小檗碱改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的研究小檗碱对游离脂肪酸诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的作用，探讨小檗碱改善胰岛素抵抗的分子机制。方法以0．5mmol／L软脂酸诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗，予以小檗碱进行干预，同时以阿司匹林作为阳性对照，用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培液中的葡萄糖消耗量，以2-脱氧-[^3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率，用Western印迹检测IκB激酶B（IKKβ）、胰岛素受体底物1（IRS-1）、磷酸肌醇3激酶p85（PI-3K p85），葡萄糖转运子4（Glut4）的蛋白表达和IKKβ 181位丝氨酸（IKKβ Ser181）、IRS-1 307位丝氨酸（IRS-1 Ser307）的磷酸化。结果0．5mmol／L软脂酸作用24h使3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖消耗降低41％，胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运抑制67％，IKKβSer181和IRS-1 Ser307的磷酸化增加，IRS-1和PI-3K p85蛋白的表达减少；同时加入小檗碱或阿司匹林则可逆转上述效应。但软脂酸、小檗碱、阿司匹林对3T3-L1脂肪细胞IKKβ蛋白、Glut4蛋白的表达无明显影响。结论小檗碱可以明显改善游离脂肪酸诱导的胰岛素抵抗，其分子机制可能是通过抑制IKKβ Ser181磷酸化实现的。     

游离脂肪酸刺激核因子NF-kBp65核转位诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的:研究游离脂肪酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞核因子NF-kBp65表达及转位的影响,探讨游离脂肪酸诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法:诱导成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与0.3,0.5,1.0 mmol/L的软脂酸(PA)培养6-24h,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培液中的葡萄糖消耗量,以2-脱氧-[~3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western blot检测总NF-kBp65蛋白及核NF-kBp65蛋白的表达,用激光扫描共聚焦(CLSM)对NF-kBp65进行定位显示.0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h后,3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗明显减少(3.03±0.34,2.71±0.36,2.64±0.25 mmol/L),呈时间剂量依赖效应,其作用不需要胰岛素的存在;0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h显著减少3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运率(64%,33%,32%),呈时间剂量依赖效应;核NF-kBp65蛋白表达明显增加,CLSM显示NF- kBp65核转位增加,但软脂酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞总NF-kBp65蛋白的表达无明显影响.结论:游离脂肪酸可以诱导胰岛素抵抗,其分子机制可能与FFAs刺激NF-kB的活化转位调节相关基因的表达有关.     

游离脂肪酸诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的研究游离脂肪酸（FFA）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞IKKβ及胰岛素信号转导蛋白的影响,探讨FFA诱导胰岛素抵抗（IR）的分子机制。方法诱导成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与0.3-1.0mmol/L的软脂酸（PA）培养6-24h,以2-脱氧-〔^3H〕-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western blot检测IKKβ蛋白、IKKβ Ser181磷酸化、IRS-1蛋白、IRS-1 Ser307磷酸化、PI3Kp85蛋白及GluT4蛋白的表达。结果0.3-1.0mmol/LPA作用6-24h后,3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗明显减少,同时,Western blot显示,PA对IKKβ及GluT4蛋白的表达无明显影响,却能明显增加IKKβ Ser181及IRS-1 Ser307磷酸化,同时减少IRS-1蛋白和PI3Kp85蛋白的表达。结论FFA可以诱导IR,其分子机制可能与FFA激活IKKβ,使IRS-1丝氨酸残基磷酸化增加而酪氨酸残基磷酸化减少,进而使其下游的PI-3Kp85蛋白表达减少抑制葡萄糖转运有关。     

游离脂肪酸刺激核因子NF-κBp65核转位诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的:研究游离脂肪酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞核因子NF-κBp65表达及转位的影响,探讨游离脂肪酸诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法:诱导成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞与0.3,0.5,1.0 mmol/L的软脂酸(PA)培养6-24 h,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培液中的葡萄糖消耗量,以2-脱氧-[3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western blot检测总NF-κBp65蛋白及核NF-κBp65蛋白的表达,用激光扫描共聚焦(CLSM)对NF-κBp65进行定位显示.结果:0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h后,3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗明显减少(3.03±0.34,2.71±0.36,2.64±0.25 mmol/L),呈时间剂量依赖效应,其作用不需要胰岛素的存在;0.3-1.0 mmol/L软脂酸作用6-24 h显著减少3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运率(64%,33%,32%),呈时间剂量依赖效应;核NF-κBp65蛋白表达明显增加,CLSM显示NF-κBp65核转位增加,但软脂酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞总NF-κBp65蛋白的表达无明显影响.结论:游离脂肪酸可以诱导胰岛素抵抗,其分子机制可能与FFAs刺激NF-κB的活化转位调节相关基因的表达有关.     

