体育活动与青少年外显问题行为的关系:自尊的中介作用

目的:探讨体育活动与青少年外显问题行为的关系及自尊在二者关系中的中介作用。方法:采用体育活动等级问卷(PARS-3)、Achenbach青少年自评量表、Rosenberg自尊量表、少年儿童身体自尊量表对北京市419名中学生进行调查。结果:(1)参加中等量体育活动的青少年表现出较少的外显问题行为;(2)参加大量体育活动的青少年表现出更高的自尊水平;(3)整体自尊和身体自尊在体育活动和违纪行为间起部分中介效应。结论:青少年参加适量体育活动会提高自尊,最终降低外显问题行为的发生率。     

大学生身体锻炼时间、频度、强度与自尊关系探讨

采用Rosenberg自尊量表SES及自编大学生身体锻炼参与情况调查问卷,对939名本科生进行调查。结果显示:长期锻炼大学生(首选锻炼类型锻炼持续期≥12周,485人)与非长期锻炼大学生(首选锻炼类型锻炼持续期<12周,454人)比较,自尊均分、单次锻炼持续时间显著提高(P<0.01),锻炼频度、强度显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);锻炼类型对长期锻炼大学生的自尊主效应不显著(P>0.05),对非长期锻炼大学生的自尊主效应非常显著(P<0.01);长期锻炼大学生的自尊与强度呈显著性负相关(P<0.01),非长期锻炼大学生的自尊与单次锻炼持续时间、锻炼持续期呈显著性正相关(P<0.01);单次锻炼持续时间、锻炼持续期能有效预测非长期锻炼大学生的自尊,二者共解释自尊4.1%的方差;强度能有效预测并解释长期锻炼大学生自尊2.2%的方差。     

陆军新兵自尊与主观幸福感关系研究

目的了解陆军新兵自尊与主观幸福感水平并考察两者之间的关系。方法采用自尊量表和幸福感量表,统一指导语后对293名陆军某部新兵进行团体施测。结果 (1)自尊:(16.74±7.81)分,主观幸福感:幸福指数量表(5.43±2.56)分,人脸量表(5.26±1.37)分;除了"非独生子"新兵的幸福感(人脸量表)得分高于"独生子"新兵(P<0.05)外,学历、家庭收入、生活区域、是否独子对新兵的自尊、主观幸福感水平无明显影响(P>0.05)。(2)高自尊组新兵的主观幸福感高于低自尊组新兵的主观幸福感(P<0.01)。(3)自尊与主观幸福感呈正相关(P<0.01),言语(量表)与非言语(人脸)幸福感之间一致性为0.57。结论自尊水平与主观幸福感密切相关,高自尊伴随高幸福感。     

潜水员自尊、生活事件与心理健康的关系

目的 探讨潜水员自尊、生活事件与心理健康的关系,为做好潜水员的心理工作提供依据.方法 采用问卷式调查方法,共有296名潜水员完成了自尊量表(SES)、生活事件量表(LES)与症状自评量表(SCL-90).结果 潜水员整体自尊水平较高;自尊与心理健康水平呈正相关(P＜0.05或P＜O.O1),生活事件与心理健康水平亦呈显著正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);层级性多元回归分析表明,自尊、生活事件及二者之间的交互作用回归效应显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论潜水员的心理健康水平受到自尊的影响,自尊在生活事件与心理健康之间起调节作用.     

陆军新兵自我和谐及其与自尊关系研究

目的了解陆军新兵自我和谐状况及其与自尊关系。方法采用自尊量表和自我和谐量表,统一指导语后对293名陆军某部新兵进行团体施测。结果 (1)一般人口学资料对新兵的自尊、自我和谐状况无明显影响(P>0.05)。(2)自我和谐总分低于野战部队军人自我和谐总分(P<0.01),自我与经验的不和谐、自我的刻板性均低于大学生该项常模,而自我灵活性高于大学生该项常模(P<0.01)。(3)高自尊新兵的自我和谐总分、自我与经验的不和谐、自我的刻板性均高于低自尊组,高自尊组自我灵活性低于低自尊组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(4)自尊与自我和谐总分、自我与经验的不和谐、自我的刻板性呈正相关,与自我灵活性呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论陆军新兵的自我和谐程度高于野战部队军人和大学生群体;自尊与自我和谐呈负相关。     

