固体清洗剂和多酶清洗剂清洗手术器械的效果比较

目的比较固体清洗剂和液体多酶清洗剂清洗手术器械的效果,并进行成本分析,为消毒供应中心提供新的清洗技术选择。方法将消毒供应中心4台清洗消毒机随机平分为实验组和对照组,实验组使用固体清洗剂,对照组使用液体多酶清洗剂对手术器械进行清洗。对两组手术器械的清洗效果,采用目测(裸眼和10倍光源放大镜）、ATP生物荧光检测和蛋白残留检测方法进行效果评价,并对两组的清洗成本以及产生的医疗废弃物进行统计分析。结果肉眼裸视评价清洗效果,实验组合格率为97.70%（4 678/4 788）,对照组为92.01%（5 075/5 516）;10倍光源放大镜评价清洗效果,实验组合格率为94.30%（2 546/2 700）,对照组为88.72%（2 453/2 765）;实验组合格率均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.000）。ATP荧光检测法评价清洗效果,实验组合格率为84.41%（996/1 180）,对照组为86.83%（1 042/1 200）,两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.092）。实验组蛋白残留检测阳性率为3.71%（26/700）,对照组为16.31%（106/650）,实验组蛋白残留检测阳性率比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。实验组清洗成本为对照组的2/3;实验组产生医疗废弃物（塑料薄膜）0.40 kg,对照组（空桶）为12.30 kg。结论固体清洗技术可以高效去除手术器械的蛋白污染,并降低清洗成本,减少医疗废物的产生,是值得推广的新型清洗技术。     

创面分泌物涂片检查在开放性地震伤气性坏疽诊治中的运用 FREE

目的 探讨创面分泌物涂片检查在开放性地震伤气性坏疽诊治中的作用。方法 开放性地震伤患者入院后均常规行伤口分泌物细菌学涂片筛查,怀疑气性坏疽者立即予以隔离,并视病情采取相应手术和抗感染治疗。创面处理后再次行分泌物涂片筛查,阳性者予以再手术治疗。结果 对376例开放性损伤468次创面分泌物涂片,结合临床诊断为气性坏疽者25例,其中初次涂片结果显示革兰阳性（G+）粗大杆菌20例,培养确认气性坏疽杆菌者12例（包括5例涂片阴性者);创面处理后分泌物涂片显示仍有少量G+粗大杆菌残留者12例,再次扩创后涂片未发现G+粗大杆菌。截至2008年7月底,25例患者创面全部愈合。救治期间,在分诊时即诊断出气性坏疽,无漏诊和医院感染病例发生。
结论 在发生大面积开放性创伤患者聚集时,合理使用创面分泌物涂片检查,有助于及时、准确筛查出创伤性气性坏疽,提高治疗效果并防止医院感染。     

"Hope in Another Direction"

This article examines compensation for work-related illness among women in the first sixty years of the twentieth century. Its first part (Vo1.15, No.1) discussed women's experience in the employers' liability system and their workers' compensation claims for poisonings. Part II in this issue examines compensation for infectious diseases, principally tuberculosis; litigation involving lung disease produced by berylium and asbestos; and women's workers' compensation claims for illnesses involving a mental component.     

“以学生为中心”教学模式在医学教育中的运用 FREE

“以学生为中心”教学模式是美国医学教育的基本点，是一种比较成功和有特色的教育模式［1］。笔者在美国加洲大学San Diego分校(UCSD)工作期间，通过与美国大学教师和学生的广泛接触，亲身感受到了中国医学教育与美国医学教育的差别，认为我国目前传统的医学教育与发达国家还存在很大的差别，主要表现在我国目前的教育模式从小学到大学，仍然为传统的“填鸭式”教学，即“以教师为中心”的教学模式，学生缺乏独立思考，自我表现，自我创新的机会。这在医学教育中表现尤其明显，学生很多时候并没有真正理解所学内容，为了考试去死记硬背。这样培养出来的学生往往高分低能，而很多有创造性的医学人才也不能脱颖而出。在美国笔者所在的大学，在生物和医学研究方面，有4位诺贝尔奖获得者，笔者感觉我们很多硬件并不逊于国外大学，而我们为什么没有诺贝尔奖获得者呢？其中一个很重要的原因就是我们培养的学生缺乏独立创造能力，在素质和能力方面远逊于国外大学。
鉴于“以教师为中心”的教学模式存在很多弊端，笔者在我校2004级临床医学7年制49名学生的传染病学临床教学中，大力推行了“以学生为中心”的教学模式，主要体现以下几方面。     

