后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台外侧柱及后柱骨折

目的探讨后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台外侧柱及后柱骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年4月~2015年2月收治的19例采取后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱及后柱骨折患者的临床资料,其中男性12例,女性7例;年龄21~72岁,平均38.1岁;左侧10例,右侧9例。致伤原因:道路交通伤12例,高处坠落伤5例,重物砸伤2例。所有患者均采用前外联合后内侧入路显露骨折、复位、植骨并钢板固定,同时修复合并的半月板、韧带损伤。通过比较术前健侧与术后即刻的胫骨平台内翻角(PT角)、后倾角(PS角)评价骨折的复位质量;通过比较术后即刻与术后12个月时的PT角、PS角评价骨折的愈合情况及内固定稳定性;同时,采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分对膝关节功能进行评价。结果 19例均获得随访,随访时间12~26个月,平均14.6个月;骨折临床愈合时间9~15周,平均14.2周;比较术前健侧与术后即刻、术后即刻与术后12个月时的PT、PS角,均无统计学差异(P值分别为0.258、0.143、0.374、0.079);术后12个月随访时的HSS评分为82~94分,平均86.7分。结论后内侧联合前外侧入路治疗胫骨平台外侧柱及后柱骨折疗效确切,有利于骨折复位、固定,术后膝关节功能恢复良好。     

后内侧入路治疗胫骨平台后内侧劈裂骨折

目的 探讨经后内侧入路治疗胫骨平台后内侧劈裂骨折的手术方法和临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月-2011年11月经后内侧入路治疗的胫骨平台后内侧劈裂骨折患者36例,其中男23例,女13例;年龄21～70岁,平均40.1岁.致伤原因:交通伤19例,高处坠落伤10例,平地跌伤5例,运动伤2例.均为新鲜闭合性骨折,受伤至手术时间2～16d.骨折CT分型:后内侧劈裂骨折11例,后内侧劈裂及后外侧塌陷骨折25例.术前评估包括膝关节正、侧位X线片和CT扫描及三维重建,所有患者均采用后内侧入路治疗. 结果 36例均获随访12～32个月,平均17.5个月.无切口感染和皮肤坏死,无内固定松动及断裂,无骨不愈合,无膝关节内、外翻畸形和骨折再移位.1例术后出现小腿内下方感觉麻木,经甲钴胺营养神经对症治疗3个月后完全恢复.后内侧骨折均达解剖复位.术后根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评价:优21例,良13例,可2例,优良率为94％. 结论 后内侧入路具有显露直接、充分,软组织损伤少,不涉及重要血管神经等优点,是治疗胫骨平台后内侧劈裂骨折的理想方法.     

3D打印辅助改良前外侧双肌间隙入路治疗后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨3D打印辅助改良前外侧双肌间隙入路复位内固定治疗累及后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2018年2月—2020年2月新疆医科大学第一附属医院骨科收治的累及后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折患者21例,男性14例,女性7例;年龄27～65岁,平均41.6岁.道路交通伤13例,高处坠落伤7例,其他伤1例.均采用术前3D打印技术辅助改良前外侧双肌间隙入路,术前根据后外侧主要骨折块的压缩、大小、方位,在直视下复位骨块并充分植骨,胫骨平台外侧锁定钢板于腓骨头上方尽量偏后放置固定后外侧骨块.采用Rasmussen放射学评分评估胫骨平台骨折复位情况;采用Rasmussen膝关节功能及Lachman试验评价膝关节功能及稳定性.结果 手术时间55～95min,平均72.7min;术中出血量50～125mL,平均75.5mL.随访时间12～36个月,平均17.6个月.无严重神经、血管损伤及术区感染、膝关节活动受限等并发症发生.骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间10～15周,平均12.4周.术后1年随访时未见明显角度丢失及关节面的再次塌陷.术后Rasmussen放射学评分12～18分,平均16.3分,其中优15例,良6例,优良率100％.膝关节总伸屈度110°～150°,平均128.6°.末次随访时根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评分评定疗效:优13例,良8例,优良率100％.Lachman试验均为阴性.结论 3D打印辅助下改良前外侧双肌间隙入路复位内固定治疗累及后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折是一种可供优先选择的方法.     