军人心理健康研究专题(1) 军人社会支持、自我效能感及自尊与职业倦怠关系研究

目的:研究军人社会支持、自我效能感及自尊与职业倦怠间的关系。方法:采用军人职业倦怠量表、军人社会支持量表、自我效能感量表和自尊量表,对随机整群抽取的陆海空及武警部队官兵2718例进行测评,并分析与职业倦怠间的关系。结果:城市籍军人职业倦怠总分、成就感、自我评价和消极怠工因子分值显著或非常显著高于农村籍军人(P<0.05,P<0.01);独生子女军人职业倦怠总分、成就感和自我评价因子分值显著或非常显著高于非独生子女军人(P<0.05,P<0.01);未婚与已婚军人职业倦怠程度差异不显著(P>0.05);大专及以上学历军人成就感和消极怠工因子分值显著或非常显著高于高中及以下学历军人(P<0.05,P<0.01)。职业倦怠总分和各因子分值、社会支持总分及各因子分值均为陆军最高;空军和武警部队次之,且两者差异不显著(P>0.05);海军最低。Pearson相关分析结果提示,社会支持与职业倦怠总分呈非常显著正相关(P<0.01),自我效能感与职业倦怠总分呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01),自尊与职业倦怠呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,社会支持、自尊、城乡、自我效能感和军兵种进入以职业倦怠总分为因变量的回归方程。结论:社会支持、自尊、城乡、自我效能感和军兵种对职业倦怠具有预测作用。     

北京居民体育活动现状及其对居民情绪的影响

目的:了解北京居民在2016年的体育活动现状,并分析体育活动与居民情绪之间的关系。方法:通过按比例配额方便抽样的方法,从北京市16个区选取20岁以上的1460名常住居民作为研究对象,其中男性591人、女性869人。采用体育活动等级量表(PARS-3),正性负性情绪量表(PANAS)进行调查,采用相关分析、卡方检验、t检验、F检验对数据进行了分析。结果:2016年度北京市体育人口百分比为32.06%,不参加体育活动人口的百分比为24.18%,69%的居民仅参加少量体育活动。每次参加体育活动的持续时间在21～30分钟的人数比例最高,为26.5%;每周活动1～2次的人数比例最大,为28.2%;每次进行轻微强度活动的人数比例最高,达61.2%;居民参加体育活动的主要目的是强壮身体(80.1%),缓解压力(47.5%)、健美体形(18.9%)、交朋友(12.3%)、展示和提高运动技能(10.2%)。独立样本t检验表明,女性的体育活动量显著小于男性(P<0.001,d=0.411);单因素方差分析表明,年龄(P<0.01,ηP2=0.008)、受教育程度(P<0.001,ηP2=0.015)、月收入(P<0.001,ηP2=0.013)、职业(P<0.01,ηP2=0.011)对体育活动量影响显著;活动强度(P<0.001,ηP2=0.023)、活动时间(P<0.001,ηP2=0.041)、活动频率(P<0.001,ηP2=0.026)对积极情绪体验影响显著;活动时间(P<0.001,ηP2=0.042)和活动频率(P<0.001,ηP2=0.057)对消极情绪体验影响显著。结论:北京居民的体育活动现状与"经常锻炼"标准依然存在差距。居民中60～69岁、男性、教育程度较高以及从事管理职位的人群活动量较大。体育活动时间越长,强度越大,频率越高的大活动量在积极情绪上得分较高,这种影响是通过对积极情绪的激活和对消极情绪的降低同时实现的,即体育活动量达到一定标准后才能实现改善情绪状态的目的。     

客观身体形象与主观身体感受对生活满意感的贡献

整体自尊和身体感受是预测主观幸福感的两个重要变量.人们对自己身体情况的关注,是一种十分自然的日常反应.关于主观身体感受与主观幸福感的关系,有待研究的两个问题是,人的客观身体形象和主观身体感受,是否能在整体自尊的基础上,对预测生活满意感做出增值贡献;人的客观身体形象和主观身体感受,哪个能够对生活满意感做出更好的预测.184名中学生和153大学生共337人参加了本项研究,平均年龄为18.31岁,包括男180人、女155人,2人缺失性别数据.被试填写了测量生活满意感、整体自尊和主观身体感受的5个量表.通过被试的年龄、性别、身高、体重计算出了客观身体形象指数.结果表明:(1)在整体自尊的基础上,主观身体感受仍可对生活满意感的预测做出增值贡献;(2)在主观身体感受的两类测量指标中,身体吸引力不能对生活满意感做出有效预测,但上周身体感受则可对生活满意感做出有效预测;(3)无论是体重偏轻组还是体重偏重组,客观身体形象均不能对生活满意感做出有效预测,但主观身体感受可对生活满意感做出有效预测;(4)主观身体感受与生活满意感之间的关系不受年龄和性别的影响.这些结果提示,对于人的主观幸福而言,主观身体感受比客观身体形象更重要.考虑到人对客观身体形象的可控性不及对主观身体感受的可控性,因此,引导人们发展积极的主观身体感受,对提高人的主观幸福感具有重要意义.     

