肾功能衰竭大鼠超顺磁性氧化铁标记骨髓间充质干细胞肾脏移植MR活体示踪的研究

目的应用磁性氧化铁纳米粒子和多聚左旋赖氨酸（poly-L-lysine，PLL）的偶联物Fe2O3-PLL标记大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs），MR活体示踪经肾动脉移植入肾功能衰竭（简称肾衰）大鼠肾脏的标记细胞。方法制备Fe2O3-PLL，分离、纯化并培养大鼠骨髓MSCs，Fe2O3-PLL标记细胞，普鲁士蓝染色显示细胞内铁。肌内注射甘油所致肾衰的大鼠分为2组，分别经左肾动脉移植入标记细胞（6只）和未标记细胞（5只），移植后即刻及第1、3、5、8天应用MRI对移植细胞进行活体示踪，并与肾脏组织切片普鲁士蓝染色和HE染色对照。结果MSCs的Fe2O3-PLL标记率近100％，普鲁士蓝染色显示蓝色铁颗粒位于MSCs胞质内。标记细胞移植后肾衰大鼠肾脏皮质区信号强度明显下降，T2＊WI信号改变最明显，而肾髓质及肾盂信号较细胞移植前无明显变化，信号改变随着时间的延长逐渐减轻一直持续到移植后第8天。组织学分析见绝大多数标记细胞分布于肾皮质肾小球内，与MRI信号改变区域基本一致。未标记细胞移植后未见肾脏信号改变。结论Fe2O3-PLL可以有效标记大鼠骨髓MSCs，临床应用型1．5T磁共振仪可对经肾动脉移植入肾衰大鼠肾脏的标记细胞进行初步活体示踪。     

磁标记大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞活体内移植后向肝癌细胞趋向性迁移的研究

目的 探讨磁标记大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)活体内移植后对大鼠肝细胞癌的趋向性迁移及其机制.方法 培养大鼠BMSCs,超顺磁性氧化铁粒子标记.制备大鼠肝癌模型24只,数字表法随机分为3组:实验组(n=12)经脾植入磁标记的BMSCs;对照组A(n=6)移植未标记的BMSCs;对照组B(n=6)不作任何处理.分别于移植前及移植后1、3、7和14 d行MR扫描,选用T_2*WI序列进行移植细胞的示踪并测量肿瘤组织与正常肝组织的信号强度的比值(SI/SI*),结果行单因素方差分析;取肿瘤组织、瘤旁正常肝组织行普鲁士蓝染色,分析BMSCs在体内的分布并与MR对照.结果 BMSCs的磁标记率为90%以上.移植后实验组T_2*WI显示肿瘤信号强度值明显减低,移植前及移植后1、3、7和14 d的SI/SI*值分别为3.18±0.21、1.98±0.20、2.38±0.28、2.70±0.25及3.16±0.24,差异有统计学意义(F=56.65,P<0.05);与移植前相比,1、3、7 d肿瘤信号强度的减低有统计学意义(t值分别为1.20、0.79、0.48,P值均<0.05).对照组移植前后各SI/SI*值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).免疫组织化学显示实验组肿瘤边缘及内部有大量监染的普鲁士蓝阳性细胞分布,标记细胞在肿瘤内的分布与MR信号改变基本一致.对照组肿瘤组织普鲁士蓝染色均为阴性结果.结论 BMSCs在活体内对肝癌细胞有明显的趋向迁移特性,有望成为基因治疗肝细胞癌的载体.     