后内侧联合外侧髌旁入路治疗SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨应用后内侧联合外侧髌旁入路治疗SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法 2015年6月—2017年6月平煤神马医疗集团总医院创伤骨科采用手术治疗因创伤致胫骨平台SchatzkerⅣ型骨折患者22例,其中女性8例,男性14例;年龄29～48岁,平均37.6岁;均为新发闭合骨折。手术采用后内侧联合外侧髌旁入路,分别对胫骨平台SchatzkerⅣ型骨折进行复位及钢板内固定。术后评价临床疗效并观察并发症。结果本组手术顺利,无皮肤坏死、下肢深静脉血栓、血管神经损伤、切口感染等并发症发生。22例术后获得12～18个月随访,平均14.4个月,骨折均愈合。骨折愈合时间11～16周,平均14.1周。术后1年膝关节屈曲活动度为120°～135°,平均122.0°。术后1年疗效按HSS膝关节功能评分77～91分,平均88.2分。优良率为90.1%。所有患者术后即刻与术后1年胫骨平台内翻角及内、外侧平台后倾角度数比较差异无统计学意义。随访期间无一例发生内固定物松动、断裂、内固定失败、骨不连、关节僵硬和骨性关节炎等并发症。结论后内侧联合外侧髌旁入路治疗SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折显露充分,安全方便,复位切实,固定牢固,术后膝关节功能恢复好,疗效满意。     

改良Carlson入路在累及后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折手术治疗中的应用

目的 探讨改良Carlson入路治疗累及后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折中的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年1月南京中医药大学附属昆山市中医医院关节骨科收治的累及后外侧柱胫骨平台骨折患者37例,男性21例,女性16例;年龄33～77岁,平均50.2岁。道路交通伤19例,骑车摔伤11例,高处坠落伤7例。Schatzker分型：Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅴ型11例。根据罗从风三柱分型：单纯后外侧柱骨折16例,后外侧柱合并外侧柱骨折10例,后外侧柱合并后内侧柱骨折3例,累及后外侧的三柱骨折8例。均采用改良Carlson入路结合T形锁定钢板内固定后外侧柱。术后定期随访,根据胫骨平台内翻角、后倾角及Rasmussen放射评分评价复位质量;特种外科医院（HSS）评分评价膝关节功能;Lachmann试验及轴移试验评价膝关节稳定性。结果 患者均获随访12～18个月,平均13.2个月。术后即刻、3、6和12个月的平台内翻角及后倾角比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。末次随访时Rasmussen放射评分优7例,良26例,可4例,优良率89%。HSS评分优27例,良8例,可2例,优良率95%。...     

Frosch入路治疗后外侧胫骨平台骨折的效果

目的探讨Frosch入路治疗后外侧胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学附属逸夫医院骨科2018年12月—2019年4月收治的后外侧胫骨平台骨折8例,男性6例,女性2例;年龄28~57岁,平均39.3岁;摔伤3例,道路交通伤5例。采用外侧Frosch入路治疗,骨折复位固定,对骨折复位丢失、骨折愈合、功能恢复进行半年以上随访观察。结果8例患者均得到直视下复位,6例采用后外侧钢板固定,骨折愈合顺利,无复位丢失,无感染和神经损伤。2例因骨折线纵裂,超过胫前动脉分叉处,未能从后外侧固定。功能恢复按Rasmussen膝关节功能评分标准进行,优6例(评分>27分),良1例(26~20分),中1例(19~10分),优良率87.5%。结论采用外侧Frosch入路可以直视观察,有效复位骨折,确切固定,预防术后复位丢失,促进愈合,恢复功能,适合用于胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折。     

前后联合切口入路治疗累及后柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折疗效分析

目的探讨前后联合切口入路治疗累及后柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析惠州市中心人民医院创伤骨科2012年1月~2014年1月收治的累及后柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折患者22例,其中男性14例,女性8例;年龄20~70岁,平均49.7岁。致伤原因:道路交通伤15例,坠落伤7例。平台前外侧骨折6例,前内侧骨折11例,前内、前外广泛骨折5例。受伤至手术时间3~14d,平均6.5d。22例均采取前内侧或前外侧联合后内侧倒"L"型切口入路+支撑钢板内固定术治疗,分析患者的临床资料、手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术中并发症(切口感染、内固定松动或断裂情况)、骨折愈合时间(以X线片下骨折线消失为准)以及术后12个月膝关节美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分。结果所有患者手术顺利,手术时间(173.4±40.3)min,术中出血量(187.5±53.1)mL,术后住院时间(16.3±4.6)d,骨折愈合时间(31.2±7.5)周。术中及术后无严重手术相关并发症。所有患者获得随访,平均随访时间(15.3±4.9)个月;术后12个月时膝关节HSS评分为(84.6±17.3),优良率为81.8%(18/22),两侧膝关节活动度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于累及后柱的复杂胫骨平台骨折,前内侧或前外侧联合后内侧倒"L"型切口入路对组织损伤小,骨折端暴露充分,利于直视下复位内固定,对膝关节远期影响较小。     