身体锻炼对超重人群心境及自我观念作用的小样本研究

11名身体超重的志愿者参加为期45天的减肥实验,以POMS作为被试情绪变化的指标,每周对被试进行测试;用身体吸引力、身体价值感、身体自尊、自尊和生活满意感作为自我观念的指标,在实验前、实验中(活动进行一半)和实验结束时对被试进行测试.结果表明,减肥会对被试的心境状态产生一定的影响;通过减肥,被试的身体吸引力和身体价值感显著提高,而身体自尊、自尊和生活满意感无显著变化.     

少体校学生的自我概念和心理健康:自尊的中介作用

本研究对401名体校和430名普校四~六年级小学生的自我概念、自尊和心理健康状况进行测查,结果显示:(1)小学中高年级学生自我概念、自尊和心理健康水平不同程度地受学校类型、年级和性别的影响:在自尊方面,普校小学生自尊水平高于体校学生;在自我概念方面,四年级学生自我概念水平明显高于六年级学生,同时,女生自我概念水平高于男生;在心理健康方面,女生的心理健康水平略高于男生。(2)普校学生心理健康水平随年级的升高而提高,而体校学生心理健康水平则依年级升高呈下降趋势,即在心理健康方面,学校类型和年级的交互作用显著。(3)自尊在自我概念与心理健康之间起到部分中介作用。结果提示我们,要重视少体校学生的自尊和心理健康状况,要关注小学高年级男生的心理状况,特别要注意改善体校六年级学生的心理健康状况。同时,可以通过提高自我概念和自尊水平来共同提高小学生的心理健康水平。     

Correlates of physical activity in Portuguese adolescents from 10 to 18 years

This study examined the association between demographic [age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES)] and socio‐cultural [father, mother, sibling physical activity (PA); peers and physical education teacher influences] correlates and low, moderate and high levels of PA among Portuguese adolescents aged 10–18 years. A total of 3352 males and females attending basic and secondary schools, their parents and siblings were sampled across four regions of Portugal. PA was assessed with a psychometrically validated questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used. Age was positively related with moderate and high PA. Boys and adolescents of high SES were more likely to participate in moderate and high PA. Adolescents were more likely to participate in high PA when theirs mother and sibling(s) also participated. Peers had a positive influence on participation in moderate and high PA, while physical education teachers did not have an influence. The results indicated that demographic and socio‐cultural correlates – in particular age, sex, SES, mother and sibling PA, and peer influence – were significantly associated with adolescent PA. These results also suggested that interventions should focus on girls and low SES adolescents who face higher risk of inactivity.     

Stability of leisure-time physical activity during adolescence--a longitudinal study among 16-, 17- and 18-year-old Finnish youth

Participation in physical activity during childhood and adolescence is frequently mentioned as one factor likely to promote a more active lifestyle in adulthood with its health benefits. We studied the changes in leisure-time physical activity pattern and self-reported fitness during a three-year period in adolescence and investigated whether the type of sports has an effect on stability of physical activity at leisure. A questionnaire with identical physical activity items was sent to Finnish twins on their 16th and 17th birthdays and 6 months after the 18th birthday. A total of 1338 boys and 1596 girls responded to all three questionnaires, with response rates of 73.6% and 86.5%. The proportions of very active adolescents and adolescents with very good self-reported fitness seem to be alike at each age. Among girls, 23.7% to 27.7% reported being very active (4-5 times a week) and 13.7% to 15.1% considered their physical fitness to be very good at the ages of 16, 17 and 18. Among boys, the comparable percentages were 31.5% to 35.5% and 30.6% to 34.4%. However, the longitudinal three-year follow up showed substantial changes over time among individuals from one physical activity group to another. Only 19.1% of boys and 11.2% of girls were persistent exercisers (i.e., very active on all three years) and 15.6% of boys and 5.1% of girls were persistently fit (i.e., very good self-reported fitness on all three years). Stability of leisure-time physical activity was highest among those who participated in several different types of sports. Among boys the proportion of persistent exercisers was highest for those who participated in cross-country skiing, jogging and body-building (22.0-41.5%) and among girls for those who participated in ball games (11.9-28.6%). Those who participated in organised sports were more often persistent exercisers than those who did not (odds ratio = 13.2 for boys (CI 9.4-18.7) and 8.9 for girls (CI 6.4-12.5)). Also, those who participated in organised sports were more often persistently fit (odds ratio = 7.3 for boys (CI 5.2-10.2) and 10.4 for girls (CI 6.4-16.9). Adolescents are recommended to participate in and try different types of sports, and especially for girls ball games would appear to favour long-term maintenance of leisure-time physical activity.     