经脾移植SPIO-PLL标记的诱导后大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞及MR示踪研究

目的 超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒及多聚左旋赖氨酸复合体(SPIO-PLL)标记诱导后的大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞,移植入正常大鼠脾,应用1.5 T MR仪进行活体成像,为胰岛素分泌细咆移植后的活体示踪提供依据.材料与方法将大鼠骨髓间质干细胞(BMSCs)体外诱导成胰岛素分泌细胞,SPIO-PLL标记细胞.10只受体大鼠分二组,每组5只.将标记后的胰岛素分泌细胞(标记组)和未标记的胰岛素分泌细胞(未标记组)分别移植入脾.各组分别于移植前、移植后5天、10天、14天及21天对脾进行T1WI、T2WI、T2*WI三个序列MR扫描,观察脾信号改变情况,在T2*WI序列测量移植部位脾信噪比(SNR),与各时间点脾组织切片普鲁士蓝染色对照.结果 与移植前相比,标记组脾移植部位SNR值明显降低,差异有统计学意义(F=182.92,P<0.05),但移植后各时间点SNR值差异无统计学意义(Bonferroni法,P>0.05).未标记组脾移植前后SNR值差异无统计学意义(F=0.98,P>0.05).脾组织切片普鲁士蓝染色显示标记组染色阳性部位沿注射针道分布,与MRI信号降低区域基本一致.结论 SPIO-PLL可以有效标记诱导后大鼠胰岛素分泌细胞.临床应用型1.5 T MR仪可对经脾移植的标记细胞进行活体示踪.     

磁标记骨髓间充质干细胞对肝细胞癌的抑制作用

目的 应用超顺磁性氧化铁粒子(SPIO)标记骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植肝癌大鼠模型,探讨BMSCs对肝癌细胞的抑制作用.材料与方法培养大鼠BMSCs,菲立磁(Feridex)标记.制备大鼠肝癌模型30只,随机平均分为3组:实验组经脾植入Feridex标记的BMSCs;磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)组移植等量的PBS;对照组不作任何处理.各组大鼠在BMSCs移植前和移植后1周及2周行MRI,计算各时点肿瘤体积,并记录其存活期.不同时间段大鼠灌注取材,分别做HE染色、普鲁士蓝染色和BMSCs表面标记检测(CD44、CD90).结果 BMSCs的磁标记率近100%,大鼠肝癌模型成功制备.实验组BMSCs移植后1周及2周的肿瘤平均体积明显小于PBS组及对照组(P＜0.05).各组大鼠平均生存时间为:实验组(34.3±5.4)天;PBS组(25.7±3.9)天,对照组(23.5±3.1)天.普鲁士蓝染色显示实验组肿瘤边缘有大量蓝染颗粒,CD44、CD90呈阳性表达.结论 BMSCs对肝癌细胞的生长有抑制作用,能够延长肝癌大鼠模型的生存期.     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记大鼠骨髓基质细胞经门静脉移植MRI活体示踪的研究

目的观察1．5T场强MRI联合动物专用线圈是否可以活体示踪经门静脉移植的纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记的骨髓基质细胞（bone marrow stromal cells BMSCs），为介人性门静脉骨髓基质细胞移植治疗终末期肝脏疾病的研究提供进一步的依据。方法供体大鼠5只，梯度密度离心分离BMSCs，纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和脂质体转染BMSCs，体外经普鲁士蓝染色和HE染色确定细胞标记率。受体大鼠15只，分为5组，分别为对照组和纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记的骨髓基质细胞经门静脉移植人正常大鼠肝脏后2h、3d、7d及2周组。1．5T场强MRI联合动物专用线圈行T1W、T2W和T2＊序列扫描，观察肝脏信号改变情况，与对照组比较，并且与组织切片对照。结果纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和脂质体转染BMSCs，细胞标记率〉95％。经门静脉移植人正常大鼠肝脏后，T2＊序列扫描显示经标记的BMSCs在肝内显示弥漫性的结节性低信号影，移植后2h到2周均可见到细胞在受体肝脏内存在，组织学切片显示信号缺失部位与铁颗粒标记细胞相一致。结论纳米级超顺磁性铁氧体颗粒标记的大鼠BMSCs经门静脉移植后可以通过1、5T场强行MRI活体示踪，为临床干细胞移植的应用提供可行的示踪方法。     