软脂酸制备3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的方法

目的 用软脂酸(PA)诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞,探讨用PA制备3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗(IR)模型的方法.方法 将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,用油红O染色法鉴定细胞.用不同浓度的PA(0 mmol/L、0.25 mmol/L、0.5mmol/L、1.0 mmol/L)干预3T3-L1脂肪细胞24 h,收集各组细胞培养液,用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定各组细胞培养液葡萄糖的含量,观察PA对3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖摄取的影响.结果 0.25 mmol/L PA就可明显抑制成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖的摄取(P＜0.01),且呈浓度依赖性.与对照组相比,0.25 mmol/L PA组、0.5 mmol/L PA组、1.0 mmol/L PA组葡萄糖摄取率分别下降5.25％、10.29％、14.54％.结论 在胰岛素刺激下,0.25 mmol/L PA作用于3T3-L1脂肪细胞24 h就可诱导细胞产生IR,且随着浓度的增加其效果逐渐增强.     

小檗碱对脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运的影响及其机制研究

目的 观察小檗碱对3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运的影响，并探讨其机制。方法 以葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞的葡萄糖消耗量，以2-脱氧-^3H-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率，以免疫共沉淀和蛋白免疫印迹检测蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B，Akt)活性，以Northern印迹检测c-Cbl相关蛋白(CAP)mRNA的表达。结果 0．1-200μmol／L小檗碱显著增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗，呈剂量依赖效应，其作用不需要胰岛素的存在；0．1～10μmol／L小檗碱显著增加脂肪细胞的葡萄糖转运，在其作用2h后，葡萄糖转运即显著增加，至12h时，其作用趋近最大；免疫共沉淀和蛋白免疫印迹结果显示，小檗碱并未增强Akt激酶活性；Northern印迹结果显示，小檗碱明显降低CAP mRNA的表达。结论 脂肪细胞是小檗碱的重要靶细胞，小檗碱显著增加脂肪细胞的葡萄糖转运和消耗，可能并非通过已知的胰岛素信号转导途径。     

高糖诱导分化对3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞线粒体形态和功能的影响

目的观察高糖诱导分化对3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运以及线粒体功能的影响。方法 3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞分别在含25 mmol/L葡萄糖(高糖组)及5 mmol/L葡萄糖(低糖组)的DMEM培养基中诱导分化。采用油红"O"染色法观察细胞的分化程度,采用液闪仪检测成熟脂肪细胞对[3H]-2-脱氧葡萄糖的摄取率,采用透射电镜观察脂肪细胞的线粒体形态,生物发光法检测脂肪细胞内ATP。结果两组3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞均可分化为成熟脂肪细胞,高糖组成熟脂肪细胞体积及胞质内脂滴均较低糖组大;高糖组成熟脂肪细胞基础状态及胰岛素刺激下的葡萄糖摄取率均低于低糖组脂肪细胞;高糖组成熟脂肪细胞线粒体形态异常,细胞内ATP的含量为(63.00±2.48)nM/mg protein,低糖组为(102.00±1.39)nM/mg protein,两组比较,P<0.05。结论采用含25mmol/L或5 mmol/L葡萄糖的DMEM培养基培养,对3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞向成熟脂肪细胞的分化进程无明显影响;高糖诱导分化可致成熟脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗和线粒体功能损伤。     

脂联素球状结构域对胰岛素抵抗模型脂肪细胞及胰岛素信号转导的影响

将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,用软脂酸制备脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,不同浓度的脂联素球状结构域(globular domain of adiponectin,gAd)干预已经产生胰岛素抵抗的3T3-L1脂肪细胞,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培养液中葡萄糖的消耗量,实时荧光定量PCR法检测胰岛素受体底物(IRS)-1、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(PKB)基因水平的变化,Western印迹检测IRS-1酪氨酸磷酸化水平.结果显示,与对照组相比,各实验组葡萄糖消耗量均显著增加(P＜0.01),且随着gAd浓度的增加,葡萄糖消耗量也逐渐增加;500 ng/ml gAd组及1 000 ng/ml gAd组IRS-1、PI3K、PKB的mRNA表达均比对照组显著增加(P＜0.05);同时,gAd可增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型IRS-1酪氨酸磷酸化水平,且呈浓度依赖性.提示gAd能够促进3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型葡萄糖的摄取,其机制可能与促进脂肪细胞胰岛素信号转导、改善胰岛素抵抗有关.     

高糖对大鼠脂肪细胞胰岛素信号蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的 探讨高浓度葡萄糖（高糖）对原代培养大鼠脂肪细胞的葡萄糖转运活动、胰岛素信号蛋白磷酸化及表达的影响。方法 分离的大鼠脂肪细胞在5，10，15和25mmol/L葡萄糖中孵育24h，然后测定：糖转运活动；胰岛素受体（IR）、胰岛素受体底物（IRS）1、2及蛋白激酶B（PKB）的磷酸化；IRS1，IRS2，肌醇磷脂－3－激酶85亚单位（p85)和PKB的蛋白表达。结果 高糖抑制了这些细胞的葡萄糖转运活动，削弱了IR、IRS1的酪氨酸磷酸化及PKB的丝氨酸磷酸化；下调IRS1而上调IRS2蛋白表达。结论 高糖能抑制脂肪细胞的糖转运活动，诱导胰岛素抵抗。其作用机制与影响胰岛素信号蛋白多部位的磷酸化及蛋白表达有关。     

