小切口微创技术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂

目的:探讨采用小切口行微创缝合治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法:2012年4月至2013年10月,对14例14足急性闭合性跟腱断裂的患者采用小切口微创技术修复跟腱,其中男9例,女5例;年龄25～49岁,平均30.5岁;受伤至手术时间1～13 d,平均8 d.在跟腱断裂处正中偏内侧行1.5～2.0 cm小切口,用卵圆钳导入缝针,微创缝合修复跟腱断裂。术后常规康复锻炼。结果:14例中2例创口局部持续渗出,经换药好转,其余均Ⅰ期愈合。所有患者获随访,时间6～24个月,平均11个月。美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分92.71±6.58(82～100分).结论:小切口微创修复急性闭合性跟腱断裂损伤小,并发症少,恢复快,操作简单,适合在基层医院开展。     

Achillon微创跟腱吻合器治疗急性跟腱断裂的疗效观察

背景:急性跟腱断裂是一种常见的运动损伤,微创治疗由于其创伤小、并发症少等而日渐被关注。目的:观察应用Achillon微创跟腱吻合器治疗急性跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法:对2010年7月至2011年7月在我院采用Achillon跟腱吻合器治疗的21例急性跟腱断裂患者进行随访。男19例,女2例,年龄19～54岁,平均31.7岁。根据美国骨科协会足踝外科分会(AOFAS)标准评价踝关节功能;观察有无手术并发症,同时调查患者满意度。结果:21例患者均获得随访,时间12～24个月,平均18个月。所有伤口愈合良好,无感染、腓肠肌神经损伤、跟腱再断裂等发生。AOFAS标准评分为88～98分,平均为93.2分,患者满意度高。结论:Achillon微创跟腱吻合器能够有效治疗急性跟腱断裂,具有对合良好、对跟腱局部血供影响小、创伤小、功能恢复快等优点。     

不剥离骨膜法肋骨钉内固定治疗多发肋骨骨折的随机对照研究

目的 分别运用Achillon吻合器和改良Kessler缝合法治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂,随访比较患者的临床效果和功能恢复情况.方法从2009年3月至2012年2月,随机采用 Achillon吻合器微创修复与改良Kessler缝合法治疗49例急性闭合性跟腱断裂.其中Achillon 微创修复28例,改良Kessler法缝合21例.两组均无需行拇长屈肌或腓肠肌延长术.本研究平均随访21个月,分别在术后1周、第6个月、第12个月、随访结束期4个时间段,对两组患者的手术时间、住院时间、切口长度、踝关节运动范围、美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝-后足疗效评分进行评价.结果在术后1周内,Achillon组发生1例神经损伤,改良Kessler组发生2例创口浅表感染,1例延迟愈合.两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P=0.41）.在第6月,Achillon组AOFAS评分要优于改良Kessler组,第12月时两组无明显差异.术后两组踝关节运动范围,差异无统计学意义.截止随访结束时,所有患者均恢复到受伤前运动水平.结论两种缝合方法均能取得良好的疗效,相比改良Kessler缝合法,采用Achillon吻合器具有切口小、住院时间短、功能恢复快、术后美观等优点.     

微创手术与传统手术治疗急性跟腱断裂的比较研究

背景：急性跟腱断裂的临床治疗方案目前尚存争议,微创治疗因为切口相关并发症较少而逐渐被应用于临床,而微创手术与传统手术治疗急性跟腱断裂的比较性研究较少。目的：比较应用跟腱龙（Achillon）跟腱吻合器与Krachow法跟腱端端吻合术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法：回顾性研究2009年3月至2011年12月收治的急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者146例,其中37例应用Achillon跟腱吻合器治疗,为微创手术组,男26例,女11例,年龄19~64岁,平均41.6岁;53例应用Krachow法跟腱端端吻合术治疗,为传统手术组,男36例,女17例,年龄21~67岁,平均43.5岁。比较两组患者的切口愈合时间、并发症发生率、踝关节活动度、单足提踵试验结果及整体满意率,并通过美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分进行疗效评估。结果：微创手术组37例和传统手术组53例全部获得随访,随访时间为14~57个月,平均32.9个月。微创手术组的再断裂率与传统手术组比较无统计学差异（5.4%vs.1.9%,P=0.38）;传统手术组的伤口延迟愈合率显著高于微创手术组（17.6%vs.0%,P〈0.01）。两组患者的单足提踵试验阳性率（16.2%vs.11.3%）、踝关节活动度减小率（18.9%vs.17.0%）、整体满意率（83.8%vs.71.7%）均无统计学差异。两组患者的AOFAS踝与后足评分的各项指标和总分比较均无统计学差异。结论：Achillon跟腱吻合器治疗跟腱断裂可有效降低切口相关并发症发生率,且未增加跟腱再断裂率,跟腱功能与Krachow法跟腱端端吻合术无统计学差异。     

