单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能变化

目的 了解单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗及胰岛G细胞功能。方法 对单纯性肥胖和正常对照儿童进行口服糖耐量试验（OGTT）和胰岛素释放试验，测定其血糖和胰岛素水平。采用稳态模型评估法（HOMA）计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR），胰岛素敏感指数（HOMA-IAI），胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-IS），服葡萄糖后30min胰岛素增值与血糖增值的比值（△Ⅰ30／△G30）、胰岛素曲线下面积（INSAUC）。结果 HOMA-IR≥2．8者24例（38．7％），为胰岛素抵抗。肥胖组空腹血糖（FPG）、HOMA-IS与对照组比较无统计学差异。两组餐后2h血糖、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素。HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI、△Ⅰ30／△G30、INSAUC均有统计学差异。结论 单纯肥胖儿童不仅有胰岛素抵抗，同时存在餐后胰岛G细胞分泌功能异常。     

肥胖儿童脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的了解肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪肝(NASH)的发病情况及与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法对125例肥胖儿童行肝脏B超检查及血生化检查;对其中36例肥胖伴NASH儿童和41例无并发症的单纯肥胖儿童,以及22例对照儿童空腹行口服葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素释放试验,计算体重指数(BMI)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA蛳IR)、总体胰岛素敏感指数(WBISI)和葡萄糖、胰岛素曲线下面积之比(AUCINS/AUCBG)。结果NASH在肥胖儿童中的发生率为28.8%;NASH组BMI、HOMA蛳IR、AUCINS/AUCBG均明显高于单纯肥胖组和对照组熏WBISI明显低于单纯肥胖组和对照组;单纯肥胖组HOMA蛳IR、AUCINS/AUCBG均明显高于对照组。结论肥胖儿童中NASH发生率较高;NASH儿童存在严重的胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素抵抗可能是NASH重要发病机制之一。     

单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗及血脂变化

我院内分泌专科门诊观察了40例单纯性肥胖儿童的血清胰岛素、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇及血浆脂蛋白的变化并研究其与肥胖的相关性。对象与方法一、对象1995年2月～1997年6月从我院内分泌门诊选择40例单纯性肥胖儿童（肥胖组），年龄6～14a，平均年龄9．4a，男29例，女11例，     

出生体重与儿童胰岛素抵抗的关系研究进展

胰岛素抵抗是指体内胰岛素作用减低的一种病理生理改变。低出生体重与新生儿期、幼儿期和青少年期胰岛素抵抗均有相关性;婴儿期的胰岛素抵抗与出生后追赶生长相关性较强,提示胎儿期和儿童早期营养环境是儿童胰岛素抵抗的影响因素之一。早期的营养干预可能影响儿童胰岛素抵抗的发病率。也有部分研究对上述结果提出异议,尚待从营养、遗传和流行病学等方面进一步探讨出生体重和胰岛素抵抗的关系及其可能的机制。     

出生体重与儿童胰岛素抵抗的关系研究进展

胰岛素抵抗是指体内胰岛素作用减低的一种病理生理改变。低出生体重与新生儿期、幼儿期和青少年期胰岛素抵抗均有相关性；婴儿期的胰岛索抵抗与出生后追赶生长相关性较强，提示胎儿期和儿童早期营养环境是儿童胰岛素抵抗的影响因素之一。早期的营养干预可能影响儿童胰岛素抵抗的发病率。也有部分研究对上述结果提出异议，尚待从营养、遗传和流行病学等方面进一步探讨出生体重和胰岛素抵抗的关系及其可能的机制。     

肥胖儿童血清胰岛素水平对体脂分布及胰岛素抵抗和血脂的影响

目的　探讨肥胖儿童血清胰岛素水平与体脂分布、胰岛素抵抗及血脂的关系。方法　对 6 8例单纯性肥胖儿童依据空腹血胰岛素 (FINS)及空腹血糖 (FBG)水平分为高胰岛素血症组 (HIG) 4 3例和正常胰岛素组 (NIG)2 5例 ,测量FBG、胰岛素 (INS)、血脂 ,计算体重指数 (BMI)、腰臀比、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)、敏感指数 (HOMA IAI)、胰岛细胞分泌功能 (HOMA IS)及葡萄糖、胰岛素曲线下面积 (AUCBG、AUCINS)。结果　 (1)HIG组BMI、腰围、腰臀比、HOMA IR、HOMA IS、AUCINS明显高于NIG组 (P <0 0 5、0 0 1、0 0 0 1) ,HOMA IAI低于NIG组 (P <0 0 0 1) ;(2 )HIG组FINS与BMI、腰围、腰臀比、HOMA IR、HOMA IS、AUCINS成正相关 (r =0 316 ,0 32 4 ,0 4 6 4 ,0 835 ,0 5 99,0 5 2 5 ,P <0 0 5 ,0 0 5 ,0 0 1,0 0 0 1,0 0 0 1,0 0 0 1) ,与HOMA IAI成负相关(r =- 0 812 ,P <0 0 0 1) ;(3)两组FBG、AUCBG、血脂差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　高胰岛素血症肥胖患儿体内脂质沉积严重且脂肪分布异常 ,胰岛素抵抗更为严重 ,高胰岛素血症可能为肥胖产生的原因之一。     

小于胎龄与胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病

小于胎龄是导致胰岛素抵抗综合征的一个重要危险因素,但其发生机制尚不明确.流行病学研究发现,早期营养与成年发生代谢综合征密切相关.现对宫内营养程序化与小于胎龄儿成年后胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病的关系作一综述.     