Measles transmission by ‘fly‐in fly‐out’ workers in Australia

Objective: To describe the outbreak investigation and control measures for a cluster of measles cases involving ‘fly‐in fly‐out’ (FIFO) workers on an off‐shore industrial vessel. Methods: Following Australian guidelines, measles cases were interviewed and at‐risk contacts on the Australian mainland received measles vaccine, immunoglobulin or health advice. For the industrial vessel: (i) exposed FIFO workers who had already left the vessel received health advice through their employer; (ii) workers remaining on the vessel were offered measles vaccine; and (iii) FIFO workers joining the vessel for 21 days following the prodrome onset of the last case of measles on the vessel were offered measles vaccine. Measles virus isolates were sent for genotype determination. Results: Four measles cases from two Australian jurisdictions were epidemiologically linked to the retrospectively identified index case, a New Zealand FIFO worker. No further cases were detected following the institution of outbreak control measures. Conclusion: FIFO workers congregating on large industrial projects are a discrete risk group with the potential to spread infectious diseases over large distances, both domestically and internationally. Implications: FIFO workers’ immunisation history should be reviewed prior to deployment. Catch‐up vaccination, where appropriate, would minimise transmission of vaccine‐preventable diseases such as measles and help maintain a healthy, productive workforce.     

Ethnic Identity in Second­ (Nisei), Third­ (Sansei), and Fourth­ (Yonsei) Generation Japanese­Americans in Hawaii

PURPOSE. The present investigation tested the linear hypothesis of generational assimilation/acculturation among second (Nisei), third (Sansei) and fourth (Yonsei) generations of Japanese­Americans in Hawaii. METHODOLOGY. Investigators assessed ethnic identity using the Ethnic Identity Questionnaire (EIQ), a widely studied instrument especially designed for use with Japanese ancestral populations. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Results indicated that when holding gender constant, fourth-generation (Yonsei) Japanese­Americans residing in Hawaii evidenced no differences from third-generation (Sansei) Japanese­Americans in the extent of their ethnic identity with traditional Japanese culture as measured by the Ethnic Identity Questionnaire (EIQ). This finding can be contrasted to previous results comparing first (Issei), second (Nisei), and third (Sansei) generations of Japanese-Americans in which the different generations demonstrated a linear progression toward reduced identification with Japanese culture. When gender by generation relationships were analyzed using a two (male versus female) by three (Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei) cell analysis of variance, gender­generation inter-relationships were found, suggesting ethnic identity is complexly determined by gender variables. CONCLUSIONS. Ethnic identity appears to be a function of local, national, and even international factors. Simple linear assimilation hypotheses do not capture the complexity of the ethnic identification process. This is the first evidence of an attenuation in the progressive reduction of ethnic identification with Japanese culture among Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii across the generations. Efforts must be made to study acculturation within specific behavioral domains and contexts, and to control for generation, age and historical variables. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN-AMERICAN/PACIFIC ISLANDER POPULATIONS. This article adds to our understanding of assimilation/acculturation processes among Japanese­Americans and raises questions about this process for other recent Asian immigrant groups. KEY WORDS. Ethnic Identity, Japanese-Amercans, Acculturation, Assimilation.     

‘Experts’, ‘partners’ and ‘fools’: Exploring agency in HIV treatment seeking among African migrants in London

