肺淋巴管肌瘤病的临床及病理特点

目的 提高对肺淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM)的临床及病理诊断和认识水平.方法 回顾分析复旦大学附属中山医院确诊为肺LAM的病例15例,并复习1993-2008年国内文献的73例报道,分析该病的临床及病理特点.其中1例患者死后行尸体解剖,对其全身各脏器进行病理组织学观察.结果 88例患者均为女性,平均发病年龄(37±9)岁,常见临床表现依次为呼吸困难83例(94%)、咯血48例(54%)、气胸41例(47%)、乳糜胸28例(32%).其中35例患者行肺功能检查,32例存在弥散功能障碍,25例表现为阻寨性通气功能障碍,10例表现为混合性通气功能障碍.胸部高分辨率CT检查显示双肺为典型的弥漫性薄壁囊状阴影.病理检查结果显示肺组织旱弥漫性囊状改变,增生的LAM细胞沿细支气管壁、肺泡壁、淋巴管肇和血管壁周围分布,形成结节状.1例尸解病理检查结果显示肺脏、肾脏、淋巴结及软组织等多器官受累.42例行腹部B超及影像学检查,其中23例伴发肺外LAM.结论 LAM常累及全身多个系统,但肺是最主要的受累器官.育龄期妇女出现进行性呼吸困难、气胸、乳糜胸及高分辨CT表现为弥漫性小囊状改变时,应考虑到LAM的可能.确诊需依赖肺组织活检病理检查结果,并应常规进行腹部及盆腔影像学检查,以了解患者是否合并肺外LAM.     

淋巴管肌瘤病3例并文献复习

目的探讨淋巴管肌瘤病(LAM)的临床特征和诊断,提高对LAM的认识和诊疗水平。方法回顾性分析3例LAM患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果本组中女2例(43岁和36岁)、男1例(31岁),均出现无明显诱因的呼吸困难、咳嗽,并不断加重。其中病例1肺功能检查存在混合型通气功能障碍,肺弥散功能障碍;胸部高分辨CT(HRCT)示两肺散在囊状透光影,具有特征性表现。病例2有咯血症状,肺组织活检术后引流出胸腔乳糜液。3例术后病理组织检查确诊,病例1免疫组化染色见淋巴管平滑肌呈SM-action、Desmin阳性。结论LAM主要发生于育龄期妇女,无诱因的呼吸困难是最常见的临床表现,肺功能多表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍和弥散功能障碍;特征性的胸部HRCT检查有较高的诊断价值,病理活检和免疫组化检查可确诊。     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病11例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤病( PLAM)的临床和预后.方法 分析经治的11例PLAM病人的资料,并复习文献.结果 11例均为女性;年龄31 ～55岁,平均(44±9)岁;均经肺组织活检明确病理;主要临床表现为进行性呼吸困难10例(发生率91％),咳嗽6例(55％),咯血2例(18％),乳糜胸3例(27％),气胸3例(27％)等;11例患者均进行肺功能检测,均有弥散功能下降,9例行动脉血气分析,其中7例表现为低氧血症,4例合并呼吸衰竭;11例行胸部高分辨率CT (HRCT),均显示两肺弥漫性薄壁囊状阴影.结论 PLAM以呼吸困难,咳嗽,气胸和乳糜胸为主要临床表现;双肺弥漫性薄壁囊状阴影为影像学特征表现;肺组织活检是确诊的主要依据.     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病9例临床分析

目的探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤(PLAM)的临床表现及诊治方法。方法报道并临床分析2005—2008年中南大学湘雅二院收治的具有较完整资料的9例肺淋巴管肌瘤病例,结合文献进行复习。结果 9例均为女性。均有活动后气促,1例有乳糜腹,2例有乳糜胸,3例有气胸,6例有咯血。9例高分辨CT(HRCT)均示肺部弥漫分布薄壁囊腔透光区的PLAM特征性表现而临床诊断。4例行病理组织检查确诊。国内首次报道予雷帕霉素治疗LAM且疗效满意的病例。结论 HRCT检查对PLAM具诊断价值,对育龄妇女发生的渐进性呼吸困难、气胸、乳糜胸、咯血应及时进行胸部HRCT检查,雷帕霉素给此病的治疗带来新希望。     

安徽省淋巴管肌瘤病22例临床分析

目的总结安徽省淋巴管肌瘤病(LAM)患者临床特征,提高诊治水平。方法回顾分析2009年1月1日至2019年12月31日中科大附属第一医院LAM患者临床资料。结果本研究纳入22例女性LAM患者,平均诊断年龄(37±11)岁。近5年LAM诊断病例较前增加超三倍。所有患者胸部高分辨CT显示肺弥漫薄壁囊性病变。长期误诊20例(91%),平均误诊58月,误诊诊断为多发性肺大泡9例(41%)、肾癌6例(27%)和慢阻肺6例(23%)。最终病理确诊11例,临床诊断11例,其中VEGF-D≥800ng/L协助临床诊断5例(23%),TSC 2例,肾AML 2例,乳糜胸1例和肺外淋巴管肌瘤1例。临床表现以呼吸困难17例(77%)最常见,肺外症状10例(45%),并发气胸9例,复发率67%。西罗莫司有效率88%,气胸患者胸膜固定术后复发率25%。结论近5年LAM诊断数显著增加。育龄期女性出现呼吸困难、反复气胸,甚至肺外症状,应行胸部高分辨CT寻找特征性囊性病变,完善血清VEGF-D协助诊断LAM。西罗莫司能有效改善病情,并发气胸尽早行胸膜固定术,减少复发。     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病的胸部影像学表现