不同指标在评价肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗中的价值

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗临床评估的指标。方法对单纯性肥胖和正常对照儿童进行葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验,在试验前及试验后30、60、120、180 min分别测血糖和胰岛素,并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、敏感指数(HOMA-IAI)、胰岛素分泌功能(HOMA-IS)、血糖曲线下面积与胰岛素曲线下面积比及空腹血糖和空腹胰岛紊的比值(FBG/FINS)等胰岛素抵抗评价指标。结果肥胖组FINS明显高于对照组,FBG、HOMA-IS与对照组无显著差异。HOMA-IR和HOMA-IAI之间具有显著相关性,r为-1,与FINS的r分别为0.913和-0.913,与FBG/FINS的r分别为-0.889和0.889,与曲线下面积比的r分别为-0.523和-0.523,P均<0.01。结论FINS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI、血糖与胰岛素曲线下面积比、FBG/FINS均适用于肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗的评估,尤以FINS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI更可取。     

Insulin resistance in short children with intrauterine growth retardation

Scientific evidence is accumulating for an association between intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and an increased risk of developing adult degenerative diseases, such as essential hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease. A possible underlying mechanism for these conditions is insulin resistance. In this paper, mechanisms and methods of measurement of insulin resistance are briefly reviewed, and recent studies on the evaluation of insulin resistance in short children with IUGR are summarized. In our experience, short prepubertal children with IUGR show consistent insulin resistance, which becomes particularly evident during pubertal development.     

Insulin resistance in short children with intrauterine growth retardation

Chiarelli F, di Ricco L, Mohn A, De Martino M, Verrotti A. Insulin resistance in short children with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Pædiatr 1999; Suppl 428: 62–5. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326
Scientific evidence is accumulating for an association between intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and an increased risk of developing adult degenerative diseases, such as essential hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease. A possible underlying mechanism for these conditions is insulin resistance. In this paper, mechanisms and methods of measurement of insulin resistance are briefly reviewed, and recent studies on the evaluation of insulin resistance in short children with IUGR are summarized. In our experience, short prepubertal children with IUGR show consistent insulin resistance, which becomes particularly evident during pubertal development. □ Intrauterine growth retardation, insulin resistance, short children     

Insulin resistance in children

Insulin resistance is characterized by decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin. The hallmark of insulin resistance is decreased tissue glucose uptake despite normal or elevated insulin concentration. There has been an upward trend in the incidence of insulin resistance in developed countries, although in pediatric population it is difficult to assess. Both genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of insulin resistance, namely increased diet caloricity and decreased physical activity. Gradually, this leads to adipose tissue build-up. The role of visceral adipose tissue is of particular importance, mainly due to its significant endocrine activity, leading to adverse metabolic effects. The most important consequences of insulin resistance in children include increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, atherogenic dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension, which lead to increased cardiovascular risk. Children with insulin resistance can develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and sleep apnea syndrome. In case of female pediatric patients a higher incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is observed. Furthermore, the authors reviewed opinions on risk factors for insulin resistance, as well as direct and indirect insulin resistance assessment methods. The article presents the principles of primary and secondary prevention of insulin resistance in children, with particular allowance for dietary recommendations and recommendations to increase physical activity, and, in selected cases, current guidelines on pharmacological treatment.     

Insulin receptor autoimmunity and insulin resistance

The frequency of insulin receptor autoantibodies (IR-ab) was determined among adolescents and young adults with documented insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) with and without concomitant autoimmunity. The study population was comprised of 61 patients with obesity, acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance (simple IRS); 12 with IRS and other autoimmune problems (lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis) (type B insulin resistance); six with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2; and 40 healthy controls. Using our newly developed radiobinding assay system, we found no control positive while 25% of the patients with type B IRS (3/12) were positive, as expected. However, we found that 9.8% of the patients with simple IRS (6/61) were also reproducibly positive. All the latter patients with positive IR-ab were female with ovarian hyperandrogenism. The phenotype of those affected was otherwise unremarkably different from those without IR-ab. Our findings suggest that autoimmunity to insulin receptors may be causal in IRS especially for females with ovarian hyperandrogenism, and that IR-ab may be found in IRS besides those previously defined by the type B phenotype. Determining the level of IR-ab in childhood onset IRS may provide mechanistic insights into the genesis of insulin resistance and lead to novel treatment approaches.     

Insulin like growth factors axis and growth disorders

The growth hormone-insulin like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis plays a crucial role in the regulation of growth. Initially considered to be a mediator of growth hormone actions, IGF axis has been established as an independent endocrine system with wide array of actions. Recent advances have led to tremendous increase in the clinical utility of the IGF axis. IGF-based investigations (IGF1 and IGF binding protein 3) are now replacing GH-based investigations for evaluation and monitoring of disorders of the GH-IGF axis. IGF therapy has been successfully utilized in growth hormone insensitivity syndrome and GHD type 1B. The possibility of IGF axis as therapeutic options is being explored in wide variety of disorders like hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, Alzheimer's disease and psoriasis.     

Insulin resistance in childhood obesity

The prevalence of childhood obesity is on the rise in the USA. Approximately 20% of children and adolescents are overweight, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than the 85th percentile. We describe a series of studies that has elucidated the impact of both childhood and adolescent obesity on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo. We used magnetic resonance imaging to quantify the abdominal, visceral and subcutaneous fat depots, together with the insulin and glucose clamping techniques, to assess alterations in insulin action and secretion early in the course of obesity.