无头加压螺钉联合PHILOS钢板固定在胫距跟关节融合中的应用

目的探讨应用无头加压螺钉联合PHILOS钢板行胫距跟关节融合术治疗胫距、距下关节严重病变的临床疗效。方法笔者自2011-02—2014-02采用经外踝截骨入路、无头加压螺钉联合PHILOS钢板行胫距跟关节融合术治疗13例胫距、距下关节病变患者。所有患者均有足踝部疼痛,功能受限。术后功能评价采用美国骨科足踝协会(AOFAS)踝和后足评分系统。结果 1例失访,12例获得随访12~24个月,平均16.7个月。切口均一期愈合,术后平均11.3(8~16)周达骨性愈合。末次随访患者关节疼痛完全缓解,无内固定失败及融合失败等并发症发生,末次随访所有患者踝关节疼痛均得到明显缓解,无行走痛,步态基本正常。术前AOFAS评分为(48.75±6.8)分,末次随访AOFAS评分为(83.5±8.4)分,术后AOFAS评分优于术前,差异有统计学意义(t=18.790,P0.001)。2例出现足背外侧皮肤感觉减退,末次随访未恢复。结论经外踝截骨无头加压螺钉联合PHILOS钢板行胫距跟关节融合术,固定强度可靠,融合率高,是临床治疗踝关节和距下关节严重关节疾病的一种有效方法。     

踝后正中入路锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合术

目的评估踝后经跟腱正中入路植骨锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合术的手术技巧和临床效果。方法从2008年1月至2012年12月,共收治123例踝关节合并距下关节创伤性关节炎,其中13例因踝周软组织条件不佳而选用踝关节后方入路胫距、距下关节清理、植骨、4.5 mm干骺端锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合术。其中男9例,女4例,平均年龄47.8岁（30~65岁）;平均病程7年（1~15年）。术后定期随访复查X线片以明确骨愈合情况,并采用直观模拟量表（Visual Analog Scale,VAS）评估术后疼痛改善情况,美国骨科足踝外科（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝关节与后足评分及简明健康量表SF-36评分评估恢复效果,并记录相关并发症。结果术后所有患者伤口均一期愈合,未见感染、皮肤坏死等软组织并发症。11例获得最终随访,平均随访时间24个月（12~36个月）。随访复查X线片示术后平均12周融合端骨性愈合（10~15周）。末次随访时,AOFAS踝与后足评分及SF-36评分均较术前明显改善,疼痛症状明显缓解。随访期间未见内固定失效、融合失败等并发症,2例患者术后出现距舟关节骨关节炎,伴轻度疼痛,口服药物对症治疗后缓解。结论经踝后正中入路锁定钢板内固定行胫距跟关节融合安全、有效,特别适合于踝周软组织条件不佳的病例。     

经外踝截骨锁定钢板内固定行踝关节融合

目的总结经外踝截骨锁定钢板内固定行踝关节融合的手术方法和临床疗效。方法 2009年3月-2010年6月,收治18例踝关节疾病患者。男10例,女8例;年龄36～67岁,平均48岁。创伤性关节炎8例,类风湿性关节炎3例,骨关节炎5例,距骨创伤后坏死2例。病程1～6年,平均3年。主要临床症状为踝关节肿胀、疼痛,活动受限。合并踝关节内翻4例,外翻2例。根据美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分标准,评分为(43.5±10.2)分。采用腓骨外侧入路经外踝截骨锁定钢板内固定行踝关节融合术。结果术后出现1例切口浅表感染,1例切口边缘坏死,经对症治疗后愈合。其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无早期并发症发生。16例患者获1年以上随访,随访时间1～2年,平均16个月。X线片示植骨均于术后8～16周达骨性融合,平均12周。末次随访时患者关节疼痛完全缓解,无内固定失败、畸形愈合、融合失败等并发症发生。AOFAS踝与后足评分为(83.0±6.3)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=26.20,P=0.00)。结论采用腓骨外侧入路经外踝截骨锁定钢板内固定行踝关节融合,手术操作简便,固定强度可靠,融合率高,具有良好的临床疗效。     

经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术治疗踝关节并距下关节严重关节炎的临床疗效

目的探讨经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术治疗踝关节合并距下关节严重关节炎的临床疗效。方法采用经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术治疗踝关节合并距下关节严重关节炎18例。结果 18例术后均获随访5-36个月,平均20个月。X线片显示踝关节及距下关节获得骨融合,未见神经血管损伤、感染、骨不连、骨质及内固定物外露等并发症。AOFAS评分从术前平均45(40-53)分提高到术后的76(70～89)分。结论经外踝入路胫距跟关节融合术是临床治疗踝关节和距下关节严重关节炎的一种安全、有效、简便的方法,能有效缓解踝与后足疼痛,提高生活质量。     

踝及后足关节融合术应用进展

目的综述踝及后足关节融合术的应用进展。方法查阅国内外踝及后足关节融合术相关研究文献,并进行总结分析。结果踝及后足关节融合术包括多关节融合与单关节融合,涉及胫距、距下、距舟及跟骰关节;固定方式包括螺钉、钢板、髓内钉及外固定架固定。结论不同踝及后足疾病在融合部位及固定方式上均有不同选择,适当的融合方式在达到治疗目的的同时能有效减少并发症。     