上海市11-16岁青少年体力活动能量消耗参考值研究

目的:建立上海市青少年体力活动能量消耗的参考值。方法:以上海市11-16岁青少年为调查对象,进行体质健康项目测试,并进行体力活动问卷调查。在BMI正常、肺活量和耐力、柔韧力量、速度灵巧项目在及格以上的青少年中,按每2岁一个年龄段分组,每组随机选取男女各200人,用统计学方法分别建立中等强度和大强度体力活动能量消耗的95%置信区间;每年龄组再随机选取男女各20人进行回代检验。结果:11-12岁、13-14岁、15-16岁中等强度体力活动能量消耗(kcal/w)95%置信区间分别为:男生971.19-1271.58、1081.16～1492.94、1324.56-1712.37,女生1139.82-1437.37、1046.69-1398.77、1113.15-1427.22;大强度体力活动能量消耗(kcal/w)95%置信区间分别为:男生1167.75-1486.57、1226.24-1715.26、1117.23-1453.33,女生843.53～1141.61、676.01-1006.54、1142.53-1392.51。回代检验时,各年龄组有75%-87%的对象在所建立的95%置信区间内。结论:初步建立了上海市11-16岁青少年中等强度和大强度体力活动能量消耗的参考值。     

Differences in psychosocial determinants of physical activity in older adults participating in organised versus non-organised activities

BACKGROUND: With the introduction of the new consensus on 30 minutes of moderate physical activity preferably on all days of the week, exercise implemented into daily activities is promoted whereas structured activity programs lose importance. Activity levels of most older people don't come up with current recommendations. Therefore strategies to enhance attendance of older adults in physical activities should be developed. Group programs may be more effective in changing exercise behaviour of older adults than non-supervised physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in level of activity and psychosocial determinants of physical activity between seniors involved in an exercise class and seniors not engaged in any organised physical activity. METHODS: Seventy-five elderly who were currently involved in structured exercise classes and 75 elderly who did not participate in any organised physical activity during the previous year were recruited in senior citizens' centres and were asked to fill out a questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects involved in an exercise program had higher levels of activity and reported more social influences and higher self-efficacy compared to the respondents practising on an individual basis. No differences were found in perceived barriers or benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Exercising in a group program gives the opportunity to accumulate some extra physical activity and positively affects the level of activity outside the program. Stimulating older adults to join a structured activity program in the company of family or friends in order to enhance supporting social influences and perceived competence could be an important intervention strategy.     

Contribution of youth sport to total daily physical activity among 6- to 12-yr-old boys

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to determine the contribution of organized youth sport to total daily physical activity (PA), and 2) to examine the contribution of daily recess and physical education (PE) to total daily PA. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, 119 children wore an accelerometer during a school day in which they participated in organized youth sport. A subsample (N=36) wore the accelerometer on a nonsport day to examine day-to-day differences in PA. Total daily PA and PA during youth sport, recess, and PE were estimated. The contributions of youth sport, recess, and PE were determined by dividing the amount of PA from each activity by the total daily amount of PA. RESULTS: Approximately 110 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were achieved on the monitoring day. Youth sport contributed approximately 23% of the total MVPA, whereas PE and recess contributed almost 11 and 16%, respectively. Nearly half of the accumulated minutes of MVPA were attributed to unstructured activities (approximately 56 min). For the entire sample, approximately 52% of youth sport time was spent in either sedentary or light-intensity activities, whereas moderate and vigorous physical activity accounted for approximately 27 and 22% of the time, respectively. During a nonsport day, participants engaged in significantly more sedentary activity (P=0.02) and significantly less moderate (P=0.02) and vigorous activity (P<0.001) compared with the sport day. CONCLUSION: Participants in this study averaged 110 min of MVPA during a day in which they participated in youth sport. The additional amount of MVPA accumulated on the sport day (approximately 30 min) was not maintained on a nonsport day.     