两种微创技术治疗跟腱断裂的比较研究北大核心CSCD

目的比较Achillon和卵圆钳两种微创技术治疗急性跟腱断裂的疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年12月至2015年1月收治的35例急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者资料,男32例,女3例;年龄21-64岁,平均36．4岁;受伤至手术时间为1～13d,平均3．2d。根据治疗方法不同分为Achillon组（Achillon微创技术治疗,16例）和卵圆钳组（卵圆钳辅助穿针微创技术治疗,19例）。两组患者术前一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,具有可比性。术后予支具固定4周,然后开始康复锻炼。比较两组患者手术时间、住院时间、末次随访时的美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝一后足功能评分、小腿周径减少值、并发症和再次断裂的发生情况。结果所有患者术后获平均9．6个月（6一一19个月）的随访,Achillon组和卵圆钳组的AOFAS踝．后足评分分别为（91．8±4．4）分和（93．2±5．8）分,手术时间分别为（38．3±13．2）min和（42．5±9．8）min,住院时间分别为（3．9±1．5）d和（4．1±1．6）d,小腿周径减少值分别为（2．1±0．5）cm和（2．3±0．3）cm,以上指标值两组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者均无跟腱再断裂和腓肠神经损伤发生。两组各有1例患者伤口延迟愈合。结论对急性闭合性跟腱断裂采用Achillon和卵圆钳两种微创技术治疗,并发症少、再断裂几率小;和Achillon技术比较,卵圆钳技术简单、经济、适合推广。     

有限小切口下简易Krackow缝合法治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的疗效观察

目的探讨采用有限小切口行简易Krackow缝合法治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法 2013年10月—2016年7月,采用有限小切口行简易Krackow缝合法治疗25例急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者。男21例,女4例;年龄25~39岁,平均33.6岁。左侧15例,右侧10例。运动伤22例,摔伤3例。受伤至手术时间为3~7 d,平均4.4 d。Thompson征阳性、单足提踵不能。结果手术时间30~60 min,平均39.2 min。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、愈合不良等手术相关并发症发生,未见腓肠神经激惹症状发生。患者均获随访,随访时间9~20个月,平均14.2个月。术后9个月,美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分为92~97分,平均94.9分;获优13例、良9例、可3例。踝关节活动范围为49~58°,平均53.7°。患者均可行单足提踵,随访期间无跟腱再断裂发生。结论有限小切口下行简易Krackow缝合法治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂,具有创伤小、再断裂和腓肠神经损伤发生率低、关节功能恢复快等优点。     