In an attempt to promote patient agency and foster more egalitarian relationships between patients and doctors, discourse concerning health and wellbeing in the UK has increasingly centred around the notion of informed and ‘expert’ patients who are able to effectively input into the direction and management of their own health care and treatment. While the relationship between a patient and their doctor can play a vital role in influencing the treatment decisions and health-related outcomes of people living with long term illness, little is known about the ways in which people living with HIV actually perceive their relationship with their doctors, nor the implications this may have for the types of treatment they may seek to use and the related information that they share. Drawing on 11 focus group discussions and 20 repeat interviews undertaken in 2008–2009 with HIV-positive adult migrants from Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa living in the UK, this paper argues that patient-doctor relationships can be heavily influenced by the perceived legitimacy of different forms of medical knowledge and treatments and by culturally influenced ideas regarding health, wellbeing and agency. Despite a desire amongst some migrants to use ‘traditional’ medicines from southern Africa as well as other non-biomedical treatments and therapies, the research found that the perceived lack of legitimacy associated with these treatments in the UK rendered their use a largely clandestine activity. At the same time, many patients made clear distinctions concerning issues affecting their immediate health and factors influencing their more general wellbeing, which in turn, impacted upon the information that they chose to share with, or conceal from, their doctors. Such findings challenge assumptions underpinning policy promoting patient agency and have significant and, in cases, potentially adverse implications for the safety and effective administration and management of HIV treatments in African migrant populations and possibly more generally.     

中国“不明原因肺炎”预警病例现状及其临床研究

目的了解我国“不明原因肺炎（PUO）”预警病例的现状和临床特征,为其病例定义等的改进工作提供一定的参考依据。方法在2个项目省选择省级、地市级和县级医院各1所,对其2008年4月1日-2009年3月31日期间“社区获得性肺炎”住院患者的临床资料进行筛选及分析。结果共调查1 506份“社区获得性肺炎”患者病历,其中442例（29.35%）患者符合现有“PUO”的病例定义。此442例患者发病多在冬季(32.35%);男性占60.63%,≤14岁患者占57.24%;临床主要表现为急性起病,发热伴咳嗽、咳痰,预后良好（治愈率>95%）;未引发重大公共卫生事件。结论“社区获得性肺炎”住院患者中符合现有“PUO”定义的预警病例占相当比例,但临床经过良好。建议对临床症状、体征或影像学支持肺炎诊断的患者积极进行流行病学史的询问,以及时且较为特异地发现“PUO”预警病例。     

Forthcoming in "The Clinical Supervisor"

No abstract available for this article.     

川崎病患儿急性期凝血功能的检测与分析 FREE

目的了解川崎病患儿急性期凝血功能状态,并探讨可能的致病机制。方法设病例组48例(住院的川崎病患儿),根据入院时冠状动脉超声检查结果,分为冠状动脉病变组(CAL组)12例,无冠状动脉病变组(NCAL组)36例，同时设健康对照组30例。检测3组凝血功能,即凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、部分凝血酶原活化时间(APTT)和纤维蛋白原定量(FIB)值,对结果进行统计学分析。结果川崎病患儿CAL组在急性期的PT、APTT、TT均较对照组缩短,而FIB则较对照组增高，差异均有高度显著性（P≤0.01）；NCAL组在急性期的PT、APTT较对照组明显缩短（P＜0.01），FIB较对照组增高（P＝0.01）；CAL组与NCAL组比较,PT、APTT、TT明显缩短（P≤0.01），FIB值增高（P＝0.02）。结论川崎病患儿急性期凝血功能处于高凝状态,较易合并冠状动脉病变,推测与血管炎症活动有关。     

Peer Reviewed: Arthritis in the Canadian Aboriginal Population: North-South Differences in Prevalence and Correlates

Background

Information on arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders among Aboriginal people is sparse. Survey data show that arthritis and rheumatism are among the most commonly reported chronic conditions and their prevalence is higher than among non-Aboriginal people.

Objective

To describe the burden of arthritis among Aboriginal people in northern Canada and demonstrate the public health significance and social impact of the disease.

Methods

Using cross-sectional data from more than 29 000 Aboriginal people aged 15 years and over who participated in the Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2006, we assessed regional differences in the prevalence of arthritis and its association with other risk factors, co-morbidity and health care use.

Results

The prevalence of arthritis in the three northern territories ("North") is 12.7% compared to 20.1% in the provinces ("South") and is higher among females than males in both the North and South. The prevalence among Inuit is lower than among other Aboriginal groups. Individuals with arthritis are more likely to smoke, be obese, have concurrent chronic diseases, and are less likely to be employed. Aboriginal people with arthritis utilized the health care system more often than those without the disease.

Conclusion:

Aboriginal-specific findings on arthritis and other chronic diseases as well as recognition of regional differences between North and South will enhance program planning and help identify new priorities in health promotion.

