量与对照组比均升高（P<0.01）；pH值、PO2、HCO3－均下降（P<0.01）；PCO2在6 h升高（P<0.05）。结论: 局部脑缺血后海马细胞外液氨基酸平衡紊乱参与了脑损伤的发生，氨基酸的代谢改变与缺血后细胞微环境的变化有关。     

TRAIL联合紫杉醇诱导胃腺癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡作用研究

目的:观察紫杉醇联合肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)诱导人胃腺癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡的作用及其协同作用机制。方法:将TRAIL、紫杉醇及TRAIL联合紫杉醇诱导SGC-7901细胞48小时,用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率和线粒体跨膜电位的改变;用MTT法检测SGC-7901细胞增殖反应;用免疫印迹(Westernblot)法检测TRAIL死亡受体DR4(TRAIL-R1)、DR5(TRAIL-R2)的表达变化。结果:TRAIL和/或紫杉醇对SGC-7901细胞增殖有抑制作用,两者联合用药组对细胞增殖的抑制率较单独用药明显增加(P<0.01);联合用药组细胞凋亡率较单独用药组明显增加(P<0.01);0.3μmol/L紫杉醇作用48小时后,DR4表达明显升高(P<0.05),而DR5表达没有明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:紫杉醇可协同TRAIL诱导SGC-7901细胞凋亡,DR4表达增加可能是其协同作用的机制。     

曲古抑菌素A通过上调原钙黏蛋白9表达抑制胃癌SGC-7901细胞迁移和侵袭

目的 探讨曲古抑菌素A（TSA）对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响,及其可能的分子机制。 方法 体外常规培养SGC-7901细胞至对数生长期,给予不同浓度TSA（5、10、20、40、80、160 nmol/L）处理48 h,采用细胞计数试剂盒（CCK-8）法检测细胞活力,脂质体介导法将人原钙黏蛋白9（PCDH9）真核表达质粒转染SGC-7901细胞并筛选出稳定表达的细胞系,Transwell实验检测迁移率和侵袭率,RT-PCR法检测PCDH9 mRNA表达水平,免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测PCDH9、Snail、E-钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）、基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）和MMP-9的蛋白表达水平。 结果 TSA在80 nmol/L以上时对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞活力有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）;而在较低浓度下（5～20 nmol/L）可剂量依赖性地抑制人胃癌SGC-7901细胞的迁移和侵袭能力（P<0.05）,下调Snail、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）,上调E-cadherin和PCDH9蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）,上调PCDH9 mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）;PCDH9高表达也可抑制SGC-7901细胞迁移和侵袭（P<0.05）,上调E-cadherin蛋白表达并下调Snail、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达（P<0.05）。 结论 TSA可在体外抑制胃癌SGC-7901细胞迁移和侵袭,这可能与其促进PCDH9基因表达,继而下调Snail、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达,上调E-cadherin蛋白表达有关。     

As2O3诱导胃癌细胞凋亡及细胞骨架改变病理学观察

目的观察As2O3对胃腺癌细胞株SGC-7901凋亡的诱导作用及凋亡细胞骨架的改变.方法选用不同剂量As2O3处理SGC-7901细胞,分不同时问组,应用MTT法、光镜、透射电镜、TUNEL法和FCM法检测As2O3对细胞生长影响及对凋亡的诱导作用,应用荧光染色在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察凋亡细胞F-actin和α-tubulin的结构.结果As2O3抑制该细胞株的生长,MTT法显示抑制程度具有时间和剂量效应关系.光镜及透射电镜观察发现2μmol/LAs2O3作用96 h后细胞数明显减少,并出现典型的凋亡形态.TUNEL法显示2 μmol/L As2O3作用后,凋亡细胞阳性率随时间延长而增加(P＜0.05),作用96h的阳性率为(7.33±1.83)%.FCA法显示2 μmol/LAs2O3作用96 h后细胞的凋亡率为8.48%,并出现凋亡峰.激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示在细胞凋亡过程中,F-actin和α-tubulin均发生解聚和重排.结论As2O3对胃癌细胞株SGC-7901具有抑制生长及诱导凋亡的作用.微丝和微管的改变在凋亡形态变化中起着重要的作用.     

胃癌细胞SGC-7901对骨髓来源的间充质干细胞作用的研究

目的 建立胃癌细胞SGC-7901与骨髓来源的间充质干细胞相互作用的体外模型,检测其对间充质干细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移能力的影响,分析处于肿瘤微环境中的间充质干细胞生物学特性的改变.方法 原代培养骨髓来源的间充质干细胞,传代培养胃癌细胞SGC-7901,建立间充质干细胞与胃癌细胞SGC-7901相互作用的体外模型,分析胃癌细胞SGC-7901对间充质干细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移能力的影响.结果 (1)胃癌细胞SGC-7901对间充质干细胞的增殖无影响(P>0.05).(2)胃癌细胞SGC-7901可显著提高间充质干细胞的侵袭及迁移能力(P<0.05).结论 胃癌细胞SGC-7901对间充质干细胞有很强的趋化性,但对其增殖并无影响.     