应用逆置交锁髓内钉行微创胫距跟关节融合术

目的 探讨逆置交锁髓内钉行胫距跟关节融合术治疗严重踝关节病变的疗效. 方法2003年1月至2007年11月应用逆置交锁髓内钉行胫距跟关节融合术治疗12例踝关节病变患者;男9例,女3例;年龄25～68岁,平均47.2岁.创伤后踝关节骨性关节炎7例,严重类风湿踝关节炎3例,马蹄足内翻2例.手术距原发病时间5～25年,平均13.6年.通过体格检查、问卷调查、踝负重下摄片和美国足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分标准进行临床和影像学评估. 结果所有患者获得18.3个月(10～36个月)随访.未出现血管神经损伤、骨不连和感染等并发症.患者均获得骨性融合,融合时间17周(12～21周).最后一次随访结果显示:无疼痛8例,轻度疼痛4例.7例运动和日常生活不受影响,5例运动受影响但不影响日常生活.7例在任何路面行走不受影响,5例在不平整的路面行走困难,无一例患者明显跛行.根据AOFAS踝与后足功能评分标准,术前平均47.3分(40～57分),术后平均74.2分(50～87分). 结论逆置交锁髓内钉行胫距跟关节融合术是治疗严重踝关节病变的一种微创、安全、有效的方法.     

应用逆置交锁髓内钉行微创胫距跟关节融合术

目的 探讨逆置交锁髓内钉行胫距跟关节融合术治疗严重踝关节病变的疗效. 方法2003年1月至2007年11月应用逆置交锁髓内钉行胫距跟关节融合术治疗12例踝关节病变患者;男9例,女3例;年龄25～68岁,平均47.2岁.创伤后踝关节骨性关节炎7例,严重类风湿踝关节炎3例,马蹄足内翻2例.手术距原发病时间5～25年,平均13.6年.通过体格检查、问卷调查、踝负重下摄片和美国足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分标准进行临床和影像学评估. 结果所有患者获得18.3个月(10～36个月)随访.未出现血管神经损伤、骨不连和感染等并发症.患者均获得骨性融合,融合时间17周(12～21周).最后一次随访结果显示:无疼痛8例,轻度疼痛4例.7例运动和日常生活不受影响,5例运动受影响但不影响日常生活.7例在任何路面行走不受影响,5例在不平整的路面行走困难,无一例患者明显跛行.根据AOFAS踝与后足功能评分标准,术前平均47.3分(40～57分),术后平均74.2分(50～87分). 结论逆置交锁髓内钉行胫距跟关节融合术是治疗严重踝关节病变的一种微创、安全、有效的方法.     

踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的外科矫形

目的 观察腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的临床疗效.方法 自2005年10月至2008年7月,对23例术前诊断为踝部骨折后外踝畸形愈合合并早、中期创伤性关节炎患者行腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,采用腓骨斜形或横形截骨,旋转延长后植骨内固定.17例获得完整的随访资料,应用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节功能评分系统进行评分.结果 17例获得12～45个月(平均29.1个月)随访.骨折全部愈合,平均X线愈合时间13.1周(11～16周).完全负重时间平均为12.1周(11～15周).术前踝关节AOFAS评分为21～47分(平均29分),术后12个月评分为56～91分(平均81分),优5例,良8例,一般3例,差1例,优良率76.5%.术后1例发生切口皮缘部分坏死,经保守治疗痊愈.2例术后出现足外侧皮肤感觉麻木.2例患者在随访时X线片示关节炎有轻微进展,予以关节腔内注射施沛特,保守治疗后获得较满意的临床效果.无螺钉松动、断裂及内固定失败等其他并发症.结论 外踝畸形愈合的踝关节骨折采用腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,近期可获得满意效果.     

踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的外科矫形

目的 观察腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的临床疗效.方法 自2005年10月至2008年7月,对23例术前诊断为踝部骨折后外踝畸形愈合合并早、中期创伤性关节炎患者行腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,采用腓骨斜形或横形截骨,旋转延长后植骨内固定.17例获得完整的随访资料,应用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节功能评分系统进行评分.结果 17例获得12～45个月(平均29.1个月)随访.骨折全部愈合,平均X线愈合时间13.1周(11～16周).完全负重时间平均为12.1周(11～15周).术前踝关节AOFAS评分为21～47分(平均29分),术后12个月评分为56～91分(平均81分),优5例,良8例,一般3例,差1例,优良率76.5%.术后1例发生切口皮缘部分坏死,经保守治疗痊愈.2例术后出现足外侧皮肤感觉麻木.2例患者在随访时X线片示关节炎有轻微进展,予以关节腔内注射施沛特,保守治疗后获得较满意的临床效果.无螺钉松动、断裂及内固定失败等其他并发症.结论 外踝畸形愈合的踝关节骨折采用腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,近期可获得满意效果.     

手术治疗胫后肌腱功能不全的疗效分析

目的探讨根据Johson-Strom分期采用不同手术方式治疗胫后肌腱功能不全的疗效和要点。方法回顾性分析自2015-08—2017-12采用手术治疗的32例胫后肌腱功能不全。Johson-StromⅠ期患者行胫后肌腱滑膜切除,或切除病变肌腱后屈趾长肌腱转位重建胫后肌腱功能;Ⅱ期患者采用软组织手术与截骨手术相结合的方法治疗,包括跟骨内移截骨、屈趾长肌腱转位;Ⅲ期患者行三关节融合术或距下关节与距舟关节融合术。结果 32例均获得随访,随访时间平均10.8(6～18)个月。1例ⅡB期女性患者因距舟关节明显不稳行距舟关节融合及跟骨截骨术,术后12个月X线片显示距舟关节融合处未愈合,其余患者截骨端愈合且关节融合。末次随访时AOFAS评分、疼痛VAS评分、跟骨外翻角、正位Meary角、侧位Meary角均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论根据术前准确的鉴别诊断与临床分期选择正确、合理的术式是胫后肌腱功能不全患者获得满意疗效的关键,同时也要重视术后康复训练。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.