Keywords

arthritis, Aboriginal people, Northern Canada, Inuit, First Nations, Métis, North American Indians, Aboriginal Peoples Survey     

脑梗死患者医院感染特点分析 FREE

目的探讨脑梗死患者发生医院感染的特点及相关危险因素,寻求有效控制方法。方法对某院2003年1月-2008年12月收治的1 192例脑梗死患者资料进行回顾性调查分析。结果1 192例脑梗死患者发生医院感染 225 例,238 例次,医院感染率18.88%,感染例次率19.97%,较平均医院感染率4.3%明显增高（χ2=550.11,P＜0.01）。感染部位主要为呼吸道（58.82%）、泌尿道（15.55%）、胃肠道（10.93%）、皮肤软组织（10.08%）等。高龄、住院时间长、意识障碍、伴有并发症及侵入性操作均与医院感染的发生有关。发生医院感染脑梗死患者的病死率及致残率明显增高（P＜0.01）。结论脑梗死是医院感染的高发病种,且发生医院感染后影响预后;在积极治疗原发病和并发症的基础上,应控制相关危险因素,以有效减少医院感染的发生。     

“医院感染控制宣传周”对医务人员医院感染认知的影响 FREE

目的了解“医院感染控制宣传周”活动对医务人员相关医院感染知识的认知影响。方法采用问卷调查方法,在“医院感染控制宣传周”活动前后分别对医务人员进行调查。结果医务人员对医院感染知识的得分率在“医院感染控制宣传周”活动后为65.66%,较活动前60.13%明显升高（χ2=91.08,P＜0.01）,其中对“手卫生指征”得分率最高,达98.86%。对“职业暴露预防措施”认知率,活动后为60.29%,明显高于活动前的45.93%（χ2=28.95,P＜0.01）。结论“医院感染控制宣传周”对于提高医务人员医院感染的认知率有积极的促进作用,应予以推广。     

Sex‐ and Age‐of‐Onset‐Based Locus Heterogeneity in Asthma

Asthma is a complex disease with a genetic component. The results of genome‐wide linkage studies imply that locus heterogeneity is likely to be an important feature of the genetics of asthma. To attempt to reduce locus heterogeneity, we hypothesized that the following may form the bases for locus heterogeneity at some asthma susceptibility loci: sex of affected individuals, parental origin of alleles shared by affected sib pairs, and age of onset of wheeze. Analysis of such strata may assist in the identification of novel susceptibility loci, or reveal the basis for locus heterogeneity at previously identified loci. Genotype and phenotype data from genome‐wide linkage searches for asthma susceptibility loci from three populations were analyzed. Some regions demonstrated evidence for linkage to affected individuals of a particular sex. There was evidence for excess maternal allele sharing at regions on chromosomes 9 and 11. Regions on chromosomes 2 and 6 were linked to late and early age at onset of wheeze in asthma, respectively. These analyses suggest that the bases that we selected for stratification may be appropriate at certain susceptibility loci for asthma, and may therefore assist in the fine mapping of such loci. Differences in such variables between studies may explain apparent nonreplication of linkage results. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

外科重症监护室医院感染病原菌分析 FREE

目的通过对外科重症监护室（SICU）医院感染（NI）病原菌的特点分析,指导SICU医生经验选择抗菌药物治疗。方法对某院SICU 2006年发生NI患者的病历进行回顾性分析。结果SICU患者NI率为11.67%（70/600）,其中单纯细菌感染42例（60.00%）,单纯真菌感染2例（2.86%）,混合感染（真菌+细菌）13例（18.57%）,微生物学培养阴性13例（18.57%）。常见细菌前5位依次为屎肠球菌（18.49%）、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（17.65%）、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（17.65%）、铜绿假单胞菌（9.24%）、大肠埃希菌（7.56%）;G+球菌占52.90%。常见真菌前3位依次为曲霉菌（31.58%）、白假丝酵母菌（26.32%）和光滑假丝酵母菌（21.05%）;发生真菌感染者住SICU时间明显延长（P＜0.05）,且住院病死率高达46.67%（7/15）。结论SICU患者NI率较高,以细菌感染为主,混合真菌感染次之。感染的细菌中,以G+球菌为主;真菌感染以曲霉菌、白假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌为主。SICU发生真菌感染患者的住院时间明显延长,预后差。