miR-181b靶向NDRG2对胃癌细胞SGC-7901侵袭迁移能力的影响

目的研究miR-181b靶向NDRG2对胃癌细胞SGC-7901侵袭迁移能力的影响。方法运用qPCR法检测miR-181b在胃癌及癌旁组织中的表达,运用Western blot法检测NDRG2在胃癌组织及癌旁正常组织中的表达,用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测miR-181b对NDRG2转录活性的影响,用Transwell实验检测过表达miR-181b对SGC-7901细胞侵袭迁移能力的影响,用Western blot法检测过表达miR-181b后SGC-7901细胞NDRG2的表达变化。结果与癌旁组织比较,胃癌组织miR-181b的表达明显升高,NDRG2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.01)。双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测结果显示,miR-181b可以直接调控NDRG2的转录活性。过表达miR-181b后,SGC-7901细胞的侵袭和转移能力明显升高,NDRG2的表达水平下调(P0.01)。结论 miR-181b可靶向NDRG2的表达调控SGC-7901细胞的侵袭迁移能力。     

小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂A2B通过调控PI3K/Akt通路诱导胃癌细胞凋亡

目的：探讨小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂A2B诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法：体外培养人胃癌SGC-7901细胞并加入2.5～160μmol/L梯度浓度的A2B分别干预24、48和72 h，利用CCK-8法检测细胞活力的半数抑制浓度（IC50），筛选出药物最适浓度。后续实验将SGC-7901细胞随机分为对照组（正常培养组）、溶剂组（含0.08%DMSO培养液处理）、A2B 10μmol/L实验组和A2B 20μmol/L实验组，每组每项实验均重复3次。利用EdU细胞染色实验和平板集落形成实验检测各组细胞增殖能力；Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测各组细胞凋亡率；线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒（JC-1染色法）检测各组细胞线粒体膜电位变化；Western blot检测各组细胞中表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)、细胞间充质-表皮转化因子（c-Met）、B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）、caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3、蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)和磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)蛋白的表达情况。结果：（...     

ABCC4表达与胃癌细胞增殖的相关性研究

目的 观察ABCC4(ATP-binding cassette,sub-family C member4)基因对胃癌细胞系SGC-7901增殖及凋亡的作用.方法 在胃癌细胞系SGC-7901中导入携带ABCC4的RNAi慢病毒载体,应用CELLOMICS检测细胞生长及克隆形成情况,采用流式细胞术检测细胞周期及细胞凋亡情况.结果 SGC-7901细胞经ABCC4基因RNAi有效靶点慢病毒(ABCC4 siRNA)感染后,SGC～7901细胞生长减慢,细胞周期发生改变,处于G1期的SGC7901细胞显著减少,(t=2.752,P＜0.05),处于G2/M期的SGC-7901细胞显著增加(t=2.973,P＜0.05),同时,细胞凋亡显著增加(t=3.068,P＜0.05),细胞克隆形成能力减弱(t=3.534,P＜0.05).结论 抑制ABCC4基因可以减缓SGC-7901细胞恶性增殖,促进凋亡.     

鳕鱼皮寡肽对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901增殖凋亡的影响及机制

目的 探讨鳕鱼皮寡肽（CSO）对人胃癌细胞（SGC-7901）的增殖影响。 方法 用不同浓度CSO处理体外培养的SGC-7901细胞后,荧光显微镜下观察细胞4’6-二脒 基-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）染色后细胞形态变化,应用CCK-8 实验检测细胞活力,免疫印迹法和流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期。 结果 CSO对SGC-7901细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,且并呈剂量、时间效应关系（P<0.05）。作用于SGC-7901胃癌细胞24 h、48 h和72 h的IC50分别是156.90 g/L、102.10 g/L、73.13 g/L。DAPI染色后发现,SGC-7901细胞随着CSO浓度增加可见大量的细胞核碎裂,荧光强烈。24h细胞凋亡率检测显示,细胞随着浓度的增加凋亡率呈上升趋势,表明CSO对SGC-7901呈浓度效应关系。细胞周期观察发现,SGC-7901细胞G₁期细胞数随着CSO浓度的增加而递增,而S/G₂期细胞随着浓度的细胞递降。Caspase-3、Caspase-9随着CSO浓度的逐渐增高表达上调,Bcl-2表达下调。 结论 鳕鱼皮寡肽能抑制人胃癌细胞（SGC-7901）增殖,诱导凋亡,抑癌机制可能与Caspase-3、Caspase-9上调和Bcl-2下调相关。     

熊果酸抑制人胃腺癌SGC-7901细胞系COX-2的表达

目的观察熊果酸(UA)对胃腺癌细胞SGC-7901环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达的影响。方法采用MTT法观察细胞增殖;Western blot法检测COX-2蛋白表达;放射免疫分析法观察细胞合成PGE2。结果UA可以抑制SGC-7901细胞的增殖,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;外源性PGE2并不能逆转UA的抑制增殖作用;UA可以降低细胞COX-2蛋白的表达,并呈浓度依赖性;UA可以抑制PGE2的合成,但该作用无浓度依赖性。结论UA通过抑制COX-2的表达、减少PGE2的合成抑制胃腺癌细胞SGC-7901的增殖,可能成为一种胃癌预防剂。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.