目的探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤病（PLAM）的影像学表现。方法报告3例PLAM病例,结合文献资料对该病病因、临床特点及影像学表现进行讨论。结果 3例患者均为育龄期女性,首发症状均为活动后呼吸困难,其中1例合并气胸,1例合并气胸及乳糜胸,1例合并肺外淋巴管肌瘤。结合文献资料,本病常发于育龄期女性,临床表现依次为呼吸困难、咯血、气胸、乳糜胸等。本病X线片常呈非特异改变,CT较具特异性,主要表现为多发均匀分布囊状影,伴有间隔线,呈网格状改变,同时出现液气胸和淋巴结肿大,肺外也可有多发相关改变。肺功能测定常伴有阻塞性通气功能障碍。结论 CT检查对PLAM具有诊断价值。对育龄期妇女发生的渐进性呼吸困难、咯血、自发性气胸应及时进行胸部CT检查,并应常规进行腹部和盆腔影像学检查以了解患者是否合并肺外淋巴管平滑肌瘤。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病二例―附文献分析

目的提高对肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(PLAM)的认识并引起对该病的重视.方法对2例PLAM患者的临床资料进行分析,并结合文献进行复习.结果PLAM是一种持续发展的弥漫性肺间质疾病.临床表现为反复发作的自发性气胸、活动后呼吸困难、咯血和乳糜胸等.肺功能呈阻塞性肺通气功能障碍和弥散功能障碍,动脉血气分析显示低氧血症.胸部X线表现两肺弥漫性网格状,晚期呈蜂窝样变化.高分辨CT(HRCT)两肺广泛弥漫性分布的薄壁小囊状病变.病理学特点为肺淋巴管、小气道、小血管的管壁及其周围的平滑肌细胞弥漫性异常增生.免疫组化HMB45阳性.结论对育龄期妇女发生渐进性呼吸困难不能缓解,类似肺气肿的临床表现及X线胸片阴影,并出现反复气胸或乳糜胸水时即应考虑为PLAM可能,最好能以肺组织活检明确诊断.该病预后差,目前无有效的预防和治疗方法.     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病

目的　提高对罕见病肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病 (PL AM)的认识。方法　对我院诊治的患者进行分析 ,并结合文献复习。结果　 PL AM是一种罕见的弥漫性肺部疾病 ,临床反复发作自发性气胸或 /和乳糜胸、活动后呼吸困难和痰血等。肺功能呈阻塞性或混合性通气功能障碍 ,低氧血症。胸部 X线表现为两肺弥漫分布网格状阴影 ,高分辨 CT(HRCT)示弥漫分布囊状改变。病理学检查示 :肺组织淋巴管增生和扩张 ,管外平滑肌明显增生。结论　育龄期妇女如反复发生气胸及出现原因不明的呼吸困难、咯血或乳糜胸 ,应疑诊 PL AM,及时行 HRCT及肺功能检查 ,必要时肺活检 ,以明确病理诊断。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病二例一附文献分析

目的 提高对肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(PLAM)的认识并引起对该病的重视。方法 对2例PLAM患者的临床资料进行分析，并结合文献进行复习。结果 PLAM是一种持续发展的弥漫性肺间质疾病。临床表现为反复发作的自发性气胸、活动后呼吸困难、咯血和乳糜胸等。肺功能呈阻塞性肺通气功能障碍和弥散功能障碍，动脉血气分析显示低氧血症。胸部x线表现两肺弥漫性网格状，晚期呈蜂窝样变化。高分辨CT(HRCT)两肺广泛弥漫性分布的薄壁小囊状病变。病理学特点为肺淋巴管、小气道、小血管的管壁及其周围的平滑肌细胞弥漫性异常增生。免疫组化HMB45阳性。结论 对育龄期妇女发生渐进性呼吸困难不能缓解，类似肺气肿的临床表现及x线胸片阴影，并出现反复气胸或乳糜胸水时即应考虑为PLAM可能，最好能以肺组织活检明确诊断。该病预后差，目前无有效的预防和治疗方法。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病九例临床和病理分析

目的 探讨肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(pulmonary lymphangionleiomyomatosis,PLAM)的临床和病理特征,提高临床诊治水平.方法 对广州呼吸疾病研究所确诊的9例PLAM患者的临床特点、影像学表现、肺功能及病理学检查进行分析并结合文献复习.结果 9例PLAM患者均为育龄期妇女(20～50岁),临床症状表现为呼吸困难(8/9)、咳嗽(6/9)、咯痰(2/9)、咯血(2/9)、胸痛(3/9)、自发性气胸(6/9)、乳糜胸(3/9)、乳糜性腹腔积液(2/9).胸部X线检查4例表现为双肺弥漫性网状结节影,2例表现为液气胸,2例表现为胸腔积液,1例表现为多发肺小囊状透光区及肺大疱,1例无异常.高分辨率CT具有特征性变化,9例双肺均可见多发小囊状影,直径2～20 mm,壁较薄.2例腹部CT于腹主动脉前可见多个肿大的淋巴结.6例患者进行了肺功能检查,3例通气功能正常,1例呈中度阻塞性通气功能障碍,1例呈重度混合性通气功能障碍,1例呈极重度混合性通气功能障碍,其中1例支气管舒张试验阳性.4例肺弥散功能下降.4例(4/9)经纤维支气管镜肺活检,5例(5/9)经胸腔镜活检,全部经病理确诊.病理学检查显示不同成熟度平滑肌细胞在细支气管壁、肺泡壁、淋巴管壁和血管壁周围增生,肺实质呈囊性变.结论 PLAM表现不典型,易被漏诊、误诊,应提高对本病的认识.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.