新型微创缝合技术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂北大核心CSCD

目的探讨应用新型小切口微创缝合技术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法对2008年8月至2014年10月应用自行设计的微创缝合技术治疗的134例急性闭合性跟腱断裂患者资料进行回顾性分析,男130例,女4例;年龄18～52岁,平均37．4岁;左侧93例,右侧41例;受伤至手术时间为1～7d,平均2．5d。133例患者断裂部位分布在跟腱止点近端4．5—6．3cm,1例患者在1．2cm处。患足充分跖屈后,于断端凹陷中点做1．0—1．5cm的横行手术切口,手术钳腱周膜下钳夹梳理远近断端,根据MRI间接标定的腓肠神经走行位置确定安全穿刺点,在硬膜外穿刺针引导下远近端分别经皮交叉置入EthieonMB66不可吸收缝线,切口处打结,直视下消除两断端间隙达紧密接触。术后基于跟腱残端病理结果制定个体化康复方案。结果所有患者术后获8—48个月（平均19．6个月）随访。切口均获Ⅰ期愈合,无切口相关并发症发生;腓肠神经损伤3例;跟腱再断裂4例,其中3例接受再手术,1例选择保守治疗。根据美国足踝外科协会的踝一后足评分平均为99．6分,优133例,良1例,优良率为100％;根据Amer—Lindholm评定法：优99例,良34例,差1例,优良率为99．3％。结论应用新型小切口微创缝合技术治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂操作简便、可靠,腱周血供损伤小,粘连轻,并发症少,运动功能恢复快,可以完全避免腓肠神经损伤,并最大程度防止再断裂的发生,值得推广。     

"回"形缝合法与经皮缝合法治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂的观察与比较

目的探讨和比较经皮微创Ma-Griffith缝合法与经皮"回"形缝合法对于急性闭合性跟腱断裂的治疗效果。方法选取2017年9月至2019年12月期间在宁夏回族自治区人民医院手足显微外科完成的27例急性闭合性跟腱断裂手术治疗的患者进行随访观察, 其中男21例, 女6例;经皮微创Ma-Griffith缝合患者15例, 经皮"回"形缝合患者12例。分别于术后2、4、6、12、18、24个月进行随访, 并使用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分标准和跟腱完全断裂评分(ATRS)进行随访评估, 进行统计学分析, P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果术后随访24～27个月, 平均24.3个月。所有患者切口均获Ⅰ期愈合, 无切口相关并发症发生, 无跟腱再次断裂。两组患者ATRS评分, 术后6、12、18个月经皮微创缝合组分别为(83.46±4.10)分、(86.86±1.92)分和(88.73±2.37)分, 经皮"回"形缝合组分别为(86.91±1.83)分、(88.91±0.79)分和(90.66±1.55)分, 两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)[P值分别为0.014、0...     

改良小切口双津下缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂

目的探讨改良小切口双津下缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法采用改良小切口双津下缝合法治疗27例急性跟腱断裂患者。记录手术相关指标、住院天数和术后并发症发生情况。术后3、6个月采用Arner-Lindholm跟腱功能和AOFAS踝-后足功能评分评价疗效。结果患者在术后3、6个月均获得随访。切口均一期愈合,术后均无二次断裂、切口感染及腓肠神经损伤发生。Arner-Lindholm跟腱功能评分优良率:术后3个月为74. 1%(20/27),术后6个月为92. 6%(25/27)。AOFAS踝-后足评分:术前1 d为28～46(32. 2±12. 5)分,术后3个月为75～94(84. 2±8. 4)分,术后6个月为92～100(95. 2±5. 1)分。结论改良小切口双津下缝合法修复急性跟腱断裂可减少术后切口皮缘坏死和跟腱粘连的发生,踝关节活动恢复好,创伤小,康复快,临床疗效满意。     

采用束间缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂的疗效观察

目的 :观察采用束间缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法 :2013年4月至2015年1月治疗15例急性闭合性跟腱断裂病例,其中男12例,女3例,年龄27~56岁,平均37.5岁。患者入院后均采用束间缝合法修复跟腱,术后6周石膏制动,门诊随访指导功能锻炼。结果:所有例患者获得完整随访,时间9~17.5个月,平均13.5个月,按美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分评价疗效,术后6个月(93.3±3.5)分。患者完全负重活动时间平均1.6个月,返回至原工作岗位时间平均4.7个月。所有手术切口Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、切口皮缘坏死病例,无跟腱再次断裂,未出现腓肠神经损伤。结论:利用束间缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂具有手术创伤小、手术时间短、跟腱吻合修复可靠、术后并发症少、跟腱功能恢复良好等优点,在急性跟腱断裂治疗中取得良好治疗效果,值得临床推广使用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.