血管内皮祖细胞移植防治动脉粥样硬化形成的MRI实验研究

目的通过动物实验，探讨血管内皮祖细胞移植防治动脉粥样硬化形成的可行性。方法分离、鉴定并培养新西兰大白兔外周磁粒子标记血管内皮祖细胞（EPCs），制备氧化铁（Fe2O3）-多聚左旋赖氨酸（PLL）并体外标记EPCs。用2．5F球囊扩张并损伤兔右侧颈动脉血管内皮，对损伤血管进行局部EPCs移植，A组8只，移植Fe：O，-PLL标记的EPCs；B组3只，移植荧光标记的EPCs；C组5只为空白对照，局部注射生理盐水。细胞移植后4d，所有实验兔用1．5TMR仪进行活体颈动脉扫描，并任意选A、B、C组各1只，取受损伤血管做病理组织学检查，并与MRI信号变化进行对比分析，其余所有实验兔继续高脂饲料喂养，15周后对损伤血管做MR及病理组织学检查。结果EPCs的Fe2O3-PLL标记率〉95％，A组标记细胞移植后4d，MR T2·WI显示损伤血管壁呈明显低信号区，而B组和C组无明显异常信号改变；病理学检测显示A组损伤血管内膜有普鲁士蓝染色阳性细胞黏附，B组损伤血管内皮有强荧光表达，C组损伤血管内皮无表达。15周后，A、B组动脉粥样硬化形成（3／9）明显低于C组（4／4）。结论活体MR技术可示踪并检测EPCs在损伤血管内皮的黏附及分布；血管内皮祖细胞局部移植可预防动脉粥样硬化的形成。     

神经干细胞超顺磁性氧化铁标记及体内外MRI示踪

目的使用超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)纳米粒子对神经干细胞进行体外标记,并在体外及活体移植后对标记细胞进行MRI示踪。方法实验动物包括13只SD大鼠。联合应用SPIO及多聚左旋赖氨酸(PLL)通过受体介导的内吞作用标记神经干细胞,对标记细胞分别进行普鲁士蓝染色、电子显微镜观察、体外MRI示踪及活体移植后体内MRI示踪。体外1.5T及4.7TMR扫描对象分为5组,分别为5×105个标记后培养1d的细胞、5×105个相同时期未标记的细胞、提取标记细胞后的含铁培养基、相应的无铁培养基及蒸馏水。扫描序列包括轴面T1WI、T2WI及T2WI,并在4.7TMR仪上测量标记细胞的弛豫率R2及R2的变化。结果(1)该方法标记神经干细胞的有效率为100%,普鲁士蓝染色证实了每个标记细胞胞质内有多少不等的蓝染铁颗粒。(2)体外1.5T及4.7TMRI显示,标记细胞同未标记细胞相比,T1WI信号强度平均上升分别为20.53%及24.06%,T2WI信号强度平均下降分别为40.78%及50.66%,T2WI信号强度平均下降46.57%及53.70%。1.5TMRI上标记细胞的信号改变在T2WI与T2WI之间差异无统计学意义(F=3.06,P>0.05),而T2WI及T2WI与T1WI之间差异均有统计学意义(F=6.5,P<0.05)。(3)4.7TMRI测量未标记细胞和标记细胞的T2分别为516ms及77ms,其弛豫率R2分别为1.94s-1及12.98s-1;T2分别为109ms及22.9ms,其弛豫率R2分别为9.17s-1及43.67s-1。(4)标记细胞活体移植1周后行1.5TMR检查,见移植部位在T2WI及T2WI上呈显著低信号,而对照侧未见低信号。结论该方法标记神经干细胞简单高效,标记细胞弛豫率R2及R2明显提高,并能采用1.5TMRI对标记细胞进行活体内外示踪研究。     

