X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白和线粒体第二激活因子在锰诱导大鼠生精细胞凋亡蛋白酶表达中的调节作用

目的:研究氯化锰导致的大鼠生精细胞半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-9(caspase-9)及凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1(Apaf-1)表达中X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)和线粒体第二激活因子(Smac)的调节机制,探讨锰导致的雄性不育机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组,腹腔注射MnCl_2 4周和6周,免疫组织化学检测生精细胞caspase-9、Apaf-1、XIAP和Smac表达。结果:与对照组相比较,各组生精细胞caspase-9、Apaf-1和Smac表达均显著升高,XIAP表达降低。同时间的高剂量组与低剂量组比较,同剂量的6周组与4周组比较,生精细胞caspase-9、Apaf-1和Smac表达均显著升高,XIAP表达降低。各组caspase-9与Apaf-1表达呈正相关,XIAP与Smac表达呈负相关。结论:锰可促进生精细胞caspase-9、Apaf-1和Smac表达,抑制XIAP表达,导致细胞凋亡,产生雄性生殖毒性效应。     

染锰大鼠睾丸Caspase-9,Smac,Apaf-1和XIAP的表达

目的研究氯化锰导致的大鼠生精细胞caspase-9及Apaf-1表达中XIAP和Smac的调节机制,探讨锰导致的雄性不育机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组,氯化锰低剂量(15mg/kg MnCl_2)和氯化锰高剂量(30mg/kg MnCl_2)组,腹腔注射MnCl_24周和6周,免疫组织化学SABC法和Western blot检测生精细胞caspase-9、Apaf-1、XIAP和Smac表达。结果氯化锰组生精细胞caspase-9和Smac蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组,随时间和剂量增加而升高;而Apaf-1和XIAP蛋白表达水平则降低,并有时间和剂量依赖性。结论 caspase-9,Apaf-1,XIAP和Smac可能参与锰引起雄性生殖毒性的发病机制。     

染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡中caspase-3 mRNA、凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1及多聚ADP核糖聚合酶的表达变化

目的:研究染锰诱导的大鼠生精细胞凋亡过程中,天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸酶-3(caspase-3)mRNA和凋亡蛋白酶活化因子-1(Apaf-1)、多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)的表达及其关系,探讨它们在生精细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠,设立空白对照组、低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组。实验组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交法和免疫组织化学法检测生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA、Apaf-1和PARP的表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)和caspase-3mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率均显著降低。染锰剂量相同,6周与4周组比较,以及染锰时间相同,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,生精细胞AI和caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率均显著降低。各组大鼠生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率呈正相关,与Apaf-1和PARP阳性细胞率呈负相关。结论:锰可影响大鼠生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达,促进Apaf-1和PARP分解,导致生精细胞凋亡,产生生殖毒性效应。     

细胞色素C和波形蛋白在染锰大鼠睾丸表达及对精子发生的抑制作用

目的研究氯化锰对大鼠生精细胞细胞色素C(cyto-c)和支持细胞波形蛋白(VM)表达的影响及对生精功能的抑制效应。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,低剂量(15 mg/kg Mn Cl2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg Mn Cl2)组,8只/组。Mn Cl2组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,取睾丸免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测生精细胞cyto-c和VM表达,测定睾丸脏器系数,取附睾检测精子数量和精子畸形率。结果与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞cyto-c阳性细胞率和支持细胞VM阳性细胞率及各生精功能指标均显著降低,并呈一定的时间-效应关系和剂量-效应关系。各组大鼠精子数量与cyto-c阳性细胞率和VM阳性细胞率均呈正相关。结论锰可诱导大鼠生精细胞cyto-c和支持细胞VM表达,抑制生精细胞增殖,产生生殖毒性效应。     

锰诱导大鼠生精细胞凋亡过程中半胱氨酸酶-3mRNA与增殖细胞核抗原表达变化

目的:研究氯化锰对生精细胞凋亡过程半胱氨酸酶3(caspase-3)mRNA和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达的影响,探讨两者在生精细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30mg/kg MnCl_2)组。MnCl_2组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交和免疫组织化学(SABC)检测生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA和PCNA和表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)均升高,caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,染锰4周:PCNA阳性细胞率显著降低,染锰6周反而升高。染锰剂量相同,6周与4周组比较,生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率、PCNA阳性细胞率均显著升高。染锰时间相同,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高,PCNA阳性细胞率显著降低。各组大鼠生精细胞AI与caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率呈正相关,与PCNA阳性细胞率呈负相关,而caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率与PCNA阳性细胞率呈负相关。结论:锰可诱导大鼠生精细胞caspase-3mRNA表达,促使生精细胞凋亡并且抑制细胞增殖,产生生殖毒性效应。     

染锰大鼠生精细胞半胱氨酸蛋白酶3的表达及锌的保护作用

目的:研究氯化锰对生精细胞半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)表达的影响,探讨锰诱发大鼠生精细胞caspase-3表达的机制及锌的拮抗作用.方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,ZnCl_2对照组,15mg/kg和30mg/kg MnCl_2组;15mg/kg和30mg/kg MnCl_2+ZnCl_2组.免疫组织化学法检测睾丸caspase-3表达.结果:各染锰组,染锰补锌组及染锰剂量相同的6周组,染锰时间相同的30mg/kg MnCl_2组caspase-3阳性细胞率均显著升高,染锰补锌组显著降低.结论:染锰15mg/kg 4周可诱发大鼠生精细胞caspase-3表达,且随染锰时间和剂量的增加而增加,两者存在一定时间-效应和剂量-效应关系;摄入含锌100mg/kg的食物可拮抗锰诱发的生精细胞caspase-3表达.     