不同胰岛素敏感状态下3T3-L1脂肪细胞中蛋白激酶B的表达

目的 建立不同胰岛素敏感状态的细胞模型,研究不同状态下蛋白激酶B(PKB)的表达. 方法 对3T3-L1脂肪细胞采用不同浓度葡萄糖(3.0 mmol/L、5.5 mmol/L和50.0 mmol/L)进行培养,应用胰岛素介导的3H-2脱氧-D葡萄糖摄取率,评价低糖组、对照组和高糖组3T3-L1脂肪细胞的胰岛素敏感性,并以RT-PCR方法检测葡萄糖刺激前后各组细胞中PKB的表达. 结果 3T3-L1脂肪细胞3H-2脱氧-D葡萄糖摄取率依次为,低糖组0.80±0.28,对照组0.53±0.33,高糖组0.32±0.13;在相同条件下.3组细胞间的PKB mRNA表达差异无统计学意义;但在葡萄糖刺激后普遍降低,低糖组、对照组和高糖组分别降低了52%、46%和59%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 体外不同的葡萄糖浓度培养条件,可产生3T3-L1脂肪细胞不同的胰岛素敏感状态,而细胞在此条件下的PKB表达并无明显差异.     

3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine in 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency

Summary A new acylcarnitine was observed in the plasma and urine of a patient with isolated 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. Analysis by tandem mass spectrometry of the methyl ester and butyl ester and their fragment ion spectra identified it as a 3-hydroxy-C5-acylcarnitine. Fibroblasts from a second patient were incubated with deuterium-labelled leucine. Incorporation of label in the new acylcarnitine identified its origin from leucine, and thus confirmed the structure as 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine. The presence of elevated amounts of this metabolite, plus a small amount of 3-methylcrotonylcarnitine in plasma, was diagnostic for isolated 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. Other conditions in which a hydroxy-C5-acylcarnitine was present were readily differentiated by the abnormal elevation of other acylcarnitines.     

Reactive oxygen species up-regulates SOCS-3 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

We investigated the effect of increased intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) on SOCS-3 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Increased intracellular ROS levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were achieved by two methods of exposure to H2O2 and the occurrence of oxidative stress in cells was assessed by flow cytometry . Expression of SOCS-3 mRNA and that of some adipokines were measured by real time PCR. The level of SOCS-3 protein was determined by western blot. The effect of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid was also investigated. Both the relatively mild increased intracellular ROS and the acute but transient increased ROS elevated the levels of SOCS-3 mRNA and protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, acompanied with elevated levels of TNF-α mRNA and resistin mRNA and the decreased levels of adiponectin mRNA and secretory adiponectin in culture medium. α-lipoic acid could attenuate the effects of ROS on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We hypothesized that in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, SOCS-3 could be upregulated directly by the induction of increased intracellular ROS and to some extent which was up-regulated by adipokine modulation.

     

Genetic factors involved in human Gγ and Aγ globin gene expression

Gγ to Aγ globin ratios, haplotypes at the β globin gene cluster and the C →T substitution at -158 5′ to the Gγ globin gene were studied in three Algerian families that include SS or S-β°thal patients. Gγ to Aγ ratios were found similar, within a family, in subjects displaying the same combination of chromosomes 11, the ratio observed for a given combination depending on the chromosome haplotypes. Our data can be explained by the existence of several alleles of a genetic factor closely linked to the β globin gene cluster and involved in the determination of Gγ to Aγ globin ratio.     

The Frequency of Kappa and Lambda Chains in Pathologic Serum γG, γA, γD and γμ Immunoglobulins

Light chain typing of M-components of non-macroglobulin nature from 500 sera gave a κ/γ quotient of 1.5. All the M-components contained either κ or γ chains. Irrespective of the electrophoretic charge the quotient in γG-M-components was 2, and in γA-M-components 0.9 and Bence-Jones proteinaemias 1.3. One serum contained a γGL- and a γAK-M-component, both in a concentration above 3 g per 100 ml.     

Tγ cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Circulating T cells bearing receptors for the Fcportion of IgG (Tγ) were identified by sensitive immunofluorescent techniques with rabbit IgG b4 allotype/anti-b4 complexes. A twofold decrease in both proportion and absolute number of Tγ cells was found in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) relative to values obtained during disease remission. The reduction in Tγ cells was most evident in patients with severe hypocomplementemia. A deficit of Tγ cells in active patients was not demonstrated. The percentage of total T cells rosetting with sheep erythrocytes was reduced in peripheral blood of most patients regardless of disease activity status, but particularly during SLE exacerbation. Cells lacking intrinsic surface immunoglobulin, IgG Fc receptors, and receptors for sheep erythrocytes were increased. These cells, operationally termed null. exhibited an inverse linear relationship with T cells that was not apparent in regression analyses performed against other lymphocyte subpopulations. Such differences were not found for B cells and IgG receptor-bearing non-B/non-T cells which were present in normal proportions in virtually all patients. The origin and functional significance of these unusual lymphocyte subpopulation abnormalities are discussed.