体外磁标记骨髓基质细胞移植治疗大鼠创伤性脑损伤的在体磁敏感加权成像研究

目的 采用磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)序列在体监测超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒(su perparamagnetic iron oxide,SPIO)标记大鼠骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow stromal cells,BMSCs)在创伤性脑损伤(trau matic brain injury,TBI)模型大鼠腩内的分布及移行.材料与方法首先进行BMSCs体外培养,然后采用SPIO体外标记BMSCs;TBI采用Feeney法制作,TBI 24 h后于损伤区周围立体定向移植BMSCs,并于移植后1天、1周及3周行MR检查.结果 标记BMSCs普鲁士蓝染色显示胞质内存在较多蓝染颗粒,电镜下胞浆内可见散在分布的铁颗粒.细胞移植后MRI可见移植部位在SWI各图像上均呈团块状低信号.结论 SWI序列能够连续无创性活体示踪移植SPIO标记BMSCs在TBI模型大鼠脑内的形态和分布.     

低浓度超顺磁性氧化铁标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞的体外磁共振成像研究

目的:以浓度为25μg Fe/ml的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子(SPIO)体外标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),并探讨1.5 T核磁共振仪成像的特征和成像所需最低标记细胞浓度,以及在标记后1 d、1周、2周、3周、4周的信号变化特征。方法:分离、纯化、培养兔BMSCs并以25μg Fe/ml的SPIO培养液浓度标记,对标记后不同时间的细胞行普鲁士蓝染色和台盼蓝拒染后显微镜观察,并进行MR成像,测量不同序列下不同浓度标记细胞管的信号强度,以确定扫描敏感序列及成像所需最低标记细胞浓度;再测量不同细胞浓度不同时相信号强度,来观察信号强度随时间变化的规律,并进行统计学分析。结果:浓度为25μg Fe/ml的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米粒子标记BMSCs的有效率接近100%,普鲁士蓝染色见细胞浆内有大小不等的蓝染铁颗粒,且在标记后4周内细胞仍具有活力,标记后的BMSCs在T2WI、尤其是GRE(T2*WI)序列信号明显降低;并且细胞浓度越高信号降低越明显,GRE序列MR成像的最低细胞浓度为5×104/ml。当标记细胞浓度为5×104/ml时,信号在T2*WI序列的降低2周后失去统计学意义;而在细胞浓度为5×105/ml时,标记3周后,信号在T2*WI序列的降低才失去统计学意义。结论:25μg/ml铁浓度标记干细胞不仅标记效率高,而且对细胞生长及增殖活力无明显影响,标记后MR信号改变与干细胞数目及标记时间相关。     

脑梗死大鼠脑内移植超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记神经干细胞后的MR示踪研究

目的探讨超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒（SP10）标记的胎鼠神经干细胞（NSCs）在脑梗死模型大鼠脑内移植后，MR示踪观察的可行性。方法大鼠脑梗死模型24只，按随机数字表法分为3组：第1组大鼠同侧尾状核移植SP10和5-溴脱氧尿核苷（BrdU）双标记的NSCs；第2组对侧尾状核移植双标记的NSCs；第3组对侧尾状核移植未标记的NSCs。移植后1、3、5、7周后进行MR示踪观察，选择T2WI和梯度回波（GRE）序列，成像后相应时间点每组处死2只大鼠，取脑组织冰冻切片后进行普鲁士蓝染色及BrdU染色。结果移植后1周MRI显示：移植标记细胞组在注射点处可见类圆形低信号影，未标记细胞组注射点未见异常信号影；3周后，第1组梗死皮层下可见线状低信号影；移植5周后，第2组沿胼胝体走行可见扇形低信号影，尖端指向病灶。GRE序列显示标记细胞较清晰，而T2WI显示梗死病灶和大鼠脑正常结构较清晰。相应时间点相应部位普鲁士蓝染色及BrdU染色可见阳性细胞，与MRI结果相符。结论超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和BrdU双标记的神经干细胞移植至大鼠脑内后可迁移到病灶区；MR成像能够在活体内连续示踪观察神经干细胞的迁移及分布情况。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.