Caspase-3mRNA与PARP在染锰大鼠生精细胞中表达变化

目的研究氯化锰对生精细胞凋亡过程半胱氨酸酶3(caspase-3)mRNA和多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)表达的影响,探讨氯化锰的生殖毒性效应及可能机制。方法雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为空白对照组,低剂量(15 mg/kg MnCl_2)和高剂量(30 mg/kg MnCl_2)组,8只/组。MnCl_2组分别染锰4周和6周,空白对照组给予等容生理盐水,给药途径均为腹腔注射,TUNEL法检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡,原位杂交法和免疫组织化学(SABC)法检测生精细胞caspase-3mRNA和PARP和表达。结果随染锰时间延长和剂量增加,各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)及caspase-3 mRNA表达水平显著升高,PARP表达水平显著降低,凋亡指数AI分别与caspase-3 mRNA和PARP表达呈正相关和负相关。结论锰可诱导大鼠生精细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达,促进PARP分解,导致生精细胞凋亡,产生生殖毒性效应。     

锰诱导大鼠生精细胞凋亡过程中生殖激素和乳酸脱氢酶及PARP的作用

目的研究锰对大鼠体内生殖激素和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)表达的影响,探讨它们在生精细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为空白对照组,低剂量组和高剂量组,腹腔注射Mn Cl24周和6周,TUNEL法检测生精细胞凋亡,放射免疫测定血清睾酮(T)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)含量,化学比色测定血清和睾丸LDH含量。免疫组织化学法检测生精细胞PARP表达。结果各染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数、血清FSH、LH及LDH含量升高,血清T、睾丸LDH含量及PARP表达降低。结论锰可使大鼠T和睾丸LDH降低,FSH、LH和血清LDH活性升高,抑制大鼠生精细胞PARP表达,导致生精细胞凋亡。     

谷胱甘肽对染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡与增殖的影响

目的:研究谷胱甘肽(GSH)对染锰大鼠生精细胞凋亡与增殖的作用及机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为6组,各组给锰途径为腹腔注射。采用TUNEL法检测生精细胞凋亡指数(AI);免疫组织化学法检测生精细胞增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达。结果:与空白对照组比较,GSH对照组和15mg/kg GSH组生精细胞AI与生精细胞PCNA增殖指数(PI)均无显著性差异;与各自对应的单纯染锰组比较,15mg/kg GSH组和30mg/kg GSH组生精细胞AI均显著降低而PI均显著升高;30mg/kg组与15mg/kg组比较,生精细胞AI显著升高而PI显著降低;各组大鼠生精细胞AI和PI呈负相关。结论:15mg/kg和30mg/kg氯化锰可诱发大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡,两者存在剂量-效应关系;各组大鼠睾丸生精细胞AI和PI呈显著负相关;GSH对锰诱发大鼠生精细胞凋亡具有拮抗作用;GSH可能拮抗锰对大鼠生精细胞增殖的抑制作用。     

锰对大鼠生精细胞Caspase-3 mRNA调控及支持细胞波形蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨锰对大鼠生精细胞Caspase-3 mRNA调控及支持细胞波形蛋白（vimentin）表达的影响。 方法 将正常雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为1个对照组和2个染锰组,给予各组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水和15mg/kg、30mg/kg氯化锰。分别染锰4周和6周,随机处死各组大鼠8只。应用末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记技术（TUNEL） 、原位杂交法和免疫组织化学链酶亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合物（SABC）法进行检测研究。 结果 1. 与空白对照组比较,15mg/kg、30mg/kg染锰组生精细胞凋亡指数（AI）均升高（ P<0.05, P<0.01）,Caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高（ P<0.01）,支持细胞波形蛋白（vimentin）阳性细胞率均显著降低（ P<0.01）。2. 染锰剂量相同,染锰6周组与染锰4周组比较,生精细胞AI与Caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高（ P<0.01）,支持细胞vimentin阳性细胞率均显著降低（ P<0.01）。3. 染锰时间相同,30mg/kg MnCl2组与15mg/kg MnCl2组比较,生精细胞AI与Caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率均显著升高（ P<0.01）,支持细胞vimentin阳性细胞率均显著降低（ P<0.01）。4. 各组大鼠生精细胞AI和Caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率呈正相关（ r =0.842, P<0.01）,与支持细胞vimentin阳性细胞率呈负相关（ r =-0.859, P<0.01）,各组大鼠生精细胞Caspase-3 mRNA阳性细胞率和支持细胞vimentin阳性细胞率呈负相关（ r =-0.975, P<0.01）。 结论 染锰大鼠生精细胞Caspase-3 mRNA表达增加导致生精细胞凋亡增加;支持细胞vimentin表达下降;这可能是锰生殖毒性的重要分子机制之一。     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...