侧后方入路钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折

目的探讨侧后方入路钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折疗效。方法对14例胫骨平台后髁骨折采用后内侧或后外侧入路切开复位钢板内固定治疗,观察其疗效。结果 14例随访12～24个月(平均15.2月),优10例,良3例,可1例。结论采用侧后方入路可充分暴露胫骨后平台后髁,直视下方便复位,结合钢板支撑内固定是治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的一种有效方法。     

联合入路双钢板内固定治疗Schatzker Ⅴ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效分析

目的探讨联合入路双钢板内固定治疗Schatzker V、VI型胫骨平台骨折患者的手术疗效。方法 2015年3月—2017年5月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院创伤中心手术治疗的Schatzker V、VI型胫骨平台骨折患者共49例,男性35例,女性14例;年龄26～67岁,平均43.2岁。所有患者采用联合入路双钢板内固定手术治疗,观察患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、骨折愈合时间及伤肢纽约特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节功能评分情况。结果 49例患者,手术平均时间(95.7±15.5)min,手术平均出血(262.9±33.2)mL,骨折平均愈合时间(4.5±1.6)个月。膝关节不稳2例,无伤口感染、骨折不愈合、畸形愈合病例。术后均门诊随访1年,术后1年伤肢采用HSS膝关节功能评分:优21例,良19例,中7例,差2例,术后膝关节优良率81.63%,术后膝关节功能较术前具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用联合入路双钢板内固定治疗Schatzker V、VI型胫骨平台骨折,固定稳定性较高,术后并发症较少,术后膝关节功能恢复率较高。     

改良Carlson后外侧入路钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折的临床研究

目的探析改良Carlson后外侧入路钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折的临床效果方法选取2016年6月至2018年6月核工业四一七医院外科收治的67例胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折患者作为研究对象,并按照随机数表法将其随机分为治疗组(34例)与对照组(33例),其中治疗组患者采用改良Carlson后外侧入路钢板内固定治疗,对照组患者采用改良膝关节后外侧倒"L"形入路钢板内固定治疗,对比观察两组患者的骨折愈合时间、不良反应发生情况以及术后3、6、12个月的美国特种外科医院(hospilal for special surgery,HSS)膝关节评分与膝关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)结果治疗组患者骨折愈合时间及不良反应发生情况与对照组均无明显差异(t=1.154、χ~2=0.194,P=0.253、0.659);治疗组患者术后3个月的HSS评分及ROM均明显高于对照组(t=3.151、2.123,P=0.003、0.038),术后6个月的HSS评分及ROM也明显高于对照组(t=2.549、2.100,P=0.013、0.040),术后12个月的HSS评分及ROM与对照组无明显差异(t=1.575、0.693,P=0.120、0.491)。结论改良Carlson后外侧入路钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折可明显促进患者的膝关节功能恢复,效果显著,值得临床推广应用。     

Fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau

We reviewed the clinical records and operative notes of 28 patients with fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau seen at our institution from 1949 to 1982. Five of the 28 patients had chronic depressions of the posterolateral tibial plateau after initial treatment elsewhere. All five were disabled because of significant functional instability when the knee was in flexion. There were 23 acute fractures, of which 4 were initially nondisplaced and treated nonoperatively. One nonoperative patient was lost to followup; the remaining three were rated as having had good or excellent results. Nineteen patients had acute depressed fractures and were treated operatively with open reduction, elevation of the depressed area, and bone grafting, with or without internal fixation. All patients treated operatively at the time of injury were seen for followup from 24 to 145 months postoperatively, with a mean followup of 59 months. One patient was lost to followup; the other 18 were rated using both objective and subjective criteria. Seventeen (94%) achieved a final rating of excellent or good; one patient (6%) achieved a rating of fair. We have observed these fractures occurring in a younger population and producing significant disability in activities requiring a stable knee in flexion. The depressed posterolateral tibial plateau fracture is best assessed by AP, lateral, and 45 degrees internal oblique views on radiographic examination. Because of continued disability caused by chronic, depressed fractures of this type, we recommend open reduction and bone grafting in acute cases to eliminate instability in flexion. This procedure produces good or excellent results in most cases.     

The posterolateral corner of the knee

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the clinical importance and MRI appearances of injuries to the posterolateral corner of the knee. CONCLUSION: Injuries to the posterolateral corner structures of the knee can cause significant disability due to instability, cartilage degeneration, and cruciate graft failure. Becoming familiar with the anatomy of this region can improve one's ability to detect subtle abnormalities and can perhaps lead to improvements in diagnosing and understanding injuries to this area.     

Operative treatment of posterolateral knee instability

Recognition of posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) and identification of the anatomic structures of theposterolateral region of the knee and their contribution to stability has occurred recently; therefore, surgical techniques to address these problems are evolving.     