Assessment of the perception of physical competence in Brazilian adolescents of different nutritional status

Purpose

Considering the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese adolescents, this study aimed to analyze the perception of physical competence in Brazilian adolescents of different nutritional status.

Methods

A population-based cross-sectional study was performed and included 2.757 (15?±?4 years-old) adolescent students (1.302 boys, 1.455 girls) from south of Brazil. Strength, flexibility, and aerobic endurance questions were used to evaluate the perception of physical competence. To evaluate nutritional status, body mass index (BMI) was used.

Results

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents was 21.2%, with 25.4% for boys and 17.5% for girls. Girls with lower perception of aerobic endurance were more likely to be overweight/obese. Boys with a poor perception of flexibility were about 10 times more likely to be overweight/obese. Adolescents with a weak and moderate perception of strength were less likely to be overweight/obese.

Conclusion

We concluded that perception of physical competence differs depending on the nutritional status of adolescents. Lower perceptions of aerobic endurance and flexibility favor the development of overweight and obese adolescents. However, greater perception of strength competence mostly appears in overweight/obese adolescents.

     

The relationship among physical activity, motor competence and health-related fitness in 14-year-old adolescents

Physical activity, physical fitness and motor competence are important health-related constructs. However, the relationship among them, particularly for children and adolescents, is still unclear. In this study, motor competence (measured by the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development), pedometer-determined physical activity and physical fitness (aerobic fitness, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility and body composition) were examined in a cohort of 1585 adolescents (771 girls, 814 boys) of mean age 14.06 years. Significant gender differences were observed for all measures except motor competence. Apart from hip and shoulder flexibility, males outperformed females. For both males and females, motor competence was associated with all fitness measures, physical activity was associated only with aerobic fitness and aerobic fitness was associated with physical activity, motor competence, BMI and chest pass. Among males, aerobic fitness was also associated with all other fitness tests. The correlations were, in general, moderate to weak. The results challenge the current focus on physical activity rather than physical fitness as the preferred intervention.     

Relationships between incidental physical activity,exercise, and sports with subsequent mood in adolescents

Physical activity is beneficial for human physical health and well-being. Accordingly, the association between physical activity and mood in everyday life has been a subject of several Ambulatory Assessment studies. This mechanism has been studied in children, adults, and the elderly, but neglected in adolescents. It is critical to examine this mechanism in adolescents because adolescence plays a key role in human development and adolescents’ physical activity behavior translates into their behavior in adulthood. We investigated adolescents’ mood in relation to distinct physical activities: incidental activity such as climbing stairs; exercise activity, such as skating; and sports, such as playing soccer. We equipped 134 adolescents aged 12-17 years with accelerometers and GPS-triggered electronic diaries to use in their everyday life. Adolescents reported on mood repeatedly in real time across 7 days, and these data were analyzed using multilevel-modeling. After incidental activity, adolescents felt better and more energized. After exercise, adolescents felt better but less calm. After sports, adolescents felt less energized. Analyses of the time course of the effects confirmed our findings. Physical activity influences mood in adolescents’ everyday life, but has distinct effects depending on the kind of physical activity. Our results suggest incidental and exercise activities entail higher post-bout valence compared to sports in competitive settings. These findings may serve as an important empirical basis for the targeted application of distinct physical activities to foster well-being in adolescence.     

Neighborhood characteristics and TV viewing in youth: Nothing to do but watch TV?

ObjectivesNeighborhoods that discourage physical activity may encourage indoor activities such as television viewing; however few studies have examined associations between neighborhood characteristics and sedentary activities. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between perceived and objective measures of the physical and social neighborhood environment and TV viewing among children and adolescents.DesignCross-sectional and longitudinal.MethodsParents of 190 children and 169 adolescents completed questionnaire items regarding facilities for physical activity, neighborhood safety (general and traffic), social trust/cohesion, social networks and their child's TV viewing in 2006. Adolescents self-reported their TV viewing. Objective measures of reported crime and neighborhood destinations, road connectivity and traffic exposure were also collected. Questions about TV viewing were repeated in 2008 (longitudinal sample: 157 children; 105 adolescents).ResultsIn children, cul-de-sac density and reported crime were positively and parental agreement that their neighborhood has good sporting facilities was negatively associated with TV viewing in cross-sectional analyses. There were no longitudinal associations among children. In adolescents, number of sports options and parental agreement that there is so much traffic that it is difficult/unpleasant for their child to walk were negatively associated with TV viewing 2 years later.ConclusionsCrime and a lack of quality sporting facilities or options may contribute to greater TV viewing among youth.