前臂后外侧中段穿支皮瓣的解剖学基础

目的 观察前臂后外侧中段穿支皮瓣的解剖学.方法 在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上,以肱骨外上髁为观测标志点,手术放大镜下重点解剖观测:(1)前臂后外侧中段穿支的起源、分支与分布;(2)穿支与周围血管间吻合关系.另在2侧新鲜标本上分别进行墨染和模拟手术设计.结果 来源于骨间后动脉桡侧肌皮支、桡动脉肌间隙支和桡动脉直接骨膜支的前臂后外侧中段穿支,穿出深筋膜的位置相对恒定,在指伸肌与桡侧腕短伸肌的肌间隙、旋后肌与拇长展肌之间、肱骨外上髁下12.5～15.8 cm范围内穿过深筋膜至皮下,并分出众多的细小血管与邻近的肌皮穿支血管、前臂后皮神经外侧支的神经旁和神经干血管链的分支密切吻合,在指伸肌与桡侧腕短伸肌之间形成顺沿肌间隙和前臂后皮神经外侧支纵轴的血管丛.结论 以前臂后外侧中段穿支为蒂,可形成轴型皮瓣或跨区域供血皮瓣转位修复前臂及腕部软组织缺损.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the anatomy of the perforator flap of the posterolateral midforearm. Methods Lateral condyle of the humems wag taken as the observation mark on 30 specimens of adult upper limb perfused with red latex.The surgical magnifier Wag used to obse~e the origin,branches and distribution of the perforating branches of the posterolateral midforearm as well as alanagtomosis between perforating branches and peripheral vessels.Mimic operation WaS performed on the two sides of the fresh specimen.Results The perforating branches of the posterolateral midforearm originated from the radial musculoculancous branches of the posterior interosseous artery,the intermuscular branches of the radial artery and the direct periosteal branch of the radial artery had relatively stable location of piercing the deep fascia.Then,the perforating branches of the posterolateral midforearm pagsed through the deep fascia to the subcutaneous part among the spatium intermusculare of extensor digitorum and extensor carpi radialis brevis,supinator and abductor pollicis longus(within 12.5-15.8 cm below the lateral condyle of the humerus).Large number of small blood Vessels were also separated and closely aligned with the musculoculancous branches vascular,perineural and neural stem vascular chain of lateral branches of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve.Then,the vascular plexus was formed along the spatium intermusculare and lateral branches of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve longitudinal axis between extensor digitorum and extensor carpi radialis brevis. Conclusion The axial pattern flaps or cross-regional blood supply skin flap pedicled with the perforating branches of the posterolateral midforearm Can be formed to repair the soft tissue defect of tlle forearm and wrist.     

The right posterolateral tracheal band.

Changes in the right posterolateral tracheal band and the right retrotracheal recess are reliable parameters for evaluating pathology in the right superior mediastinum. We have measured the posterolateral tracheal band at the sternal notch and 2 cm below the sternal notch in computed tomograms. At the sternal notch, the average thickness was 8.4 +/- 3.8 mm. At the level 2 cm below the sternal notch, the posterolateral band was 6.4 +/- 1.8 mm. This represents measurements from 100 normal patients. Pathology in the lungs, pleura, esophagus, soft tissues, and other mediastinal structures can clearly affect the posterolateral tracheal band, causing abnormal contours and widening of the band.     

Imaging of the posterolateral corner of the knee

The structures of the posterolateral corner of the knee are increasingly recognized as fulfilling an important role in maintaining knee stability. The posterolateral aspect of the knee is stabilized by a complex anatomy of osseous, myotendinous and ligamentous structures. Unrecognized injuries to this part of the knee are a cause of failure of cruciate ligament reconstruction. This review focuses on the anatomy and common injury patterns involving the posterolateral corner of the knee, with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging.     

PLRI: posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow

Recurrent and persistent instability of the elbow has long been a source of confusion and dismay for both patients and physicians. Early recognition after elbow injury and careful attention to soft tissue repair during lateral elbow surgery may diminish the incidence of this condition. Repair and reconstruction of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) now offers practical and often successful solutions for patients with posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow.     

Posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner reconstruction

The keys to successful posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are to identify and treat all pathology, use strong graft material, accurately place tunnels in anatomic insertion sites, minimize graft bending, use a mechanical graft-tensioning device, use primary and backup graft fixation, and employ the appropriate postoperative rehabilitation program. Adherence to these technical points results in successful single and double bundle arthroscopic transtibial tunnel posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction documented with stress radiography, arthrometer, knee ligament rating scales, and patient satisfaction measurements.